@article{hinkle_nelson_duke_harrison_2024, title={Calculation of body surface area of corn snakes (<i>Pantherophis guttatus</i>) utilizing computed tomography}, volume={85}, ISSN={["1943-5681"]}, DOI={10.2460/ajvr.23.09.0217}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={2}, journal={AMERICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH}, author={Hinkle, Daria G. and Nelson, Nathan C. and Duke, Elizabeth G. and Harrison, Tara M.}, year={2024}, month={Feb} }
 @article{ferraro_harrison_duke_troan_boddy_abegglen_harrison_2024, title={Retrospective Study of the Prevalence, Histopathology, Therapy, and Survival Time of Neoplastic Disease in Fish}, volume={14}, ISSN={["2076-2615"]}, url={https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/14/3/464}, DOI={10.3390/ani14030464}, abstractNote={This study evaluated neoplasia in fish using medical records from zoos, aquariums, and exotic animal veterinarians. The parameters evaluated included geographic location, habitat type, signalment, anatomic location of neoplasia, type of neoplasia as confirmed with histologic examination, survival time, and treatments provided for each patient. These data were entered into the Exotic Species Cancer Research Alliance (ESCRA) database. Out of 455 cases from across the United States and England, most animals submitted were from zoologic parks or aquariums (62.9%), followed by private ownership (1.5%). The percent of female (19.3%) and male (17.8%) patients were similar, and the mean age at the time of diagnosis was 99.45 months, with a range of 12 to 300 months. The species with the highest neoplasia prevalence was koi (18.5%), followed by goldfish (10.8%). The eye was the most commonly reported site for a primary neoplasm (8.4%), and the most prevalent diagnosis across all organ systems was soft tissue sarcoma (26.2%). Only 13 patients in this study (2.9%) received any form of treatment, with a mean survival time of 8.85 months post-treatment. These data demonstrate that while information related to clinical therapy of cancer in fish species is lacking, surgical excision of tumors in fish, when feasible for the patient and client, may improve patient outcomes.}, number={3}, journal={ANIMALS}, author={Ferraro, Emma and Harrison, Scott H. and Duke, Elizabeth and Troan, Brigid and Boddy, Amy and Abegglen, Lisa M. and Harrison, Tara M.}, year={2024}, month={Feb} }
 @article{calcagno_nelson_duke_harrison_2023, title={Defining a species-specific K constant in American Bullfrogs<i> (Lithobates</i><i> catesbeianus)</i> through use of computed tomography}, volume={84}, ISSN={["1943-5681"]}, DOI={10.2460/ajvr.23.06.0131}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={11}, journal={AMERICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH}, author={Calcagno, Jaime N. and Nelson, Nathan C. and Duke, Elizabeth G. and Harrison, Tara M.}, year={2023}, month={Nov} }
 @article{mones_santangelo_gorges_lewbart_gerard_harrison_2023, title={Evaluation of lidocaine for brachial plexus blockade in eastern box turtles (Terrapene carolina carolina)}, volume={50}, ISSN={["1467-2995"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.vaa.2022.11.003}, abstractNote={To evaluate latency and duration of a brachial plexus block technique in eastern box turtles performed with 2% lidocaine at three dose rates.Prospective, randomized, blinded crossover study.Adult eastern box turtles, two for drug dose evaluation and a group of six (three male, three female) weighing 432 ± 40 g (mean ± standard deviation) for the main study.Animals were randomly assigned to four brachial plexus blocks with lidocaine at 5, 10 and 20 mg kg-1 or 0.9% saline (treatments LID5, LID10, LID20 and CON, respectively), separated by 1 week. Treatment side was randomized and blocks were performed unilaterally. Baseline observations of mentation, heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (fR), skin temperature and limb response to manipulation or toe pinch were evaluated. Assessments were made every 10 minutes until 1 hour of normal sensory and motor function to the treated thoracic limb, or for a total of 2 hours if no block was evident.Motor and sensory blockade was achieved in treatments LID10 and LID20 in one turtle, with a latency of 10 minutes and duration of 50 minutes for both doses. Raising of the ipsilateral lower palpebra occurred with both blocks. Turtles administered lidocaine experienced higher HR compared with CON, and HR decreased over time for all individuals. Mentation and fR were not changed with any lidocaine dose.The technique was unreliable in producing brachial plexus motor and sensory blockade at the lidocaine doses evaluated in this study. HR was higher in lidocaine-administered turtles but remained within normal limits for the species. No change in mentation or fR was observed among treatments.General anesthesia with systemic analgesia is recommended for surgical procedures involving the chelonian thoracic limb. Further studies are needed to optimize a brachial plexus block in this species.}, number={1}, journal={VETERINARY ANAESTHESIA AND ANALGESIA}, author={Mones, Alissa B. and Santangelo, Stephen M. and Gorges, Melinda A. and Lewbart, Gregory A. and Gerard, Mathew P. and Harrison, Tara M.}, year={2023}, month={Jan}, pages={98–101} }
 @article{keeney_gorges_gremling_chinnadurai_harrison_2023, title={HYPERKALEMIA IN FOUR ANESTHETIZED RED WOLVES (CANIS RUFUS)}, volume={54}, ISSN={["1937-2825"]}, DOI={10.1638/2022-0100}, abstractNote={Abstract: Four clinically healthy red wolves (Canis rufus) developed hyperkalemia during routine anesthetic procedures. All cases were anesthetized using a combination of dexmedetomidine (10–24 mcg/kg), ketamine (2–3 mg/kg), and either midazolam (0.25–0.5 mg/kg) or butorphanol (0.2–0.48 mg/kg). Additional anesthetics were given to effect. Total anesthetic time ranged from 60 to 420 min. Three out of four cases were treated using terbutaline (0.01 mg/kg SC), which successfully resolved the hyperkalemia. No bradyarrhythmias were seen in any cases where electrocardiography (ECG) was monitored (3/4). All cases recovered from anesthesia, with one prolonged recovery. All animals are clinically healthy at the time of writing. Factors including anesthetic duration, the use of α-2 agonists, hyperthermia, and genetics are discussed as possible triggers for hyperkalemia. Serial blood gases, with electrolyte measurements, are recommended during anesthesia of red wolves, particularly when anesthetic time may be prolonged or the patient suffers from hyperthermia. Terbutaline appears to be a successful treatment should hyperkalemia arise.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF ZOO AND WILDLIFE MEDICINE}, author={Keeney, Caitlin M. Hepps and Gorges, Melinda A. and Gremling, Megan M. and Chinnadurai, Sathya K. and Harrison, Tara M.}, year={2023}, month={Jun}, pages={387–393} }
 @article{kapsetaki_fortunato_compton_rupp_nour_riggs-davis_stephenson_duke_boddy_harrison_et al._2023, title={Is chimerism associated with cancer across the tree of life?}, volume={18}, ISSN={["1932-6203"]}, DOI={10.1371/journal.pone.0287901}, abstractNote={Chimerism is a widespread phenomenon across the tree of life. It is defined as a multicellular organism composed of cells from other genetically distinct entities. This ability to ‘tolerate’ non-self cells may be linked to susceptibility to diseases like cancer. Here we test whether chimerism is associated with cancers across obligately multicellular organisms in the tree of life. We classified 12 obligately multicellular taxa from lowest to highest chimerism levels based on the existing literature on the presence of chimerism in these species. We then tested for associations of chimerism with tumour invasiveness, neoplasia (benign or malignant) prevalence and malignancy prevalence in 11 terrestrial mammalian species. We found that taxa with higher levels of chimerism have higher tumour invasiveness, though there was no association between malignancy or neoplasia and chimerism among mammals. This suggests that there may be an important biological relationship between chimerism and susceptibility to tissue invasion by cancerous cells. Studying chimerism might help us identify mechanisms underlying invasive cancers and also could provide insights into the detection and management of emerging transmissible cancers.}, number={6}, journal={PLOS ONE}, author={Kapsetaki, Stefania and Fortunato, Angelo M. and Compton, Zachary and Rupp, Shawn and Nour, Zaid and Riggs-Davis, Skyelyn G. and Stephenson, Dylan M. and Duke, Elizabeth M. and Boddy, Amy C. and Harrison, Tara and et al.}, year={2023}, month={Jun} }
