@article{pandolfo_cope_weaver_kwak_hoeksema_2024, title={Thermal Threats to Freshwater Mussels: An Empirical Stream Assessment}, volume={16}, ISSN={["1424-2818"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.3390/d16010037}, DOI={10.3390/d16010037}, abstractNote={Freshwater mussels fulfill an important ecological role in aquatic ecosystems, but they currently face many threats, including thermal regime alteration. Thermal transformation of the aquatic environment is associated with climate change, land use alteration, and other pervasive anthropogenic global changes. To enhance our understanding of ecological thermal impacts, we combined extensive field measurements of temperature in the stream water column and substrate depths (5 and 15 cm) at sites where mussels occur, measures of abundance and species richness for mussels and fish, and thermal tolerance knowledge for mussels and fish to generate a comprehensive assessment of the potential threats mussels face as temperatures continue to rise as a result of global change. Mean summer (June–August 2010–2012) temperatures at mussel-occupied sites in the upper Tar River basin of North Carolina, USA, ranged from 16.2 to 34.7 °C. The mean temperature from the hottest 96 h at each site ranged from 23.5 to 31.5 °C. At 80% of sites, a period of moderate drought coincided with the hottest 96 h period. Temperature threshold exceedance durations indicated that chronic, combined chronic/acute, and acute freshwater mussel thermal tolerance thresholds (i.e., 28 °C, 30 °C, and 33 °C, respectively) based on laboratory exposures of glochidia (larvae) and juveniles were commonly exceeded. Water temperatures exceeded 28 °C for at least 24 h at 55% of sites and for at least 96 h at 35% of sites, and they exceeded 30 °C for at least 24 h at 15% of sites. We quantified a thermal buffering effect of the substrate that may be protective of mussels. There was a mean difference of 0.5 °C between the water column and the upper substrate (5 cm) and a mean difference of 0.9 °C between the water column and the lower substrate (15 cm). Maximum differences of up to 5.5 °C between the water column and the upper substrate and 11.5 °C between the water column and the lower substrate were observed. Our models estimating the relation between the water column and substrate temperatures more realistically characterize ambient temperature exposures and have widespread implications for mussel conservation and climate change risk assessment in similar streams. Freshwater mussels currently exist on the edge of their thermal limits, but their abundance and species richness cannot be explained by temperature patterns alone. Fish species richness was related to the thermal regime, indicating that species interactions may be an important driver of freshwater mussel responses to global change.}, number={1}, journal={DIVERSITY-BASEL}, author={Pandolfo, Tamara J. and Cope, W. Gregory and Weaver, Daniel M. and Kwak, Thomas J. and Hoeksema, Bert W.}, year={2024}, month={Jan} } @article{mciver ii_cope_bringolf_kwak_watson_maynard_mair_2023, title={Assessing the Toxicity of Sea Salt to Early Life Stages of Freshwater Mussels: Implications for Sea Level Rise in Coastal Rivers}, volume={9}, ISSN={["1552-8618"]}, DOI={10.1002/etc.5731}, abstractNote={Abstract}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY}, author={Mciver II, Joseph K. and Cope, W. Gregory and Bringolf, Robert B. and Kwak, Thomas J. and Watson, Brian and Maynard, Amy and Mair, Rachel}, year={2023}, month={Sep} } @article{favrot_kwak_2023, title={Habitat niche dynamics of the sicklefin redhorse: a southern Appalachian Mountain habitat specialist}, ISSN={["1573-5133"]}, DOI={10.1007/s10641-023-01465-3}, abstractNote={Abstract}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY OF FISHES}, author={Favrot, Scott D. and Kwak, Thomas J.}, year={2023}, month={Sep} } @article{ulmo-diaz_engman_mclarney_alcala_hendrickson_bezault_feunteun_prats-leon_wiener_maxwell_et al._2023, title={Panmixia in the American eel extends to its tropical range of distribution: Biological implications and policymaking challenges}, ISSN={["1752-4571"]}, DOI={10.1111/eva.13599}, abstractNote={Abstract}, journal={EVOLUTIONARY APPLICATIONS}, author={Ulmo-Diaz, Gabriela and Engman, Augustin and Mclarney, William O. and Alcala, Carlos A. Lasso and Hendrickson, Dean and Bezault, Etienne and Feunteun, Eric and Prats-Leon, Fernando L. and Wiener, Jean and Maxwell, Robert and et al.