@article{gieger_magestro_walz_yoshikawa_nolan_2024, title={Outcomes of Stereotactic Radiation Therapy Versus Fractionated Radiation Therapy in 44 Dogs With Pituitary Masses: A Multi-Institutional Retrospective Study (2016-2022)}, volume={6}, ISSN={["1476-5829"]}, DOI={10.1111/vco.12991}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT Although canine pituitary masses (PM) are increasingly treated with stereotactic radiotherapy (SRT), historical literature supports superior outcomes with conventional full‐course fractionated radiation therapy (FRT). A multi‐institutional retrospective study was performed, including dogs with PM treated from 2016 to 2022 with SRT (total dose 30 or 35 Gy in 5 daily fractions) or FRT (total dose 50–54 Gy in 19–20 daily fractions). The influence of potential prognostic/predictive factors was assessed, including pituitary: brain height, pituitary: brain volume, sex, age and endocrine status (functional [F] vs. nonfunctional [NF] PM). Forty‐four dogs with PM were included (26 F, 14 NF, 4 unknown). All patients completed protocols as scheduled (SRT = 27, FRT = 17) and two dogs had suspected Grade 1 acute neurotoxicity. During the first 6 months after RT, 5/27 (19%) dogs treated with SRT (4 F, 1 NF) and 3/17 (18%) dogs treated with FRT (all F) died or were euthanised because of progressive neurologic signs. The overall median survival time was 608 days (95% CI, 375–840 days). Young age at the time of treatment was significant for survival ( p = 0.0288); the overall median survival time was 753 days for dogs <9 years of age (95% CI, 614–892 days) and 445 days for dogs ≥9 years of age (95% CI, 183–707 days). Survival time was not associated with treatment type or any other factor assessed herein. A prospective study using standardised protocols would further validate the results of the present study and potentially elucidate the predictors of early death.}, journal={VETERINARY AND COMPARATIVE ONCOLOGY}, author={Gieger, Tracy L. and Magestro, Leanne and Walz, Jillian and Yoshikawa, Hiroto and Nolan, Michael W.}, year={2024}, month={Jun} }
 @article{nolan_gieger_2024, title={Update in Veterinary Radiation Oncology Focus on Stereotactic Radiation Therapy}, volume={54}, ISSN={["1878-1306"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.cvsm.2023.12.009}, abstractNote={Stereotactic radiotherapy (SRT) involves the precise delivery of highly conformal, dose-intense radiation to well-demarcated tumors. Special equipment and expertise are needed, and a unique biological mechanism distinguishes SRT from other forms of external beam radiotherapy. Families find the convenient schedules and minimal acute toxicity of SRT appealing. Common indications in veterinary oncology include nasal, brain, and bone tumors. Many other solid tumors can also be treated, including spinal, oral, lung, heart-base, liver, adrenal, and prostatic malignancies. Accessibility of SRT is improving, and new data are constantly emerging to define parameters for appropriate case selection, radiation dose prescription, and long-term follow-up.}, number={3}, journal={VETERINARY CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA-SMALL ANIMAL PRACTICE}, author={Nolan, Michael W. and Gieger, Tracy L.}, year={2024}, month={May}, pages={559–575} }
 @article{baja_kelsey_ruslander_gieger_nolan_2022, title={A retrospective study of 101 dogs with oral melanoma treated with a weekly or biweekly 6 Gy x 6 radiotherapy protocol}, volume={4}, ISSN={["1476-5829"]}, DOI={10.1111/vco.12815}, abstractNote={Abstract}, journal={VETERINARY AND COMPARATIVE ONCOLOGY}, author={Baja, Alexie J. and Kelsey, Krista L. and Ruslander, David M. and Gieger, Tracy L. and Nolan, Michael W.}, year={2022}, month={Apr} }
 @article{watson-skaggs_gieger_yoshikawa_nolan_2022, title={Endocrine response and outcome in 14 cats with insulin resistance and acromegaly treated with stereotactic radiosurgery (17 Gy)}, volume={83}, ISSN={["1943-5681"]}, DOI={10.2460/ajvr.21.08.0122}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={1}, journal={AMERICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH}, author={Watson-Skaggs, Maegan L. and Gieger, Tracy L. and Yoshikawa, Hiroto and Nolan, Michael W.}, year={2022}, month={Jan}, pages={64–71} }