 @article{cabot_papich_harrison_thomson_defrancesco_ozawa_2023, title={Population pharmacokinetics of single dose oral pimobendan in the ferret (Mustela putorius furo)}, volume={48}, ISSN={["1931-6283"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1053/j.jepm.2023.09.002}, DOI={10.1053/j.jepm.2023.09.002}, abstractNote={: Therapeutic options and dosing recommendations for congestive heart failure in the domestic ferret are currently extrapolated from domestic dogs and cats. The goal of this study was to determine the pharmacokinetics of oral pimobendan in the domestic ferret. : Twelve domestic ferrets were administered a single dose (average 0.4 mg/kg) of pimobendan in a commercially available, chewable, meat-flavored tablet formulation. High-performance liquid chromatography and fluorescence detection were used to measure pimobendan and the metabolite O-desmethylpimobendan (ODMP) in plasma samples collected at 0, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6, 9, and 12 hours after administration using a sparse sampling protocol. : peak plasma concentration, 14.29 ng/mL and 16.88 ng/mL; time to peak plasma concentration, 1.69 hr and 1.97 hr; area under the curve, 129.87 ng*hr/mL and 190.97 ng*hr/mL; and elimination half-life, 4.97 hr and 6.32 hr, respectively. No adverse events were noted. : A single dose of oral pimobendan in ferrets reached concentrations higher than that reported for dogs by the manufacturer and similar to peak plasma concentrations correlated with a therapeutic effect in healthy dogs in a separate study. Individual variability was high and plasma concentrations in at least half of the ferrets remained at or below the lower limit of quantification throughout the duration of the study. Additional studies are needed to characterize the pharmacodynamics, oral bioavailability, and duration of action to facilitate dosing recommendations for pimobendan in the domestic ferret.}, journal={JOURNAL OF EXOTIC PET MEDICINE}, author={Cabot, Megan L. and Papich, Mark G. and Harrison, Tara M. and Thomson, Andrea E. and Defrancesco, Teresa and Ozawa, Sarah M.}, year={2023}, month={Jan}, pages={1–5} }
 @article{kang_womble_cullen_harrison_premanandan_schreeg_2023, title={Severe bronchiectasis resulting from chronic bacterial bronchitis and bronchopneumonia in a jungle cat}, volume={11}, ISSN={["1943-4936"]}, DOI={10.1177/10406387231216181}, abstractNote={ Bronchiectasis is irreversible bronchial dilation that can be congenital or acquired secondary to chronic airway obstruction. Feline bronchiectasis is rare and, to our knowledge, has not been reported previously in a non-domestic felid. An ~10-y-old female jungle cat ( Felis chaus) was presented for evaluation of an abdominal mass and suspected pulmonary metastasis. The animal died during exploratory laparotomy and was submitted for postmortem examination. Gross examination revealed consolidation of the left caudal lung lobe and hila of the cranial lung lobes. Elsewhere in the lungs were several pale-yellow pleural foci of endogenous lipid pneumonia. On cut section, there was severe distension of bronchi with abundant white mucoid fluid. The remaining lung lobes were multifocally expanded by marginal emphysema. Histologically, ectatic bronchi, bronchioles, and fewer alveoli contained degenerate neutrophils, fibrin, and mucin (suppurative bronchopneumonia) with rare gram-negative bacteria. Aerobic culture yielded low growth of Proteus mirabilis and Escherichia coli. There was chronic bronchitis, marked by moderate bronchial gland hyperplasia, lymphoplasmacytic inflammation, and lymphoid hyperplasia. The palpated abdominal mass was a uterine endometrial polyp, which was considered an incidental, but novel, finding. Chronic bronchitis and bronchopneumonia should be considered as a cause of bronchiectasis and a differential diagnosis for respiratory disease in non-domestic felids. }, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY DIAGNOSTIC INVESTIGATION}, author={Kang, Danyue and Womble, Mandy and Cullen, John M. and Harrison, Tara M. and Premanandan, Christopher and Schreeg, Megan E.}, year={2023}, month={Nov} }
 @article{souza_masterson_harrison_2023, title={The Effects of Photobiomodulation Therapy on the Healing of Eastern Box Turtle (<i>Terrapene carolina</i>) Shells}, volume={4}, ISSN={["2673-5636"]}, url={https://www.mdpi.com/2673-5636/4/3/41}, DOI={10.3390/jzbg4030041}, abstractNote={Photobiomodulation therapy (cold laser or low-level laser therapy) has been evaluated in human and small animal medicine; however, there is a lack of knowledge about the role photobiomodulation therapy could play in reptile rehabilitation and release. This study used a quantifiable unit, Hounsfield units (bone density measurement), in computed tomography (CT) to evaluate if photobiomodulation therapy showed a significant healing difference between groups treated with photobiomodulation and those that were not. This study included 20 eastern box turtles (Terrapene carolina) presented to a rehabilitation center that sustained shell fractures without penetrating the coelom. They all received similar medical treatments, except that the photobiomodulation group received 250 Hz of red light laser for three minutes three times a week for eight weeks. The turtles were evaluated over the course of two months of therapy. Computed tomography scans were performed prior to therapy, at the midpoint of treatment (one month postinjury), and at the end of the study (two months postinjury). The average Hounsfield units of the fractures were evaluated using nonparametric means, the Wilcoxon/Kruskal–Wallis tests (ranked sums), and found that there were no significant differences in shell density between the photobiomodulation and control groups amongst the scans. This study did find that there was a significant difference (p = 0.0455) between the two groups in regard to the width of the fracture between pre- and post-treatment scans. This study found that the photobiomodulation group had a significantly decreased width of the fracture site between pre-treatment and post-treatment measurements, showing that photobiomodulation could be a relatively easy and effective treatment to promote healing of fractured turtle shells.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGICAL AND BOTANICAL GARDENS}, author={Souza, Ashley R. and Masterson, Christopher and Harrison, Tara M.}, year={2023}, month={Sep}, pages={578–586} }
 @article{duke_harrison_moresco_trout_troan_garner_smith_smith_harrison_2022, title={A Multi-Institutional Collaboration to Understand Neoplasia, Treatment and Survival of Snakes}, volume={12}, ISSN={["2076-2615"]}, url={https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/12/3/258}, DOI={10.3390/ani12030258}, abstractNote={This multi-institutional collaborative study of neoplasia in snakes reviewed medical records of snakes at each facility to determine species prevalence, survival, and methods of treatment. Complete species numbers of snakes were also collected at each facility. In total, 65 species, 133 snakes, and 149 unique neoplasias were included in this study. Affected species, age, sex, and their tumor prevalence, tumor type and location, metastasis, treatment, and survival data are reported. The highest species-specific tumor prevalence was in Common or Northern Watersnakes (Nerodia sipedon) (30.8%, n = 4 of 13), Eastern Diamond-Backed Rattlesnakes (Crotalus adamanteus) (26.3%, n = 5 of 19), and Timber rattlesnakes (Crotalus horridus) (22.7%, n = 5 of 22). Malignant tumors predominated (86.6%, n = 129 of 149) with soft tissue sarcomas being the most common (30.2%, n = 45 of 149). Snakes with malignant neoplasia, metastases, or indeterminate presence of metastases were statistically more likely to die from their neoplasms than snakes having either benign neoplasia or no diagnosed metastases (p < 0.05). Gender, taxonomic family, and species of those evaluated did not significantly affect the outcome of snakes with neoplasia. Only 27.1% (n = 36 of 133) of snakes received a reported form of treatment and, for those treated, surgical excision was the most common treatment modality. There was not a significant difference in outcome based on treatment; however, surgery and chemotherapy were associated with death from a cause other than their tumor.}, number={3}, journal={ANIMALS}, publisher={MDPI AG}, author={Duke, Elizabeth G. and Harrison, Scott H. and Moresco, Anneke and Trout, Tim and Troan, Brigid V. and Garner, Michael M. and Smith, Madison and Smith, Sidney and Harrison, Tara M.}, year={2022}, month={Feb} }