}, year={2023}, month={Nov} } @article{torres-molinari_engman_pacifici_dolloff_myers_kwak_2023, title={Patterns in longitudinal distribution of American Eel (Anguilla rostrata) population characteristics in rivers of Puerto Rico}, volume={7}, ISSN={["1365-2400"]}, DOI={10.1111/fme.12645}, abstractNote={Abstract}, journal={FISHERIES MANAGEMENT AND ECOLOGY}, author={Torres-Molinari, A. and Engman, A. C. and Pacifici, K. and Dolloff, C. A. and Myers, B. J. E. and Kwak, T. J.}, year={2023}, month={Jul} } @article{lynch_myers_wong_chu_tingley_falke_kwak_paukert_krabbenhoft_2022, title={Reducing uncertainty in climate change responses of inland fishes: A decision-path approach}, volume={5}, ISSN={["2578-4854"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1111/csp2.12724}, DOI={10.1111/csp2.12724}, abstractNote={Abstract}, journal={CONSERVATION SCIENCE AND PRACTICE}, author={Lynch, Abigail J. and Myers, Bonnie J. E. and Wong, Jesse P. and Chu, Cindy and Tingley, Ralph W. and Falke, Jeffrey A. and Kwak, Thomas J. and Paukert, Craig P. and Krabbenhoft, Trevor J.}, year={2022}, month={May} } @article{engman_kwak_fischer_2021, title={Big runs of little fish: first estimates of run size and exploitation in an amphidromous postlarvae fishery}, volume={78}, ISSN={["1205-7533"]}, DOI={10.1139/cjfas-2020-0093}, abstractNote={ Amphidromous postlarvae fisheries (APFs) constitute a globally widespread and distinctive class of fishery that is largely unknown to fisheries science. APFs harvest ocean-to-river migrating fishes at smaller sizes and younger ages than any other class of fishery. No quantitative estimates of run size and exploitation exist, which are needed to evaluate APF sustainability. Migrating amphidromous fishes are vectors of marine nutrients to estuaries and rivers, and run size quantification is needed to reveal the magnitude of this ecosystem function. We present a novel adaptation of trapezoidal area under the curve methods, which we apply in a Caribbean case study to yield the first simultaneous estimates of an APF run size and harvest. Run size estimates ranged 7.3–9.4 million postlarvae (926–1184 kg), and exploitation estimates (5.8%–7.0%) indicated low harvest in the Río Grande de Arecibo, Puerto Rico. Our representative run size estimates reveal that amphidromous postlarvae transport hundreds of kilograms of biomass per month to an estuary and river, the first empirical evidence that amphidromous migrations are large-magnitude material subsidies of lotic ecosystems. }, number={7}, journal={CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES}, author={Engman, Augustin C. and Kwak, Thomas J. and Fischer, Jesse R.}, year={2021}, month={Jul}, pages={905–912} } @article{porath_kwak_neely_shoup_2021, title={Catfish 2020, A Clear Vision of the Future}, volume={41}, ISSN={["1548-8675"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1002/nafm.10688}, DOI={10.1002/nafm.10688}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={S1}, journal={NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES MANAGEMENT}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Porath, Mark T. and Kwak, Thomas J. and Neely, Ben C. and Shoup, Daniel E.}, year={2021}, month={Sep} } @article{cope_kwak_black_pacifici_harris_miller_raley_hallerman_2021, title={Genetic Structure and Diversity of the Endemic Carolina Madtom and Conservation Implications}, volume={41}, ISSN={["1548-8675"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1002/nafm.10589}, DOI={10.1002/nafm.10589}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={S1}, journal={NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES MANAGEMENT}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Cope, W. Robert and Kwak, Thomas J. and Black, Tyler R. and Pacifici, Krishna and Harris, Sheila C. and Miller, Caitlin M. and Raley, Morgan E. and Hallerman, Eric M.}, year={2021}, month={Oct}, pages={S27–S41} } @article{grieshaber_cope_kwak_penland_heise_mac law_2021, title={Survival and Contaminants in Imperiled and Common Riverine Fishes Assessed with an In Situ Bioassay Approach}, volume={40}, DOI={10.1002/etc.5104}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={8}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY}, author={Grieshaber, Casey A. and Cope, W. Gregory and Kwak, Thomas J. and Penland, Tiffany N. and Heise, Ryan J. and Mac Law, J.