 @article{gieger_haney_nolan_2022, title={Re-irradiation of canine non-lymphomatous nasal tumours using stereotactic radiation therapy (10 Gy x 3) for both courses: Assessment of outcome and toxicity in 11 dogs}, volume={2}, ISSN={["1476-5829"]}, DOI={10.1111/vco.12801}, abstractNote={Abstract}, journal={VETERINARY AND COMPARATIVE ONCOLOGY}, author={Gieger, Tracy L. and Haney, Siobhan M. and Nolan, Michael W.}, year={2022}, month={Feb} }
 @article{nolan_berman_watson-skaggs_quinn_marcus_russell_yoshikawa_olby_gieger_2022, title={Stereotactic radiotherapy (10 Gy X 3) for canine nonlymphomatous intranasal tumors is associated with prolonged survival and minimal risk of severe radiotoxicity}, volume={260}, ISSN={["1943-569X"]}, DOI={10.2460/javma.22.03.0141}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={12}, journal={JAVMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION}, author={Nolan, Michael W. and Berman, Alyssa R. and Watson-Skaggs, Maegan L. and Quinn, Claire N. and Marcus, Karen L. and Russell, Katharine and Yoshikawa, Hiroto and Olby, Natasha J. and Gieger, Tracy L.}, year={2022}, month={Sep}, pages={1496–1506} }
 @article{yoshikawa_gieger_saba_fredrickson_kubicek_haney_ruslander_kelsey_mcentee_nolan_2021, title={Retrospective evaluation of intranasal carcinomas in cats treated with external-beam radiotherapy: 42 cases}, volume={35}, ISSN={["1939-1676"]}, DOI={10.1111/jvim.16098}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE}, author={Yoshikawa, Hiroto and Gieger, Tracy L. and Saba, Corey F. and Fredrickson, Kirsha and Kubicek, Lyndsay and Haney, Siobhan and Ruslander, David and Kelsey, Krista L. and McEntee, Margaret C. and Nolan, Michael W.}, year={2021}, month={Mar}, pages={1018–1030} }
 @article{gieger_seiler_nolan_2021, title={Treatment of feline gastrointestinal intermediate- or large-cell lymphoma with lomustine chemotherapy and 8 Gy abdominal cavity radiation therapy}, volume={23}, ISSN={["1532-2750"]}, DOI={10.1177/1098612X20959602}, abstractNote={Objectives The goal of this study was to document the outcomes and toxicity of a novel multimodality treatment protocol for feline gastrointestinal intermediate- or large-cell lymphoma (FGL) in which cats were treated at 21-day intervals. }, number={6}, journal={JOURNAL OF FELINE MEDICINE AND SURGERY}, author={Gieger, Tracy L. and Seiler, Gabriela S. and Nolan, Michael W.}, year={2021}, month={Jun}, pages={469–476} }
 @article{clerc-renaud_gieger_larue_nolan_2021, title={Treatment of genitourinary carcinoma in dogs using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, mitoxantrone, and radiation therapy: A retrospective study}, volume={35}, ISSN={["1939-1676"]}, DOI={10.1111/jvim.16078}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE}, author={Clerc-Renaud, Benoit and Gieger, Tracy L. and LaRue, Susan M. and Nolan, Michael W.}, year={2021}, month={Mar}, pages={1052–1061} }
 @article{gieger_nolan_2021, title={Treatment outcomes and target delineation utilizingCTandMRIin 13 dogs treated with a uniform stereotactic radiation therapy protocol (16 Gy single fraction) for pituitary masses: (2014-2017)}, volume={19}, ISSN={["1476-5829"]}, DOI={10.1111/vco.12627}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={1}, journal={VETERINARY AND COMPARATIVE ONCOLOGY}, author={Gieger, Tracy L. and Nolan, Michael W.}, year={2021}, month={Mar}, pages={17–24} }
 @article{crownshaw_mcentee_nolan_gieger_2020, title={Evaluation of variables associated with outcomes in 41 dogs with incompletely excised high-grade soft tissue sarcomas treated with definitive-intent radiation therapy with or without chemotherapy}, volume={256}, ISSN={["1943-569X"]}, DOI={10.2460/javma.256.7.783}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={7}, journal={JAVMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION}, author={Crownshaw, Abigail H. and McEntee, Margaret C. and Nolan, Michael W. and Gieger, Tracy L.}, year={2020}, month={Apr}, pages={783–791} }
 @article{turek_ladue_looper_nagata_shiomitsu_keyerleber_buchholz_gieger_hetzel_2020, title={Multimodality treatment including ONCEPT for canine oral melanoma: A retrospective analysis of 131 dogs}, volume={61}, ISSN={["1740-8261"]}, DOI={10.1111/vru.12860}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={4}, journal={VETERINARY RADIOLOGY & ULTRASOUND}, author={Turek, Michelle and LaDue, Tracy and Looper, Jayme and Nagata, Koichi and Shiomitsu, Keijiro and Keyerleber, Michele and Buchholz, Julia and Gieger, Tracy and Hetzel, Scott}, year={2020}, month={Jul}, pages={471–480} }