 @misc{harrison_churgin_2022, title={Acupuncture and Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine in Zoological and Exotic Animal Medicine: A Review and Introduction of Methods}, volume={9}, ISSN={["2306-7381"]}, url={https://www.mdpi.com/2306-7381/9/2/74}, DOI={10.3390/vetsci9020074}, abstractNote={Acupuncture has been used extensively in domestic animal medicine to treat a variety of medical conditions and diseases as an adjunct or primary therapy. Exotic animals are becoming increasingly common as pets. Owners are expecting therapies for these non-domestic animals to be similar to those available to their other domestic pets. Additionally, zoological and aquatic facilities provide medical care for the entire lives of the animals that are housed in their facilities. Many conditions similar to those observed in domestic animals can develop in zoological species and can benefit from treatment with acupuncture. Through operant conditioning or routine medical examinations, the use of acupuncture as an adjunct therapy is becoming more common. The following paper presents a summary of the types of non-domestic animals treated, for which conditions, and how these methods are commonly used.}, number={2}, journal={VETERINARY SCIENCES}, author={Harrison, Tara M. and Churgin, Sarah M.}, year={2022}, month={Feb} }
 @article{gregory_hubbard_schlake_mejia_passingham_lewbart_harrison_2022, title={EVALUATION OF PROGNOSTIC INDICATORS FOR INJURED TURTLES PRESENTING TO A WILDLIFE CLINIC}, volume={53}, ISSN={["1937-2825"]}, DOI={10.1638/2020-0200}, abstractNote={Abstract: The Turtle Rescue Team (TRT) at North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine currently sees over 500 chelonian cases a year. Each turtle receives a thorough physical examination as the main evaluation of its health because further diagnostics are cost prohibitive in a donation-based facility. Thus, there is a need to further understand how a few economical diagnostics can evaluate the prognosis of chelonians. The objectives were to evaluate lactate, PCV, total solids, glucose, temperature, and HR as prognostic indicators in multiple chelonian species and to determine how the change in lactate concentrations over a 24 h period affects prognosis. Eastern box turtles (Terrapene carolina carolina), yellow-bellied sliders (Trachemys scripta scripta), river cooters (Pseudemys concinna), painted turtles (Chrysemys picta), and common snapping turtles (Chelydra serpentina) were evaluated because of prevalence of presentation to the TRT, differences in habitat, and differences in physiology. Hyperlactatemia, an increased lactate over 24 h when the initial lactate concentration was greater than 5 mM/L, and anemia were determined to be significant prognostic indicators of mortality for all turtles, and hypoglycemia was a significant prognostic indicator of mortality for male turtles (P < 0.05).}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF ZOO AND WILDLIFE MEDICINE}, author={Gregory, Taylor M. and Hubbard, Cassidy and Schlake, Emily and Mejia, Daniel and Passingham, Kent R. and Lewbart, Gregory A. and Harrison, Tara M.}, year={2022}, month={Mar}, pages={209–213} }
 @article{harrison_morello_royal_petritz_snyder_2022, title={Effects of gender on income and family planning for diplomates of the American College of Zoological Medicine}, volume={260}, ISSN={["1943-569X"]}, DOI={10.2460/javma.20.05.0250}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={2}, journal={JAVMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION}, author={Harrison, Tara M. and Morello, Samantha and Royal, Kenneth and Petritz, Olivia and Snyder, Amy}, year={2022}, month={Jan}, pages={251–256} }
 @article{keeney_harrison_2022, title={Euthanasia Complications in Non-Domestic Species}, url={https://www.mdpi.com/2673-5636/3/4/45}, DOI={10.3390/jzbg3040045}, abstractNote={There are very few studies describing euthanasia complications in non-domestic species. The goal of this study was to survey veterinarians to determine what complications may commonly occur during the euthanasia of non-domestic species. An online survey was sent to seven professional organization listservs containing veterinarians most likely to practice on non-domestic species. Forty-one cases of euthanasia complications were reported. The most common taxa reported were mammals, (23/41, 56%), followed by avian (8/41, 20%), reptile (7/41, 17%), and fish (3/41, 7%). Most animals were reported to have been anesthetized prior to euthanasia (28/41, 68%). The most common method of euthanasia was pentobarbital (27/41, 66%). The reported euthanasia complications included “took an excessive amount of euthanasia solution” (12/41, 29%), “heart would not stop” (9/41, 22%), “animal awoke at a later time” (4/41, 10%), “a secondary method of euthanasia was required” (4/41, 10%), and “other” (12/41, 29%). This study reports complications that can occur during the euthanasia of non-domestic species. The concept of dysthanasia, a euthanasia with an undesirable outcome, has not been previously discussed in the context of zoo, wildlife, aquarium, and exotic pet practice. Strategies to reduce dysthanasia from both animal and human perspectives are explored, including alternative euthanasia techniques, principal-based euthanasia, and mental health implications.}, journal={Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens}, author={Keeney, Caitlin Hepps and Harrison, Tara}, year={2022}, month={Nov} }
 @article{gunady_ware_plumlee_devos_corcoran_prinz_misetic_ciccarelli_harrison_thorne_et al._2022, title={Exome sequencing of hepatocellular carcinoma in lemurs identifies potential cancer drivers A pilot study}, volume={10}, ISSN={["2050-6201"]}, DOI={10.1093/emph/eoac016}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={1}, journal={EVOLUTION MEDICINE AND PUBLIC HEALTH}, author={Gunady, Ella F. and Ware, Kathryn E. and Plumlee, Sarah Hoskinson and Devos, Nicolas and Corcoran, David and Prinz, Joseph and Misetic, Hrvoje and Ciccarelli, Francesca D. and Harrison, Tara M. and Thorne, Jeffrey L. and et al.}, year={2022}, month={Jan}, pages={221–230} }
 @misc{abegglen_harrison_moresco_fowles_troan_kiso_schmitt_boddy_schiffman_2022, title={Of Elephants and Other Mammals: A Comparative Review of Reproductive Tumors and Potential Impact on Conservation}, volume={12}, ISSN={["2076-2615"]}, url={https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/12/15/2005}, DOI={10.3390/ani12152005}, abstractNote={Reproductive tumors can impact conception, pregnancy, and birth in mammals. These impacts are well documented in humans, while data in other mammals are limited. An urgent need exists to understand the reproductive impact of these lesions in endangered species, because some endangered species have a documented high prevalence of reproductive tumors. This article documents that the prevalence of both benign and malignant neoplasia differs between African and Asian elephants, with Asian elephants more frequently diagnosed and negatively affected by both. The prevalence of these tumors across mammalian species is compared, and impact plus treatment options in human medicine are reviewed to inform decision making in elephants. Evidence suggests that reproductive tumors can negatively impact elephant conservation. Future studies that document reproductive outcomes, including the success of various treatment approaches in elephants with tumors will benefit conservation efforts.}, number={15}, journal={ANIMALS}, author={Abegglen, Lisa M. and Harrison, Tara M. and Moresco, Anneke and Fowles, Jared S. and Troan, Brigid V and Kiso, Wendy K. and Schmitt, Dennis and Boddy, Amy M. and Schiffman, Joshua D.}, year={2022}, month={Aug} }