}, year={2021}, month={Jun}, pages={2206–2219} } @article{krabbenhoft_myers_wong_chu_tingley_falke_kwak_paukert_lynch_2020, title={FiCli, the Fish and Climate Change Database, informs climate adaptation and management for freshwater fishes}, volume={7}, ISSN={["2052-4463"]}, DOI={10.1038/s41597-020-0465-z}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={1}, journal={SCIENTIFIC DATA}, author={Krabbenhoft, Trevor J. and Myers, Bonnie J. E. and Wong, Jesse P. and Chu, Cindy and Tingley, Ralph W., III and Falke, Jeffrey A. and Kwak, Thomas J. and Paukert, Craig P. and Lynch, Abigail J.}, year={2020}, month={Apr} } @article{penland_cope_kwak_strynar_grieshaber_heise_sessions_2020, title={Trophodynamics of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in the Food Web of a Large Atlantic Slope River}, volume={54}, url={https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.9b05007}, DOI={10.1021/acs.est.9b05007}, abstractNote={Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) have attracted scientific and regulatory attention due to their persistence, bioaccumulative potential, toxicity, and global distribution. We determined the accumulation and trophic transfer of 14 PFASs within the food web of the Yadkin-Pee Dee River of North Carolina and South Carolina, USA. Food web components and pathways were determined by stable isotope analyses of producers, consumers, and organic matter. Analyses of water, sediment, organic matter, and aquatic biota revealed that PFASs were prevalent in all food web compartments, with most detections and greatest concentrations in aquatic insects. All 14 PFASs were detected in individual aquatic insect samples (range, < limit of detection [2.0.CO;2}, abstractNote={Abstract We conducted an intensive fish survey in the tailwater reach of a large Ozark river 30 years after its impoundment and compared the recent fish assemblage with those prior to impoundment and shortly (4 years) after impoundment. Our primary objective was to assess whether relatively short-term monitoring following dam construction can adequately quantify the long-term effects of impoundment on downstream riverine fishes. The preimpoundment survey (1962–1963) described a fish assemblage composed of warmwater fish species, predominantly Cyprinidae, Ictaluridae, Centrarchidae, and Percidae. Yoke darter Etheostoma juliae (34%), central stoneroller Campostoma anomalum (24%), and Ozark madtom Noturus albater (7%) were the most abundant species. The postimpoundment surveys of 1965–1966 and 1968 documented immediate changes in the fish assemblage. No Ozark madtoms and only four yoke darters were collected shortly after impoundment. Central stonerollers accounted for 45–50% of the fish collected, and both ...}, number={1}, journal={TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY}, author={Quinn, JW and Kwak, TJ}, year={2003}, month={Jan}, pages={110–119} } @misc{pender_kwak_2002, title={Factors influencing brown trout reproductive success in Ozark tailwater rivers}, volume={131}, ISSN={["1548-8659"]}, DOI={10.1577/1548-8659(2002)131<0698:FIBTRS>2.0.CO;2}, abstractNote={Abstract The reproductive success of brown trout Salmo trutta in White River, Arkansas, tailwater reaches is highly variable, resulting in the need for supplemental stocking. A better understanding of the physical and biotic factors affecting reproduction and survival would enhance the contribution of wild fish. We compared fecundity, reproductive chronology, physical habitat, water quality, trout density, food availability, diet, predation, and competitive interactions among four tailwater reaches to identify factors influencing brown trout reproductive success. The fecundity and condition factor of prespawning brown trout were significantly lower at Beaver Tailwater, a reach known for reproductive failure, than at other sites, among which no differences were found. Brown trout spawning was observed from 11 October to 23 November 1996, and juvenile emergence began on 28 February 1997. Significant among-site differences were detected for spawning and juvenile microhabitat variables, but the variables fell...