 @article{elliott_looper_keyerleber_turek_blackwood_henry_gieger_2020, title={Response and outcome following radiation therapy of macroscopic canine plasma cell tumours}, volume={18}, ISSN={["1476-5829"]}, DOI={10.1111/vco.12600}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={4}, journal={VETERINARY AND COMPARATIVE ONCOLOGY}, author={Elliott, James and Looper, Jayme and Keyerleber, Michele and Turek, Michelle and Blackwood, Laura and Henry, Joshua and Gieger, Tracy}, year={2020}, month={Dec}, pages={718–726} }
 @article{gieger_nolan_roback_suter_2019, title={Implementation of total body photon irradiation as part of an institutional bone marrow transplant program for the treatment of canine lymphoma and leukemias}, volume={60}, ISSN={["1740-8261"]}, DOI={10.1111/vru.12776}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={5}, journal={VETERINARY RADIOLOGY & ULTRASOUND}, author={Gieger, Tracy L. and Nolan, Michael W. and Roback, Donald M. and Suter, Steven E.}, year={2019}, month={Sep}, pages={586–593} }
 @article{magestro_cahoon_gieger_nolan_2019, title={Radiotherapy isocenters verified by matching to bony landmarks of the canine and feline head differ when localized using volumetric versus planar imaging}, volume={17}, ISSN={["1476-5829"]}, DOI={10.1111/vco.12522}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={4}, journal={VETERINARY AND COMPARATIVE ONCOLOGY}, author={Magestro, Leanne M. and Cahoon, Joyce Y. and Gieger, Tracy L. and Nolan, Michael W.}, year={2019}, month={Dec}, pages={562–569} }
 @article{nolan_gieger_2019, title={Update in Veterinary Radiation Oncology Focus on Stereotactic Radiation Therapy}, volume={49}, ISSN={["1878-1306"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.cvsm.2019.05.001}, abstractNote={Stereotactic radiotherapy (SRT) involves the precise delivery of highly conformal, dose-intense radiation to well-demarcated tumors. Special equipment and expertise are needed, and a unique biological mechanism distinguishes SRT from other forms of external beam radiotherapy. Families find the convenient schedules and minimal acute toxicity of SRT appealing. Common indications in veterinary oncology include nasal, brain, and bone tumors. Many other solid tumors can also be treated, including spinal, oral, lung, heart-base, liver, adrenal, and prostatic malignancies. Accessibility of SRT is improving, and new data are constantly emerging to define parameters for appropriate case selection, radiation dose prescription, and long-term follow-up."}, number={5}, journal={VETERINARY CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA-SMALL ANIMAL PRACTICE}, author={Nolan, Michael W. and Gieger, Tracy L.}, year={2019}, month={Sep}, pages={933-+} }
 @article{kelsey_gieger_nolan_2018, title={Single fraction stereotactic radiation therapy (stereotactic radiosurgery) is a feasible method for treating intracranial meningiomas in dogs}, volume={59}, ISSN={["1740-8261"]}, DOI={10.1111/vru.12636}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={5}, journal={VETERINARY RADIOLOGY & ULTRASOUND}, author={Kelsey, Krista L. and Gieger, Tracy L. and Nolan, Michael W.}, year={2018}, pages={632–638} }
 @article{magestro_gieger_nolan_2018, title={Stereotactic body radiation therapy for heart-base tumors in six dogs}, volume={20}, ISSN={["1875-0834"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.jvc.2018.04.001}, abstractNote={Heart-base tumors are increasingly treated with radiotherapy, yet safety and efficacy are incompletely understood. This case series describes outcomes after stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) for presumed chemodectoma. Six pet dogs. A retrospective study was performed, including dogs with a clinical diagnosis of chemodectoma and treatment with three-fraction SBRT (30 Gy total). Heart-base tumors, presumed or confirmed to be chemodectomas, were diagnosed via histopathology or imaging. Treatment was delivered with intensity modulation and cone-beam computed tomography–based image guidance, using a