 @article{womble_cabot_harrison_watanabe_2022, title={Outbreak in African lions of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis infection, with aberrant bacterial morphology}, volume={1}, ISSN={["1943-4936"]}, DOI={10.1177/10406387211072822}, abstractNote={ A concurrent outbreak of infection with Yersinia pseudotuberculosis occurred in adult captive African lions ( Panthera leo). Two 17-y-old male lions and one 14-y-old female lion developed respiratory distress, lethargy, ataxia, and hyporexia. Within 3–5 d of the onset of clinical signs, one male and the female lion died and were submitted for postmortem examination. Macroscopically, the liver and spleen had multifocal-to-coalescing, semi-firm, pale-tan nodules throughout the parenchyma. The lungs were non-collapsed and marked by petechiae. Histologic examination identified lytic, necrosuppurative foci in the liver, spleen, lungs, and kidney, with abundant intralesional gram-negative coccobacilli in the male lion. Similar findings were seen in the female lion in the liver, spleen, kidney, and mesenteric lymph node; however, the intralesional bacterial colonies were more pleomorphic, comprising rod and filamentous morphologies. Aerobic bacterial culture of the liver, spleen, and lung revealed Y. pseudotuberculosis growth. The source of infection is unknown, and an epidemiologic study was performed. Sources to be considered are from the predation of rodent and/or bird reservoirs, or contaminated soil or water. Mortality associated with Y. pseudotuberculosis has been described in an African lion cub, however, to our knowledge, Y. pseudotuberculosis has not been reported in adult African lions, and this is only the second report of Y. pseudotuberculosis with aberrant bacterial morphology observed histologically. }, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY DIAGNOSTIC INVESTIGATION}, author={Womble, Mandy and Cabot, Megan L. and Harrison, Tara and Watanabe, Tatiane Terumi Negrao}, year={2022}, month={Jan} }
 @article{cabot_watanabe_womble_harrison_2022, title={YERSINIA PSEUDOTUBERCULOSIS INFECTION IN LIONS (PANTHERA LEO) AT A ZOOLOGICAL PARK}, volume={53}, ISSN={["1937-2825"]}, DOI={10.1638/2021-0106}, abstractNote={Abstract: Two co-housed 17-yr-old male lions (Panthera leo) and one 15-yr-old female lion in an adjacent enclosure developed acute lethargy, depression, anorexia, and ataxia at a zoological park in central North Carolina, United States. One of the male lions and the female lion were found dead 5 and 4 d after the onset of clinical signs, respectively. The other male lion recovered without any clinical treatment. A third male lion housed with the female lion never developed clinical signs. Postmortem examination, microscopic evaluation, and bacterial culture of the liver from both deceased lions confirmed systemic Yersinia pseudotuberculosis infection. Susceptibility testing revealed resistance to amoxicillin–clavulanic acid and cefazolin. To investigate the extent of the outbreak, qualitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for Y. pseudotuberculosis was performed on feces and substrate from 15 enclosures housing nondomestic felids and canids, resulting in a positive sample from one enclosure housing four asymptomatic lions. This enclosure was adjacent to housing of the deceased female lion. Enrofloxacin was administered to all animals in the vicinity at doses of 5 mg/kg in nondomestic felids and 10 mg/kg in nondomestic canids, orally q24h for 14 d. Repeated fecal PCR performed 1 wk after completing the antibiotic treatment protocol found no positive samples. The source of the infection was not identified despite PCR testing of environmental samples from all enclosures in the vicinity, the remains of a prey item fed out prior to the outbreak, and a single dead rodent found on grounds. No further clinical cases have occurred within the following year.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF ZOO AND WILDLIFE MEDICINE}, author={Cabot, Megan L. and Watanabe, Tatiane Terumi Negrao and Womble, Mandy and Harrison, Tara M.}, year={2022}, month={Sep}, pages={593–599} }
 @article{houck_harrison_2021, title={BREEDING AND NEONATAL REARING PRACTICES AND CHALLENGES IN LESSER HEDGEHOG TENRECS (ECHINOPS TELFAIRI) IN NORTH AMERICAN ZOOS}, volume={52}, ISSN={["1937-2825"]}, DOI={10.1638/2019-0179}, abstractNote={Abstract: The unique reproductive and energetic features of lesser hedgehog tenrecs (Echinops telfairi) have been intensively studied in the field and within laboratory settings, but information on their propagation in zoological settings is limited. Based on a survey sent to zoological institutions currently housing reproductively active lesser hedgehog tenrecs in North America, this study reports on husbandry, veterinary practices, and demographics of reproducing lesser hedgehog tenrecs and their offspring. All 14 zoological institutions in the Lesser Hedgehog Tenrec Species Survival Plan who bred tenrecs within the last 12 years responded to the online survey. Provision of a nest box, nesting material, and a diet consisting of a commercial insectivore diet, insects, and produce was found in the majority of institutions, in addition to the practice of separating the breeding male and female before parturition. From the 24 dams representing 39 pregnancies and 158 young included in this study, the median calculated litter size was four young per litter. The median age of primiparity was 2.25 yr, and the oldest female to reproduce successfully was 10 yr old. The young had an overall rate of survival to weaning of 83%. A maternal complication rate of 26% and maternal mortality rate of 5% highlights the importance of veterinary care in periparturient dams, especially for detection and treatment of dystocia. These data provide guidance to zoological institutions breeding lesser hedgehog tenrecs.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF ZOO AND WILDLIFE MEDICINE}, author={Houck, Emma and Harrison, Tara}, year={2021}, month={Mar}, pages={315–319} }
 @article{rasche_tucker_linder_harrison_negrao watanabe_2021, title={Case Report: Pulmonary Conidiobolomycosis in a Vietnamese Pot-Bellied Pig}, volume={8}, ISSN={["2297-1769"]}, DOI={10.3389/fvets.2021.799641}, abstractNote={An adult castrated male Vietnamese pot-bellied pig had a 1-week history of acute dyspnea and lethargy. Minimal diagnostic testing was authorized by the owner, resulting in treatment with a third-generation cephalosporin and a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug. Partial improvement was observed after a week; however, the pig died 2 weeks after the initial onset of clinical signs. Macroscopically, ~90% of the left lung was effaced by large masses with a caseonecrotic center. Histologic examination revealed eosinophilic granulomas with myriad, intralesional, negatively staining hyphae highlighted by “sleeves” of hypereosinophilic material (Splendore-Hoeppli material). Infection with an oomycete or “zygomycete” (i.e., organisms of the order Entomophthorales or Mucorales) was initially considered. Pan-fungal PCR and sequencing performed on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded lung tissue identified Conidiobolus spp., consistent with a diagnosis of primary pulmonary conidiobolomycosis. There are only a few reports of infections with Conidiobolus spp. (and other members of the order Entomophthorales) in swine. Unlike humans and other animal species, conidiobolomycosis in pigs presents more commonly as a primary pulmonary disease rather than rhinofacial or nasopharyngeal disease.}, journal={FRONTIERS IN VETERINARY SCIENCE}, author={Rasche, Brittany L. and Tucker, Samuel M. and Linder, Keith and Harrison, Tara M. and Negrao Watanabe, Tatiane Terumi}, year={2021}, month={Dec} }