}, number={4}, journal={TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY}, author={Pender, DR and Kwak, TJ}, year={2002}, month={Jul}, pages={698–717} } @article{quinn_kwak_2000, title={Use of rehabilitated habitat by brown trout and rainbow trout in an Ozark tailwater river}, volume={20}, DOI={10.1577/1548-8675(2000)020<0737:uorhbb>2.3.co;2}, abstractNote={Abstract We evaluated instream and riparian habitat rehabilitation that was completed following catastrophic flooding in the White River, below Beaver Dam, Arkansas. Most rehabilitation structures were designed to stabilize the river banks and increase cover for trout (Salmonidae) during high flows associated with hydroelectric power generation. We quantified trout response to rehabilitation at two spatial scales—microhabitat and river reach. At the microhabitat scale, brown trout Salmo trutta and rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss occupied the deepest habitats available and were randomly associated with cover at low flow (about 1 m3/s). Principal-component scores describing physical characteristics of brown trout and rainbow trout microhabitats were significantly different from available-habitat scores at high flow (about 215 m3/s), when trout were strongly associated with velocity refugia near the river margins—habitats similar to those created by rehabilitation structures. At the reach scale, trout popu...}, journal={North American Journal of Fisheries Management}, author={Quinn, J. W. and Kwak, Thomas}, year={2000}, pages={737–751} } @article{peterson_kwak_1999, title={Modeling the effects of land use and climate change on riverine smallmouth bass}, volume={9}, ISSN={["1051-0761"]}, DOI={10.1890/1051-0761(1999)009[1391:mteolu]2.0.co;2}, abstractNote={Anthropogenic changes in temperature and stream flow, associated with watershed land use and climate change, are critical influences on the distribution and abundance of riverine fishes. To project the effects of changing land use and climate, we modeled a smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomieu) population in a midwestern USA, large river–floodplain ecosystem under historical (1915–1925), present (1977–1990), and future (2060, influenced by climate change) temperature and flow regimes. The age-structured model included parameters for temperature and river discharge during critical seasonal periods, fish population dynamics, and fishing harvest. Model relationships were developed from empirical field data collected over a 13-yr period. Sensitivity analyses indicated that discharge during the spawning/rearing period had a greater effect on adult density and fishing yield than did spawning/rearing temperature or winter discharge. Simulations for 100 years projected a 139% greater mean fish density under a historical flow regime (64.9 fish/ha) than that estimated for the present (27.1 fish/ha) with a sustainable fishing harvest under both flow regimes. Simulations under future climate-change-induced temperature and flow regimes with present land use projected a 69% decrease in mean fish density (8.5 fish/ha) from present and an unstable population that went extinct during 56% of the simulations. However, when simulated under a future climate-altered temperature and flow regime with historical land use, the population increased by 66% (45.0 fish/ha) from present and sustained a harvest. Our findings suggest that land-use changes may be a greater detriment to riverine fishes than projected climate change and that the combined effects of both factors may lead to local species extinction. However, the negative effects of increased temperature and precipitation associated with future global warming could be mitigated by river channel, floodplain, and watershed restoration.}, number={4}, journal={ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS}, author={Peterson, JT and Kwak, TJ}, year={1999}, month={Nov}, pages={1391–1404} } @article{kwak_zedler_1997, title={Food web analysis of southern California coastal wetlands using multiple stable isotopes}, volume={110}, ISSN={["0029-8549"]}, DOI={10.1007/s004420050159}, abstractNote={Carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur stable isotopes were used to characterize the food webs (i.e., sources of carbon and trophic status of consumers) in Tijuana Estuary and San Dieguito Lagoon. Producer groups were most clearly differentiated by carbon, then by sulfur, and least clearly by nitrogen isotope measurements. Consumer 15N isotopic enrichment suggested that there are four trophic levels in the Tijuana Estuary food web and three in San Dieguito Lagoon. A significant difference in multiple isotope ratio distributions of fishes between