linear accelerator and robotic couchtop. Intrafraction respiratory motion was managed with either neuromuscular blockade and breath-holding (n = 3) or high-frequency jet ventilation (n = 3); mean total anesthesia times for each technique were 165 and 91 min per fraction, respectively. Four tumors were assessed after SBRT; tumor volume decreased by 30–76%. Possible treatment-related complications included cough, tachyarrhythmias, and congestive heart failure. Two dogs experienced sudden death 150 and 294 days after SBRT. Three dogs are alive 408–751 days after SBRT, and one dog died of unrelated disease 1,228 days after SBRT. This SBRT protocol resulted in rapid tumor volume reduction, and jet ventilation effectively reduced treatment delivery times. However, cardiac arrhythmias (presumably tumor or treatment associated) and sudden death were common after SBRT. Therefore, SBRT is a potentially useful treatment but may not be appropriate for dogs with incidentally diagnosed, slowly growing tumors, which are not causing cardiovascular disturbances. Longer follow-up and larger case numbers are needed to more completely define safety and impact of treatment on long-term survivability.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY CARDIOLOGY}, author={Magestro, L. M. and Gieger, T. L. and Nolan, M. W.}, year={2018}, month={Jun}, pages={186–197} }
 @article{mutz_boudreaux_royal_merchant_pucheu-haston_griffith_gieger_2017, title={Cytologic comparison of the percentage of mast cells in lymph node aspirate samples from clinically normal dogs versus dogs with allergic dermatologic disease and dogs with cutaneous mast cell tumors}, volume={251}, ISSN={["1943-569X"]}, DOI={10.2460/javma.251.4.421}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={4}, journal={JAVMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION}, author={Mutz, Melanie L. and Boudreaux, Bonnie B. and Royal, Angela and Merchant, Sandra and Pucheu-Haston, Cherie and Griffith, Emily H. and Gieger, Tracy L.}, year={2017}, month={Aug}, pages={421–428} }
 @article{gieger_nolan_2017, title={Management of radiation side effects to the skin}, volume={47}, number={6}, journal={Veterinary Clinics of North America. Small Animal Practice}, author={Gieger, T. and Nolan, M.}, year={2017}, pages={1165-} }
 @article{nolan_gieger_karakashian_nikolova-karakashian_posner_roback_rivera_chang_2017, title={Outcomes of Spatially Fractionated Radiotherapy (GRID) for Bulky Soft Tissue Sarcomas in a Large Animal Model}, volume={16}, ISSN={1533-0346 1533-0338}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1533034617690980}, DOI={10.1177/1533034617690980}, abstractNote={ GRID directs alternating regions of high- and low-dose radiation at tumors. A large animal model mimicking the geometries of human treatments is needed to complement existing rodent systems (eg, microbeam) and clarify the physical and biological attributes of GRID. A pilot study was undertaken in pet dogs with spontaneous soft tissue sarcomas to characterize responses to GRID. Subjects were treated with either 20 Gy (3 dogs) or 25 Gy (3 dogs), delivered using 6 MV X-rays and a commercial GRID collimator. Acute toxicity and tumor responses were assessed 2, 4, and 6 weeks later. Acute Radiation Therapy Oncology Group grade I skin toxicity was observed in 3 of the 6 dogs; none experienced a measurable response, per Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors. Serum vascular endothelial growth factor, tumor necrosis factor α, and secretory sphingomyelinase were assayed at baseline, 1, 4, 24, and 48 hours after treatment. There was a trend toward platelet-corrected serum vascular endothelial growth factor concentration being lower 1 and 48 hours after GRID than at baseline. There was a significant decrease in secretory sphingomyelinase activity 48 hours after 25 Gy GRID ( P = .03). Serum tumor necrosis factor α was quantified measurable at baseline in 4 of the 6 dogs and decreased in each of those subjects at all post-GRID time points. The new information generated by this study includes the observation that high-dose, single fraction application of GRID does not induce measurable reduction in volume of canine soft tissue sarcomas. In contrast to previously published data, these data suggest that GRID