 @article{keeney_hung_harrison_2021, title={Comparison of body temperature using digital, infrared, and tympanic thermometry in healthy ferrets (Mustela putorius furo)}, volume={36}, ISSN={["1931-6283"]}, DOI={10.1053/j.jepm.2020.10.005}, abstractNote={Abstract BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to evaluate the comparative precision and accuracy of multiple methods of thermometry used to assess body temperature in healthy adult ferrets. METHODS Temperature was measured in 20 healthy ferrets (Mustela putorius furo) using noncontact infrared thermometry, digital thermometry in the rectal, inguinal, and axillary regions, and infrared contact-based thermometer in the ear (tympanic) and on the skin of the dorsal back between the shoulder blades. Temperatures were taken pre- and post-handling, evaluated across the set of ferrets for general precision and effect of handling, and compared to assess accuracy. Intraclass correlation analysis and Bland-Altman agreement analyses with rectal temperature being used as reference were conducted. RESULTS Sample time (before and after physical examination) and day (day #1 and day #2), were found to not to be significantly different with respect to temperature measurements (P>0.05). Reproducibility was not high for any of the temperature measurement methods, but was moderate for rectal and tympanic ear measures. The lowest mean difference with rectal temperature was found for tympanic thermometry on the dorsal skin when compared with rectal measurement (+0.05 °C), as opposed to the other four methods of temperature measurement which ranged in their mean differences when compared with rectal measurement (-7.4 to -0.58 °C). Agreement analyses showed constant error and proportional error only for the inguinal temperature method. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Temperature measurements due to tympanic thermometers applied on the dorsal skin have some agreement with respect to digital rectal thermometry in ferrets. Following further validating studies on hypothermic and hyperthermic contexts of usage, this less invasive approach may be a useful method for temperature measurement in clinical settings to reduce stress of the patient and increase efficiency without sacrificing accuracy.}, journal={JOURNAL OF EXOTIC PET MEDICINE}, author={Keeney, Caitlin M. Hepps and Hung, Chers S. and Harrison, Taram M.}, year={2021}, month={Jan}, pages={16–21} }
 @article{mones_gorges_santangelo_lewbart_harrison_gerard_2021, title={Feasibility of a blind perineural injection technique for brachial plexus blockade in eastern box turtles (Terrapene carolina carolina): a cadaver study}, volume={48}, ISSN={["1467-2995"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.vaa.2021.04.007}, abstractNote={Objective To describe the anatomy of the brachial plexus in eastern box turtles (Terrapene carolina carolina), develop a blind perineural injection technique for brachial plexus blockade and evaluate the distribution of three volumes of new methylene blue dye for injection in cadavers. Study design Prospective, randomized, blinded cadaveric study. Animals A total of 24 frozen-thawed box turtle cadavers; two turtles identified with shoulder injuries were subsequently excluded from the study. The remaining 22 turtles weighed 397 (190–581) g, median (range). Methods The brachial plexus and regional anatomy were identified by dissection of seven cadavers to determine anatomic landmarks for a perineural injection technique. This technique was tested by randomizing 15 cadavers into one of three groups to be injected bilaterally with one of three volumes (0.1, 0.2 or 0.3 mL) of methylene blue dye 1% aqueous solution. Investigators blinded to the assigned group dissected cadavers 15 minutes after injection and used staining of the four cervical spinal nerves (C5–C8; 25% for each nerve) to record a staining score of the brachial plexus (0–100%). Results Based on descriptions of the anatomy of the brachial plexus, an injection technique was designed. Injections of 0.1 mL methylene blue dye resulted in nine/10 injections with 100% nerve stained, and one/10 injection with 50% (two) nerves stained. All injections of 0.2 or 0.3 mL of methylene blue dye resulted in 100% nerves stained. Conclusions and clinical relevance Perineural injection of the brachial plexus with 0.1, 0.2 or 0.3 mL methylene blue dye was successful in 29/30 injections in box turtle cadavers weighing 190–581 g. Further studies are needed to determine the minimum volume of injectate that can be successfully used for this technique, and to evaluate its application and efficacy in live turtles.}, number={5}, journal={VETERINARY ANAESTHESIA AND ANALGESIA}, author={Mones, Alissa B. and Gorges, Melinda A. and Santangelo, Stephen M. and Lewbart, Gregory A. and Harrison, Tara M. and Gerard, Mathew P.}, year={2021}, month={Sep}, pages={789–797} }
 @article{whitehead_petritz_doerr_stoskopf_harrison_2020, title={Biochemical Effects of Routine Gonadectomy on Blood of Domestic Ferrets (Mustela putorius furo)}, volume={59}, ISSN={["1559-6109"]}, DOI={10.30802/AALAS-JAALAS-19-000173}, abstractNote={We studied domestic ferrets (Mustela putorius furo) to evaluate the physiologic effects of routine surgery. Standard plasma biochemistry panels and 1H-NMR spectroscopy of heparinized whole blood were performed on samples taken 24 h prior to and immediately after surgery
 from female and male ferrets undergoing routine gonadectomy. Increases in plasma glucose, phosphorus, potassium, and creatine kinase concentrations associated with the duration of surgery were identified on plasma biochemistry panels. Whole-blood NMR spectra allowed us to identify 42 metabolites
 and one drug residue. Variations between pre- and postoperative metabolite concentrations were most pronounced for female ferrets, which underwent more prolonged surgery than males. Affected metabolites included organic acids and osmolytes (betaine, methylmalonate, <small>D</small>-lactate),
 fatty acids and lipids (2-hydroxy-3-methylbutyric acid), and amino acid groups (acetylglycine, alloisoleucine, leucine, and isoleucine). These findings indicate that 1H-NMR spectroscopy of whole blood provides insight into metabolic perturbations in domestic ferrets undergoing surgery
 that are not detected in routine clinical chemistry panels.}, number={5}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR LABORATORY ANIMAL SCIENCE}, author={Whitehead, Michelle C. and Petritz, Olivia A. and Doerr, Mary and Stoskopf, Michael K. and Harrison, Tara M.}, year={2020}, month={Sep}, pages={567–574} }
 @misc{boddy_harrison_abegglen_2020, title={Comparative Oncology: New Insights into an Ancient Disease}, volume={23}, ISSN={["2589-0042"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.isci.2020.101373}, abstractNote={Cancer has deep evolutionary roots and is an important source of selective pressure in organismal evolution. Yet, we find a great deal of variation in cancer vulnerabilities across the tree of life. Comparative oncology offers insights into why some species vary in their susceptibility to cancer and the mechanisms responsible for the diversity of cancer defenses. Here we provide an overview for why cancer persists across the tree of life. We then summarize current data on cancer in mammals, reptiles, and birds in comparison with commonly reported human cancers. We report on both novel and shared mechanisms of cancer protection in animals. Cross-discipline collaborations, including zoological and aquarium institutions, wildlife and evolutionary biologists, veterinarians, medical doctors, cancer biologists, and oncologists, will be essential for progress in the field of comparative oncology. Improving medical treatment of humans and animals with cancer is the ultimate promise of comparative oncology.}, number={8}, journal={ISCIENCE}, author={Boddy, Amy M. and Harrison, Tara M. and Abegglen, Lisa M.}, year={2020}, month={Aug} }