wetlands suggested that the food web of San Dieguito Lagoon is less complex than that of Tijuana Estuary. Associations among sources and consumers indicated that inputs from intertidal macroalgae, marsh microalgae, and Spartina foliosa provide the organic matter that supports invertebrates, fishes, and the light-footed clapper rail (Rallus longirostris levipes). These three producers occupy tidal channels, low salt marsh, and mid salt marsh habitats. The only consumer sampled that appears dependent upon primary productivity from high salt marsh habitat is the sora (Porzana carolina). Two- and three-source mixing models identified Spartina as the major organic matter source for fishes, and macroalgae for invertebrates and the light-footed clapper rail in Tijuana Estuary. In San Dieguito Lagoon, a system lacking Spartina, inputs of macroalgae and microalgae support fishes. Salicornia virginica, S. subterminalis, Monanthochloe littoralis, sewage- derived organic matter, and suspended particulate organic matter were deductively excluded as dominant, direct influences on the food web. The demonstration of a salt marsh–channel linkage in these systems affirms that these habitats should be managed as a single ecosystem and that the restoration of intertidal marshes for endangered birds and other biota is compatible with enhancement of coastal fish populations; heretofore, these have been considered to be competing objectives.}, number={2}, journal={OECOLOGIA}, author={Kwak, TJ and Zedler, JB}, year={1997}, month={Apr}, pages={262–277} } @article{kwak_waters_1997, title={Trout production dynamics and water quality in Minnesota streams}, volume={126}, ISSN={["1548-8659"]}, DOI={10.1577/1548-8659(1997)126<0035:TPDAWQ>2.3.CO;2}, abstractNote={Abstract We sampled fish assemblages and quantified production dynamics of brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis, brown trout Salmo trutta, and rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss in 13 southeastern Minnesota streams during 1988–1990 to examine the influence of water quality on fish populations in fertile trout streams. Fish assemblages in 15 stream reaches were abundant, but low in diversity; 13 species were collected. Parameter means (ranges) over the reaches were species richness, 4.1 (1–8); density, 29,490 (1,247–110,602) fish/ha; and biomass, 253.5 (49.6–568.6) kg/ha. Means (ranges) for salmonids were annual mean density, 2,279 (343–8,096) fish/ha; annual mean biomass, 162.0 (32.5–355.5) kg/ha; and annual production, 155.6 (36.7–279.6) kg/ha. Salmonid production and mean biomass were greater during the spring-fall interval than during fall-spring; young cohorts (ages 0–1) contributed the greatest proportion to population biomass and production. Salmonid annual production-to-mean-biomass ratio (P/B) average...}, number={1}, journal={TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY}, author={Kwak, TJ and Waters, TF}, year={1997}, month={Jan}, pages={35–48} } @article{largemouth bass mortality and related causal factors during live-release fishing tournaments on a large minnesota lake_1995, volume={15}, DOI={10.1577/1548-8675(1995)015<0621:lbmarc>2.3.co;2}, abstractNote={Abstract We quantified initial and delayed mortality of largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides during live-release fishing tournaments and identified probable causes of death in order to provide a biological basis for refining tournament guidelines and regulation. Mean estimates for two tournaments on Lake Minnetonka, Minnesota, were 1.42% weigh-in mortality, 3.35% 3-d delayed mortality, and 4.72% total mortality. Catch and total mortality rates during a May tournament were both over 1.5 times those of a September tournament, the difference presumably being related to reproductive behavior and condition. Tournament mortality of the population was minimal relative to other causes of mortality; total tournament mortality estimates for 1992 (11 tournaments) represented 2.3–6.3% of angling mortality and 1.3–3.0% of total mortality in Lake Minnetonka. Means of all water quality variables measured in live wells were significantly different from those of lake water, and relative differences were greatest for ammo...