may be associated with at least short-term reduction in serum concentration of vascular endothelial growth factor and serum activity of secretory sphingomyelinase. Because GRID can be applied safely, and these tumors can be subsequently surgically resected as part of routine veterinary care, pet dogs with sarcomas are an appealing model for studying the radiobiologic responses to spatially fractionated radiotherapy. }, number={3}, journal={Technology in Cancer Research & Treatment}, publisher={SAGE Publications}, author={Nolan, Michael W. and Gieger, Tracy L. and Karakashian, Alexander A. and Nikolova-Karakashian, Mariana N. and Posner, Lysa P. and Roback, Donald M. and Rivera, Judith N. and Chang, Sha}, year={2017}, month={Feb}, pages={357–365} }
 @article{nolan_arkans_lavine_defrancesco_myers_griffith_posner_keene_tou_gieger_et al._2017, title={Pilot study to determine the feasibility of radiation therapy for dogs with right atrial masses and hemorrhagic pericardial effusion}, volume={19}, ISSN={1760-2734}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvc.2016.12.001}, DOI={10.1016/j.jvc.2016.12.001}, abstractNote={To determine the short-term safety and biologic activity of radiation therapy (RT) for presumptive cardiac hemangiosarcoma in pet dogs.Six dogs with echocardiographic evidence of a right atrial/auricular mass, and hemorrhagic pericardial effusion, were enrolled in a prospective, single-arm clinical trial.A single fraction of 12 Gy was delivered using conformal external beam irradiation. Serum cardiac troponin I and plasma concentrations of vascular endothelial growth factor were quantified before, 4 and 24 h after RT. The frequency of required pericardiocenteses (quantified as the number of pericardiocenteses per week) before RT was compared to that after treatment. Overall survival time was determined.No treatment-related complications were observed. Pericardiocentesis was performed an average of 0.91 times per week before RT, and an average of 0.21 times per week after RT; this difference was statistically significant (p=0.03, as compared using a Wilcoxon signed-rank test of paired data). Pre- and post-treatment plasma vascular endothelial growth factor concentrations were not significantly different at any time point; there was a statistically significant (p=0.04; Friedman's test for non-parametric repeated measures) increase in cardiac troponin concentrations 4 h after irradiation. Median overall survival time was 79 days.In this population of dogs, RT was delivered without complication, and appears to have reduced the frequency of periacardial tamponade that necessitated pericardiocentesis. Serum cardiac troponin levels are altered after RT. RT alone, or in combination with chemotherapy, may provide clinical benefit to dogs with presumptive diagnoses of cardiac hemangiosarcoma.}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Veterinary Cardiology}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Nolan, M.W. and Arkans, M.M. and LaVine, D. and DeFrancesco, Teresa and Myers, J.A. and Griffith, E.H. and Posner, L.P. and Keene, B.W. and Tou, S.P. and Gieger, Tracy and et al.}, year={2017}, month={Apr}, pages={132–143} }
 @article{gieger_nettifee-osborne_hallman_johannes_clarke_nolan_williams_2017, title={The impact of carboplatin and toceranib phosphate on serum vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) levels and survival in canine osteosarcoma}, volume={81}, number={3}, journal={Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research}, author={Gieger, T. L. and Nettifee-Osborne, J. and Hallman, B. and Johannes, C. and Clarke, D. and Nolan, M. W. and Williams, L. E.}, year={2017}, pages={199–205} }
 @article{adamson_mein_meng_gunasingha_yoon_miles_walder_fathi_beyer_spector_et al._2017, title={Utilizing a diagnostic kV imaging system for x-ray psoralen activated cancer therapy (X-PACT)}, volume={3}, number={3}, journal={Biomedical Physics & Engineering Express}, author={Adamson, J. and Mein, S. and Meng, B. and Gunasingha, R. and Yoon, S. W. and Miles, D. and Walder, H. and Fathi, Z. and Beyer, W. and Spector, N. and et al.}, year={2017} }