 @article{stafford_harrison_kortum_mealey_2020, title={PREVALENCE OF THE ABCB1-1 Delta GENE IN NONDOMESTIC SPECIES OF THE CANIDAE FAMILY}, volume={51}, ISSN={["1937-2825"]}, DOI={10.1638/2020-0057}, abstractNote={Abstract: The ABCB1 gene is responsible for encoding the P-glycoprotein (P-gp) efflux transporter that prevents accumulation of exogenous substances in the body by utilizing ATP hydrolysis to transport these substances against their concentration gradient. In dogs, homozygous or heterozygous mutations for the previously described ABCB1-1Δ mutation lead to ineffective P-gp efflux transport function and puts the animal at risk for potentially devastating adverse drug effects. The purpose of this study was to evaluate ABCB1-1Δ gene mutation status in species belonging to the Canidae family, including each of the following: maned wolf (Chrysocyon brachyurus), gray wolf (Canis lupus), red wolf (Canis rufus), coyote (Canis latrans), dingo (Canis lupus dingo), New Guinea singing dog (Canis lupus dingo), arctic fox (Vulpes lagopus), and fennec fox (Vulpes zerda). These species were chosen based on an evolutionary study conducted by Belyaev that noted foxes, bred for temperament, tended to have similar behaviors seen in the modern-day dog. Wolves, known predecessors to the modern dog, were also included. In the current study, a buccal swab was performed on each animal and then tested at Washington State University's Veterinary Clinical Pharmacology Lab, where they were tested according to previously published methods validating buccal swab samples and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) –based genetic analysis. Knowledge of Canidae species ABCB1-1Δ gene mutation status allows for safe and effective therapeutic treatment of nondomestic animals, ensuring any anticipated adverse drug events are prevented. All eight species were found to have the wild-type ABCB1 gene and thus, expected to have normally functioning P-gp efflux transporters. Although these data can be used to guide clinical decision making, because of a small sample size, a more robust study is necessary to assess Canidae ABCB1-1Δ mutation status comprehensively.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF ZOO AND WILDLIFE MEDICINE}, author={Stafford, Emma G. and Harrison, Tara and Kortum, Amanda and Mealey, Katrina L.}, year={2020}, month={Dec}, pages={1007–1011} }
 @article{schlanser_harrison_wise_kiupel_2019, title={DIFFERENTIATING ENTEROPATHY-ASSOCIATED T-CELL LYMPHOMA TYPE 2 FROM INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE IN A SNOW LEOPARD (UNCIA UNCIA)}, volume={50}, ISSN={["1937-2825"]}, DOI={10.1638/2017-0202}, abstractNote={After a history of intermittent vomiting, endoscopic biopsies of stomach and duodenum were collected from a 13-yr-old male snow leopard (Uncia uncia). On microscopic examination, monomorphic small lymphocytes expanded the duodenal mucosa and occasionally formed intraepithelial nests. Immunohistochemistry of the infiltrating small lymphocytes in the mucosa and within the epithelium had strong, perimembranous labeling for CD3e, with few CD79a-positive lymphocytes located at the base of the villi. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for antigen receptor rearrangements (PARR) of feline T-cell receptor gamma (TCRG) detected a monoclonal cell population. The sequence of the PCR product was 100% homologous with the feline TCRG gene. By histology, immunophenotyping, and PARR testing, a final diagnosis of enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma, small cell type, was made. Homology in the nucleotide sequence between U. uncia and the domestic cat (Felis catus) indicates that feline PARR testing for TCRG may be diagnostic in snow leopards.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF ZOO AND WILDLIFE MEDICINE}, author={Schlanser, Justin R. and Harrison, Tara M. and Wise, Annabel and Kiupel, Matti}, year={2019}, month={Jun}, pages={474–477} }
 @article{cerreta_walker_harrison_2018, title={EVALUATION OF ACUPUNCTURE POINTS GOVERNING VESSELS 1 AND 26 ON ANESTHETIC RECOVERY OF EASTERN BOX TURTLES (TERRAPENE CAROLINA CAROLINA)}, volume={49}, ISSN={["1937-2825"]}, DOI={10.1638/2018-0005.1}, abstractNote={Abstract Intramuscular administration of anesthetic agents in chelonians may result in a prolonged (≥1 hr) return of spontaneous movement and breathing, which increases the probability for peri- and postoperative complications. The acupuncture point governing vessel (GV)-26 has been demonstrated to reduce anesthetic recovery times from inhalant anesthesia in other species. In this study, 30 eastern box turtles (EBT; Terrapene carolina carolina), presented to the Turtle Rescue Team at North Carolina State University's College of Veterinary Medicine for treatment of aural abscess, were divided into four groups: control (no treatment); GV-26 acupuncture; GV-1 and GV-26 acupuncture; or GV-1 and GV-26 electroacupuncture. Turtles receiving either GV-1 and GV-26 acupuncture or GV-1 and GV-26 electroacupuncture had a significantly reduced time to return of voluntary movement (P = 0.012 and P = 0.006, respectively), a significantly reduced time to response of limb extension (P = 0.03 and P < 0.001, respectively), and a significantly reduced time to anesthetic recovery (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01, respectively). Therefore, the use of either GV-1 and GV-26 acupuncture or GV-1 and GV-26 electroacupuncture produces significant reductions in anesthetic recovery time in EBTs that have received injectable anesthetics.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF ZOO AND WILDLIFE MEDICINE}, author={Cerreta, Anthony J. and Walker, Meghan E. and Harrison, Tara M.}, year={2018}, month={Dec}, pages={870–874} }
 @article{whitehead_vanetten_jacob_harrison_2018, title={Microbial integrity of preservative-free alfaxalone in a multiple-use system for two storage conditions and three handling techniques}, volume={79}, ISSN={["1943-5681"]}, DOI={10.2460/ajvr.79.7.704}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={7}, journal={AMERICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH}, author={Whitehead, Michelle C. and Vanetten, Chelsey L. and Jacob, Megan E. and Harrison, Tara M.}, year={2018}, month={Jul}, pages={704–710} }
 @article{harrison_harrison_2017, title={EVALUATION OF HUSBANDRY AND MORTALITY IN LESSER HEDGEHOG TENRECS (ECHINOPS TELFAIRI)}, volume={48}, ISSN={["1937-2825"]}, DOI={10.1638/2016-0114.1}, abstractNote={Abstract Causes of morbidity and mortality for various species of tenrecs have not been widely published, aside from several reports of neoplasia, and these data are crucial for advancing objectives for preventive medicine, diagnosis, and treatment. A survey on husbandry, morbidity, and mortality of lesser hedgehog tenrecs (Echinops telfairi) in Association of Zoos and Aquariums (AZA) institutions was conducted. Out of 32 institutions, 20 responded with data for 98 living and 93 dead animals. The most common causes of mortality among the dead animals were neoplasia (24%), hepatic lipidosis (11%), septicemia (8.6%), pneumonia (8.6%), cardiomyopathy (7.5%), renal disease (6.5%), osteomyelitis (3.2%), and trauma (3.2%). There was no statistically significant correlation between sex and neoplasia. Data about educational usage were specifically provided by survey respondents for 50 of the tenrecs, with only 42% being excluded from educational programming. Tenrecs are common to many AZA institutions as both educational and exhibit animals, and this study provides a helpful reference for expected health problems and highlights the need for future investments into medical diagnosis and treatment for these animals.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF ZOO AND WILDLIFE MEDICINE}, author={Harrison, Tara M. and Harrison, Scott H.}, year={2017}, month={Jun}, pages={440–445} }