}, journal={North American Journal of Fisheries Management}, year={1995}, pages={621–630} } @article{waters_kaehler_polomis_kwak_1993, title={PRODUCTION DYNAMICS OF SMALLMOUTH BASS IN A SMALL MINNESOTA STREAM}, volume={122}, ISSN={["1548-8659"]}, DOI={10.1577/1548-8659(1993)122<0588:PDOSBI>2.3.CO;2}, abstractNote={Abstract Annual production by smallmouth bass Micropterus dolomieu in Bear Creek, Minnesota, was 43.8 and 24.1 kg wet weight per hectare in 1985–1986 and 1987–1988, respectively. Corresponding annual production/biomass ratios were 1.6 and 0.9. Densities and standing stocks changed little between years. Twenty-five additional fish species were present in Bear Creek. Age-0 smallmouth bass (shorter than 11 cm total length) fed most heavily on corixids, whereas older, larger fish fed most heavily on other fishes. Annual production by smallmouth bass was much lower than trout production in similarly fertile streams in southern Minnesota and Wisconsin. This lower production may be attributable to the many more coexisting fishes with which the smallmouth bass must share the food resources of its habitat. More-restrictive creel regulations may be needed for smallmouth bass than for trout, even in streams of similar basic productivity.}, number={4}, journal={TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY}, author={WATERS, TF and KAEHLER, JP and POLOMIS, TJ and KWAK, TJ}, year={1993}, month={Jul}, pages={588–598} } @inbook{kwak_1993, title={The Kankakee River: a case study and management recommendations for a stream diverse in habitat, fauna, and human values}, booktitle={Restoration planning for the rivers of the Mississippi River ecosystem}, publisher={Washington, DC: U.S. National Biological Survey}, author={Kwak, T. J.}, editor={L. W. Hesse, C. B. Stalnaker and N. G. Benson and Zuboy, J. R.Editors}, year={1993}, pages={123–141} } @article{kwak_wiley_osborne_larimore_1992, title={APPLICATION OF DIEL FEEDING CHRONOLOGY TO HABITAT SUITABILITY ANALYSIS OF WARMWATER STREAM FISHES}, volume={49}, ISSN={["0706-652X"]}, DOI={10.1139/f92-157}, abstractNote={ Diel feeding chronology and daily ration were determined from stomach or foregut contents of common carp (Cyprinus carpio), golden redhorse (Moxostoma erythrurum), channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus), smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomieu), and longear sunfish (Lepomis megalotis) in the Vermilion River, Illinois. Feeding was highly variable among individuals, hours, and months for each species. Discontinuous feeding was detected in common carp, golden redhorse, and channel catfish. Common carp and the two centrarchid species fed with greatest intensity near sunrise and sunset; golden redhorse and channel catfish feeding was highest at night. Daily ration estimates were higher for fishes with stomachs than those for stomachless species. Microhabitats occupied by fish over the diel period were identified using nondisruptive techniques: direct observation, prepositioned electrofishing, and radiotelemetry. Microhabitat use during high-feeding periods was significantly different [Formula: see text] than that during low feeding for at least one habitat variable in each species examined. Association with cover also varied between feeding regimes. Our findings suggest that realism of instream flow assessments may be improved if habitat suitability criteria are stratified by feeding regime. }, number={7}, journal={CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES}, author={KWAK, TJ and WILEY, MJ and OSBORNE, LL and LARIMORE, RW}, year={1992}, month={Jul}, pages={1417–1430} } @article{kwak_1992, title={Modular microcomputer software to estimate fish population parameters, production rates and associated variance}, volume={1}, DOI={10.1111/j.1600-0633.1992.tb00009.x}, abstractNote={Abstract– Microcomputer software to estimate fish population parameters, production rates, and associated variances was developed using established procedures. Pop/Pro Modular Statistical Software is a series of portable programs written in English that run on Macintosh(R) or IBM(R) (and compatible) computers. Population parameters can be estimated using either a single‐census mark‐recapture method or a removal method. Production and component parameters can be estimated with either the instantaneous growth rate method or the increment summation method. Output may be stratified by fish length, age or sampling interval and includes variance estimates for all parameters. The software was developed for use with fish data but may be applicable to other taxa.