 @article{magestro_gieger_2016, title={Detection of synchronous primary tumours and previously undetected metastases in 736 dogs with neoplasia undergoing CT scans for diagnostic, staging and/or radiation treatment planning purposes}, volume={15}, ISSN={1476-5810}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/vco.12201}, DOI={10.1111/vco.12201}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={2}, journal={Veterinary and Comparative Oncology}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Magestro, L. M. and Gieger, T. L.}, year={2016}, month={May}, pages={576–581} }
 @article{swisher_phillips_tobias_cullen_gieger_grunkemeyer_2016, title={External beam radiation therapy of squamous cell carcinoma in the beak of an African grey parrot (Psittacus timneh)}, volume={30}, DOI={10.1647/2015-106}, abstractNote={Abstract Squamous cell carcinoma has been reported in a variety of bird species, most commonly psittacine and gallinaceous birds. The long-term prognosis in nongallinaceous birds is generally poor if complete surgical excision is not possible. Squamous cell carcinoma of the rhinotheca was diagnosed in a 34-year-old timneh African grey parrot (Psittacus timneh) with a 2-year history of beak abnormalities. No evidence of metastasis or local invasion were found on results of radiographs or computed tomography scan. The bird was treated with surgical debulking and palliative megavoltage radiation therapy. After 4 radiation treatments, the affected tissue was necrotic and was debrided to reveal healthy granulation tissue. The bird died approximately 7 months after diagnosis and 4 months after cessation of radiation treatment. At the time of death, a small scab lesion remained at the left oral commissure, but no visible tumor regrowth was evident. A postmortem examination was not performed, however, and tumor recurrence could not be ruled out in this bird.}, number={3}, journal={Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery}, author={Swisher, S. D. and Phillips, K. L. and Tobias, J. R. and Cullen, J. M. and Gieger, Tracy and Grunkemeyer, V. L.}, year={2016}, pages={250–256} }
 @article{nolan_gieger_vaden_2015, title={Management of transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder in dogs: Important challenges to consider}, volume={205}, ISSN={["1532-2971"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.tvjl.2015.03.022}, abstractNote={Interventional radiology (IR) involves the use of contemporary imaging modalities to gain access to different structures in order to deliver materials for therapeutic purposes. Veterinarians have been expanding the use of these minimally invasive techniques in animals with a variety of conditions involving all of the major body systems. Interventional oncology (IO) is a growing subspecialty of IR in human medicine used (1) to restore patency to malignant obstructions through endoluminal stenting, (2) to provide dose escalations to tumors without increasing systemic chemotherapy toxicities via superselective transarterial chemotherapy delivery, (3) to stop hemorrhage or reduce blood flow to tumors via transarterial embolization or chemoembolization, and (4) to provide therapies for those cancers with no safe or effective alternative options.This review provides a brief introduction to a few of the techniques currently available to veterinarians for cancer treatment. For each technique, the concept for improved palliation, patient quality of life, or tumor control is presented, followed by the most current veterinary clinical information available. Although promising, more studies will be necessary to determine if veterinary IO will provide the same benefits as has already been demonstrated in oncology care in humans.}, number={2}, journal={VETERINARY JOURNAL}, author={Nolan, Michael W. and Gieger, Tracy L. and Vaden, Shelly L.}, year={2015}, month={Aug}, pages={126–127} }
 @article{arkans_gieger_nolan_2015, title={Misadministration of radiation therapy in veterinary medicine: a case report and literature review}, volume={15}, ISSN={1476-5810}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/vco.12161}, DOI={10.1111/vco.12161}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={1}, journal={Veterinary and Comparative Oncology}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Arkans, M. M. and Gieger, T. L. and Nolan, M. W.}, year={2015}, month={Jul}, pages={237–246} }