 @article{thompson_agnew_nofs_harrison_2017, title={OBSTETRICAL AND POSTPARTUM COMPLICATIONS IN LESSER MADAGASCAR HEDGEHOG TENRECS (ECHINOPS TELFAIRI): FOUR CASES}, volume={48}, ISSN={["1937-2825"]}, DOI={10.1638/2016-0039.1}, abstractNote={Abstract Currently, little is known about diseases and health concerns in tenrecs, family Tenrecidae. During the past 10 yr of breeding lesser Madagascar hedgehog tenrecs (Echinops telfairi) at a single zoological institution, a diverse range of obstetric and postpartum complications have been observed: pyometra, metritis, retained fetal membranes, retained fetus, perinatal mortality, and maternal neglect with subsequent successful hand-rearing of neonates. Treatment of these problems is complicated in tenrecs because of their small size and secretive behavior. Some of the cases reported in this article had successful resolution by ovariohysterectomy or cesarean section. The four cases described in this report overall help to disseminate options and outcomes for the diagnosis, treatment, and management of obstetric and postpartum complications in this small, secretive, nondomestic species.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF ZOO AND WILDLIFE MEDICINE}, author={Thompson, Kimberly A. and Agnew, Dalen and Nofs, Sally A. and Harrison, Tara M.}, year={2017}, month={Jun}, pages={446–452} }
 @article{cannizzo_rick_harrison_harms_2017, title={PARATHYROID HORMONE, IONIZED CALCIUM, AND 25-HYDROXYVITAMIN D CONCENTRATIONS IN THE DOMESTIC FERRET (MUSTELA PUTORIUS FURO)}, volume={26}, ISSN={["1931-6283"]}, DOI={10.1053/j.jepm.2017.07.004}, abstractNote={Abstract The objective of this study was to measure parathyroid hormone (PTH), ionized calcium, and 25‐hydroxyvitamin D concentrations in healthy intact adult ferrets. Serum was collected from 16 clinically healthy adult ferrets (8 males and 8 females). Concentrations of PTH and 25‐hydroxyvitamin D were measured via commercially available radioimmunoassays validated for humans, dogs, and cats (PTH) plus horses (25‐hydroxyvitamin D). Concentrations of ionized calcium (at pH 7.4) were measured using an ion‐specific electrode. Median (minimum, maximum) concentrations were as follows: PTH 8.7 (2.2, 24.4) pmol/L, ionized calcium 1.15 (1.09, 1.25) mmol/L, and 25‐hydroxyvitamin D 94 (61, 138) nmol/L). Female ferrets had significantly higher concentrations of PTH than male ferrets (female median: 17.1 pmol/L; male median: 6.9 pmol/L). Associations among PTH, ionized calcium, 25‐hydroxyvitamin D, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, and weight were evaluated. There was a weak negative correlation between PTH concentration and total calcium concentration in female ferrets. As none of these assays have been validated for use in ferrets, results may provide a baseline for clinicians evaluating ferrets for disorders of calcium homeostasis, parathyroid glands, and paraneoplastic syndromes.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF EXOTIC PET MEDICINE}, author={Cannizzo, Sarah A. and Rick, Markus and Harrison, Tara M. and Harms, Craig A.}, year={2017}, month={Oct}, pages={294–299} }
 @article{harrison_kitchell_2017, title={Principles and Applications of Medical Oncology in Exotic Animals}, volume={20}, ISSN={1094-9194}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cvex.2016.07.007}, DOI={10.1016/j.cvex.2016.07.007}, abstractNote={Diagnoses of neoplasia in exotic animals have historically been made at death or just before euthanasia. Routine physical examinations are enabling early diagnosis while accessibility and affordability of advanced diagnostics are improving. With increasing expectations for care, treatment options are more frequently explored. Numerous oncologic medications have been adopted from human and small animal medicine and successfully used in exotic animals. Although there is a need for extended research, this article evaluates which medications have been used thus far for treatment protocols in zoologic and exotic animal species.}, number={1}, journal={Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Harrison, Tara Myers and Kitchell, Barbara E.}, year={2017}, month={Jan}, pages={209–234} }
 @inbook{dadone_harrison_2017, place={New York}, title={Zoological Applications of Laser Therapy}, DOI={10.1002/9781119220190}, booktitle={Laser therapy in Veterinary Medicine: Photobiomodulation}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Dadone, L. and Harrison, T.M.}, editor={Riegel, Ronald J. and Godbold, John C., JrEditors}, year={2017}, pages={320–333} }
 @inbook{harrison_2016, edition={2nd}, title={Anemia in Fish}, booktitle={Ornamental Fishes and Aquatic Invertebrates : Self-Assessment Color Review}, publisher={CRC Press}, author={Harrison, T.M.}, editor={Lewbart, G.A.Editor}, year={2016} }
 @inbook{harrison_2016, title={How to Ship Fish}, booktitle={Self Assessment Colour Reviews in Veterinary Medicine}, author={Harrison, T.M.}, editor={Lewbart, G.A.Editor}, year={2016} }
 @article{brady_harrison_rodriguez_johnson_wack_2016, title={Intralesional bleomycin to treat oral squamous cell carcinoma in a greater hedgehog tenrec (Setifer setosus)}, volume={4}, ISBN={http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vetreccr-2016-000314}, DOI={10.1136/vetreccr-2016-000314}, abstractNote={A five‐year‐old male greater hedgehog tenrec (Setifer setosus) presented with an oral mass and osteolysis of the mandible. Histopathology characterised the mass as a squamous cell carcinoma with extension into the alveolar bone. The patient was treated with intralesional bleomycin, clindamycin, meloxicam and enrofloxacin. After seven weeks of treatment, the animal's condition declined. Radiographs indicated progression of the lesions. Due to its worsening clinical condition and poor response to therapy, the animal was humanely euthanased. This is the first description of squamous cell carcinoma in a greater hedgehog tenrec and the first reported use of intralesional bleomycin in this species.}, number={1}, journal={Veterinary Record Case Reports}, author={Brady, S. and Harrison, T.M. and Rodriguez, C. and Johnson, A. and Wack, R.F.}, year={2016} }
 @article{bauer_harrison_2016, title={Retrospective analysis of 3 large nonhuman primate colonies and the incidence and treatment of retained placenta}, volume={66}, number={2}, journal={Comparative Medicine}, author={Bauer, C. and Harrison, T.}, year={2016}, pages={1–7} }
 @article{bauer_harrison_2016, title={Retrospective analysis of the incidence of retained placenta in 3 large colonies of NHP}, volume={66}, number={2}, journal={Comparative Medicine}, author={Bauer, C. and Harrison, T.}, year={2016}, pages={143–149} }
 @article{schlanser_bohart_paperd_wagner_marquardt_harrison_2016, title={Technique for venipuncture of the facial vein in black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis)}, volume={35}, ISSN={["1098-2361"]}, DOI={10.1002/zoo.21317}, abstractNote={Through the use of operant conditioning, the authors developed a technique to facilitate obtaining blood samples from a black rhinoceros diagnosed with idiopathic epilepsy. The technique involved operant conditioning to facilitate venipuncture of the transverse facial vein, at an anatomic landmark on the lateral side of the face ventral to the medial canthus of the eye, and dorsal to the lateral commissure of the mouth. The investigators used standard operant conditioning protocols to train the animal for desensitization to a needle puncture in the facial vein. Blood samples obtained from the facial location were free of excessive hemolysis and allowed for large volumes to be collected. The procedure was well‐tolerated by the rhinoceros and could be performed regularly without complication. Zoo Biol. 35:570–573, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.}, number={6}, journal={Zoo Biology}, author={Schlanser, J.R. and Bohart, G.W. and Paperd, D.W. and Wagner, C. and Marquardt, M. and Harrison, T.M.}, year={2016}, month={Nov}, pages={579–573} }