}, journal={Ecology of Freshwater Fish}, author={Kwak, Thomas}, year={1992}, pages={73–75} } @article{kwak_skelly_1992, title={SPAWNING HABITAT, BEHAVIOR, AND MORPHOLOGY AS ISOLATING MECHANISMS OF THE GOLDEN REDHORSE, MOXOSTOMA-ERYTHRURUM, AND THE BLACK REDHORSE, M-DUQUESNEI, 2 SYNTOPIC FISHES}, volume={34}, ISSN={["0378-1909"]}, DOI={10.1007/BF00002388}, abstractNote={Golden redhorse, Moxostoma erythrurum, and black redhorse, M. duquesnei, were observed spawning during the springs of 1984 through 1987 in Stony Creek, Illinois, at water temperatures ranging from 15–21°C. Both species spawned simultaneously within the same stream reach in 1987. Male golden redhorse aggressively defended territories on shoals and were joined by females from an adjacent pool. Black redhorse also spawned in riffles and displayed no agonistic behavior. Both species spawned throughout daylight hours in groups of two to five, and golden redhorse also spawned at night. Habitat utilization curves indicate that black redhorse spawned in habitat that was slightly deeper, much swifter, and over coarser substrate than that of the golden redhorse. Males of both species exhibited nuptial body color and breeding tubercles on anal and caudal fins, while only golden redhorse males had head tubercles. We suggest that these differences in spawning habitat, behavior, and morphology act as reproductive isolating mechanisms between the species and that the dichotomy in habitat and behavior may be due to competitive interactions.}, number={2}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY OF FISHES}, author={KWAK, TJ and SKELLY, TM}, year={1992}, month={Jun}, pages={127–137} } @article{kwak_1991, title={ECOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF A NORTHERN POPULATION OF THE PALLID SHINER}, volume={120}, ISSN={["1548-8659"]}, DOI={10.1577/1548-8659(1991)120<0106:ECOANP>2.3.CO;2}, abstractNote={Abstract The pallid shiner Notropis amnis, a rare minnow with an unknown life history, was collected from the Kankakee River, Illinois, over a 9-year period (1978–1986). The total length (L, mm)-weight (W, g) relationship for 88 specimens was log10 W = –4.97 + 2.87(log10 L). Condition factors (K = 105 W/L 3; mean, 0.69; range, 0.53–0.83) for specimens collected in July and August showed no trend by size and were lower than those of specimens collected in November. The annual catch per unit effort of juvenile pallid shiners (≤36 mm TL) was positively correlated with minimum flows in May and June, and negatively correlated with March air temperatures. The total catch was positively related to March maximum flow. Habitat suitability curves indicate that this species occurs in shallow areas with little or no current velocity and in moderately clear waters that are average in pH and warm and well oxygenated in summer. Juvenile pallid shiners occurred in shallower and more turbid waters than adults. Pallid shin...}, number={1}, journal={TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY}, author={KWAK, TJ}, year={1991}, month={Jan}, pages={106–115} } @article{kwak_1988, title={LATERAL MOVEMENT AND USE OF FLOODPLAIN HABITAT BY FISHES OF THE KANKAKEE RIVER, ILLINOIS}, volume={120}, ISSN={["0003-0031"]}, DOI={10.2307/2425995}, abstractNote={-Fishes were trapped moving between the river channel and two distinct floodplain habitats: an ephemeral ditch and a permanent pool. Twenty-five fish species were sampled by one-way traps and seine; dominant species were grass pickerel (Esox americanus), green sunfish (Lepomis cyanellus), pirate perch (Aphredoderus sayanus) and orangespotted sunfish (L. humilis). Numbers of fish trapped per day were positively correlated with river discharge yielding a significant exponential relationship. Recaptures of marked fish were rare indicating seasonal use of the floodplain. Juveniles made up 54.7% of the fish collected, revealing the value of floodplains as nursery areas. No significant migration trends of size or taxon occurred by date or discharge. Samples of fish leaving the ephemeral ditch and samples of those entering the permanent pool showed the highest similarity index value. These data suggest that flood-exploitative fishes, those species adapted to flooding, continue to seek favorable backwater habitat when forced off the floodplain.}, number={2}, journal={AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST}, author={KWAK, TJ}, year={1988}, month={Oct}, pages={241–249} }