 @article{keller_nevarez_rodriguez_gieger_gumber_2014, title={DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF ANAPLASTIC MAMMARY CARCINOMA IN A SUGAR GLIDER (PETAURUS BREVICEPS)}, volume={23}, ISSN={["1931-6283"]}, DOI={10.1053/j.jepm.2014.06.008}, abstractNote={Abstract A 9-year-old female sugar glider ( Petaurus breviceps ) was evaluated for a tissue mass near the marsupium. Ultrasonography identified a vascular mass originating from the right mammary gland. Fine-needle aspiration was suggestive of a malignant neoplasm. The glider was anesthetized and the tumor was removed, and this was followed by strontium-90 plesiotherapy to the tumor bed in an attempt to decrease local recurrence. Histopathology revealed an anaplastic mammary carcinoma. The glider was euthanized less than 14 days after the procedure owing to self-mutilation behavior of unknown etiology. This report is the first to describe the clinical presentation, diagnostics, therapeutics, and treatment response for a sugar glider with mammary neoplasia.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF EXOTIC PET MEDICINE}, author={Keller, Krista A. and Nevarez, Javier G. and Rodriguez, Daniel and Gieger, Tracy and Gumber, Sanjeev}, year={2014}, month={Jul}, pages={277–282} }
 @article{bigio marcello_gieger_jiménez_granger_2013, title={Detection of comorbidities and synchronous primary tumours via thoracic radiography and abdominal ultrasonography and their influence on treatment outcome in dogs with soft tissue sarcomas, primary brain tumours and intranasal tumours}, volume={13}, ISSN={1476-5810}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/vco.12063}, DOI={10.1111/vco.12063}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={4}, journal={Veterinary and Comparative Oncology}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Bigio Marcello, A. and Gieger, T. L. and Jiménez, D. A. and Granger, L. Abbigail}, year={2013}, month={Aug}, pages={433–442} }
 @article{northrup_rassnick_gieger_kosarek_mcfadden_rosenberg_2013, title={Prospective Evaluation of Biweekly Streptozotocin in 19 Dogs with Insulinoma}, volume={27}, ISSN={0891-6640}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jvim.12086}, DOI={10.1111/jvim.12086}, abstractNote={BackgroundAdministration of streptozotocin (STZ) at a 21‐day interval has been described in dogs with stage II and III insulinoma. Myelosuppression was not observed, suggesting the possibility of increasing dose intensity by decreasing the interval between doses.}, number={3}, journal={Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Northrup, N.C. and Rassnick, K.M. and Gieger, T.L. and Kosarek, C.E. and McFadden, C.W. and Rosenberg, M.P.}, year={2013}, month={Apr}, pages={483–490} }
 @article{gieger_siegel_rosen_jackson_ware_kiselow_shiomitsu_2013, title={Reirradiation of Canine Nasal Carcinomas Treated with Coarsely Fractionated Radiation Protocols: 37 Cases}, volume={49}, ISSN={0587-2871 1547-3317}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.5326/jaaha-ms-5920}, DOI={10.5326/jaaha-ms-5920}, abstractNote={Data from 37 dogs with nasal carcinomas treated with two or more coarsely fractionated courses of radiation therapy (RT) were retrospectively reviewed. The median radiation dose for the first course of RT was 24 Gray (Gy). All dogs clinically responded, and 11 had complete resolution of signs for a median of 114 days. Dogs were retreated at relapse, with a median dose of 20 Gy, and 26 of 37 dogs (70%) had clinical responses. The second course of RT was initiated at a median of 150 days following completion of the first course. Side effects were mild: four dogs had chronic ocular conditions necessitating medication, one of which required enucleation. Median survival time (ST) from the first dose of RT was 453 days and 180 days from the first dose of the second course of RT. The following factors were examined but were not significant for survival: total RT dose, dose of the first course of RT, complete resolution of clinical signs, use of either chemotherapy or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and stage (T1/T2 versus T3/T4). Dogs responded well to reirradiation with a subset experiencing chronic ocular side effects.}, number={5}, journal={Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association}, publisher={American Animal Hospital Association}, author={Gieger, Tracy and Siegel, Sheri and Rosen, Kari and Jackson, Dorothy and Ware, Kevin and Kiselow, Michael and Shiomitsu, Keijiro}, year={2013}, month={Sep}, pages={318–324} }
 @article{balkman_gieger_zgola_lewis_mcentee_2012, title={In vitro characterization of docetaxel as a radiosensitizer in canine and feline cancer cell lines.}, volume={12}, DOI={10.4236/ojvm.2012.24045}, abstractNote={An In Vitro study was conducted to investigate docetaxel as a radiation sensitizer in four canine (mammary carcinoma—CMT12 and CMT25, osteosarcoma—OS2.4, and transitional cell carcinoma—PTCC), and one feline cancer cell line (oral squamous cell carcinoma—SCCF1) to provide a basis for combination therapy in clinical patients. Cells were exposed to docetaxel followed by a single dose of radiation. The percent surviving fraction was determined by MTT assay. The combination index (CI) method determined synergistic cytotoxicity for the CMT12, CMT25 and OS2.4 cell lines with median CI values of 0.35, 0.47, 0.63 respectively. The SCCF1 cell line had moderate synergistic cytotoxicity with a median CI of 0.76, while the PTCC cell line resulted in antagonistic cytoxicity with a median CI of 2.75. The results indicated that docetaxel was a radiation sensitizer in 4 out of the 5 cancer cell lines tested.}, journal={Open Journal of Veterinary Medicine}, publisher={Scientific Research Corp}, author={Balkman, C.E. and Gieger, T.L. and Zgola, M. and Lewis, L.D. and McEntee, M.}, year={2012}, month={Dec} }
 @article{ratterree_gieger_pariaut_saelinger_strickland_2012, title={Value of Echocardiography and Electrocardiography as Screening Tools Prior to Doxorubicin Administration}, volume={48}, ISSN={0587-2871 1547-3317}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.5326/jaaha-ms-5680}, DOI={10.5326/jaaha-ms-5680}, abstractNote={The dose-limiting toxicity of doxorubicin is cardiotoxicosis. The authors of this report hypothesized that by using their institution's adopted guidelines (that involve prescreening echocardiography and electrocardiography), they would detect pre-existing cardiac abnormalities that preclude doxorubicin administration in <10% of dogs. Of 101 dogs, only 6 were excluded from doxorubicin administration based on electrocardiogram abnormalities, with a majority of those arrhythmias classified as ventricular premature contractions. One patient was excluded based on echocardiogram alone due to hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. The incidence of cardiotoxicity in treated dogs was 8% (8/101). Additional pretreatment and ongoing studies are indicated to identify risk factors for cardiotoxicity.}, number={2}, journal={Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association}, publisher={American Animal Hospital Association}, author={Ratterree, William and Gieger, Tracy and Pariaut, Romain and Saelinger, Carley and Strickland, Keith}, year={2012}, month={Mar}, pages={89–96} }
 @article{keyerleber_gieger_erb_thompson_mcentee_2011, title={Three-dimensional conformal versus non-graphic radiation treatment planning for apocrine gland adenocarcinoma of the anal sac in 18 dogs (2002-2007)}, volume={10}, ISSN={1476-5810}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1476-5829.2011.00288.x}, DOI={10.1111/j.1476-5829.2011.00288.x}, abstractNote={Differences in dose homogeneity and irradiated volumes of target and surrounding normal tissues between 3D conformal radiation treatment planning and simulated non‐graphic manual treatment planning were evaluated in 18 dogs with apocrine gland adenocarcinoma of the anal sac. Overall, 3D conformal treatment planning resulted in more homogenous dose distribution to target tissues with lower hot spots and dose ranges. Dose homogeneity and guarantee of not under‐dosing target tissues with 3D conformal planning came at the cost, however, of delivering greater mean doses of radiation and of irradiating greater volumes of surrounding normal tissue structures.}, number={4}, journal={Veterinary and Comparative Oncology}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Keyerleber, M. A. and Gieger, T. L. and Erb, H. N. and Thompson, M. S. and McEntee, M. C.}, year={2011}, month={Jul}, pages={237–245} }