 @article{thompson_patterson_fitzgerald_needle_harrison_2016, title={Treatment of Renal Carcinoma in a Binturong (Arctictis Binturong) with Nephrectomy and a Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor}, volume={47}, ISSN={1042-7260 1937-2825}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1638/2015-0285.1}, DOI={10.1638/2015-0285.1}, abstractNote={Abstract A 13-yr-old female binturong (Arctictis binturong) presented with a 1 wk history of decreased appetite. The animal was thin, with hypercalcemia (calcium 12.2 mg/dl). A right renal mass was identified on ultrasound and removed via nephrectomy. Histopathology indicated a renal adenocarcinoma. Treatment with toceranib phosphate, a tyrosine-kinase inhibitor, was initiated and well tolerated by the animal. Four months after initial diagnosis radiographs indicated metastases to the lungs and the animal was euthanized. Necropsy revealed disseminated adenocarcinoma. Although treatment did not prevent metastasis, it was minimally invasive and well tolerated by the animal with minimal side effects. Review of records at the institution revealed that the cause of death for the primary case's dam and sire was disseminated renal carcinoma. These cases suggest that there may be a hereditary component to development of renal neoplasia in binturongs. Renal carcinoma should be considered an aggressive neoplasia in binturongs with a poor prognosis.}, number={4}, journal={Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine}, publisher={American Association of Zoo Veterinarians}, author={Thompson, Kimberly A. and Patterson, Jon and Fitzgerald, Scott D. and Needle, David and Harrison, Tara}, year={2016}, month={Dec}, pages={1109–1113} }
 @article{vital_gao_rizzo_harrison_tiedje_2014, title={Diet is a major factor governing the fecal butyrate-producing community structure across Mammalia, Aves and Reptilia}, volume={9}, ISSN={1751-7362 1751-7370}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ISMEJ.2014.179}, DOI={10.1038/ISMEJ.2014.179}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={4}, journal={The ISME Journal}, publisher={Springer Nature}, author={Vital, Marius and Gao, Jiarong and Rizzo, Mike and Harrison, Tara and Tiedje, James M}, year={2014}, month={Oct}, pages={832–843} }
 @article{reichert-stewart_santymire_armstrong_harrison_herrick_2014, title={Fecal endocrine monitoring of reproduction in female snow leopards (Uncia uncia)}, volume={82}, ISSN={0093-691X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2014.02.018}, DOI={10.1016/j.theriogenology.2014.02.018}, abstractNote={Although the snow leopard (Uncia uncia) is a common endangered felid species in zoos, little is known about the complex endocrine interactions controlling ovarian function and conception in this species. The goal of this work was to characterize ovarian activity throughout the estrous cycle, nonpregnant luteal phase (pseudopregnancy), and gestation in female snow leopards. This goal was accomplished using an enzyme immunoassay to measure fecal concentrations of estrogen metabolites (E) and progesterone metabolites (P). Fecal samples were collected from 12 female snow leopards (ages 18 months to 18 years) during one to three breeding seasons. In each breeding season, the majority of females (78%, 88%, and 100%, respectively) began to exhibit ovarian activity in December or January. The estrous cycle, defined by the first day of estrus (E ≥ 2 × basal concentration) to the first day of the subsequent estrus, was 12.7 ± 0.6 days (n = 145 cycles). Estrus lasted 4.3 ± 0.4 days with mean concentrations of fecal E during the follicular phase (1661 ± 139 ng/g feces) increasing 3.2-fold above basal concentrations (515 ± 32 ng/g feces). No spontaneous ovulations were observed in any of the cycling females. Nonpregnant luteal phases were observed in eight females that bred but did not become pregnant. The length of the nonpregnant luteal phase ranged from 11 to 72 days (45.7 ± 5.7 days; n = 10) with mean concentrations of fecal P during the luteal phase (12.46 ± 1.7 μg/g feces) increasing 6.2-fold above basal concentrations of P (2.01 ± 0.2 μg/g feces). Three of the females in the study became pregnant and gave birth after a gestation of 93 (n = 2) and 95 (n = 1) days. Fecal P concentrations during pregnancy increased to 11.64 ± 1.3 μg/g feces, or 5.8-fold above basal concentrations. The results of this study provide a comprehensive characterization of reproductive endocrinology in snow leopards, and confirm that fecal hormone monitoring is an effective way to monitor female snow leopards throughout the breeding season.}, number={1}, journal={Theriogenology}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Reichert-Stewart, Jamie L. and Santymire, Rachel M. and Armstrong, Diana and Harrison, Tara M. and Herrick, Jason R.}, year={2014}, month={Jul}, pages={17–26} }
 @article{schlanser_agnew_paperd_harrison_2014, title={Gastric Dilitation-Volvulus in a Red Panda (Ailurus fulgens)}, volume={76}, ISSN={0916-7250 1347-7439}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1292/jvms.13-0567}, DOI={10.1292/jvms.13-0567}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT A 10-year-old male red panda presented acutely with symptoms of shock due to acute abdominal distress and respiratory compromise. Abdominal ultrasound confirmed a severely distended stomach for which passage of an orogastric tube for relief was unsuccessful. Intra-operatively, the stomach was found to be distended and torsed around its long axis supporting the diagnosis of Gastric dilitation-volvulus (GDV). The animal arrested and died intra-operatively and was submitted for necropsy with lesions supportive of the diagnosis of GDV. No risk factors for GDV were found to correlate between the panda and those described in domestic dogs. This case suggests that red pandas can be susceptible to this condition in captive settings.}, number={6}, journal={Journal of Veterinary Medical Science}, publisher={Japanese Society of Veterinary Science}, author={Schlanser, Justin R. and Agnew, Dalen and Paperd, Deborah W. and Harrison, Tara M.}, year={2014}, pages={901–903} }
 @article{harrison_harrison_sikarskie_armstrong_2014, title={Humoral response to calicivirus in captive tigers given a dual-strain vaccine}, volume={45}, ISSN={1042-7260 1937-2825}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1638/2012-0069r2.1}, DOI={10.1638/2012-0069r2.1}, abstractNote={Abstract: The current feline vaccine with a single strain of calicivirus has been used for captive tigers, yet it may not protect against virulent systemic calicivirus infections. A cross-institutional study investigated the humoral response to a new dual-strain, killed-virus calicivirus vaccine for nine captive tigers. The subspecies of these tigers were Amur (Panthera tigris altaica), Bengal (Panthera tigris tigris), and Malayan (Panthera tigris jacksoni). Serum neutralization titers for virulent feline calicivirus strain FCV-DD1 were higher following dual-strain vaccine administration. There were no reports of adverse vaccine reactions. Dual-strain vaccination may afford broadened cross-protection against different calicivirus strains and is desirable to reduce the risk of virulent systemic calicivirus disease in tigers.}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine}, publisher={American Association of Zoo Veterinarians}, author={Harrison, Tara M. and Harrison, Scott H. and Sikarskie, James G. and Armstrong, Douglas}, year={2014}, month={Mar}, pages={23–28} }
 @article{vital_gao_rizzo_harrison_tiedje_2014, title={Intestinal butyrate-producing community structure is governed by diet across the classes of Mammalia, Aves and Reptilia}, journal={ISME Journal: Multidisciplinary Journal of Microbial Ecology}, author={Vital, M. and Gao, J. and Rizzo, M. and Harrison, T. and Tiedje, J.M.}, year={2014}, month={Oct}, pages={179} }
 @inbook{harrison_2013, place={Yulee, Florida}, edition={2nd}, title={Canine parvovirus}, booktitle={Infectious Diseases of Concern to Captive and Free Ranging Animals in North America}, publisher={Infectious Disease Committee, American Association of Zoo Veterinarians}, author={Harrison, T.M.}, editor={Gamble, K.C. and Clancy, M.M.Editors}, year={2013} }
 @article{schlanser_patterson_kiupel_hencken_sikarskie_harrison_2012, title={Disseminated pheochromocytoma in a North American river otter (Lontra canadensis)}, volume={43}, ISSN={1042-7260 1937-2825}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1638/2011-0144.1}, DOI={10.1638/2011-0144.1}, abstractNote={Abstract:  A 21-yr-old male North American river otter (Lontra canadensis) with a chronic history of degenerative osteoarthritis was evaluated for acute posterior paralysis. Because no definitive cause was identified and a poor prognosis was expected, the otter was euthanatized. A malignant neoplasm of adrenal gland origin with disseminated metastases to the central nervous system, lymph nodes, diaphragm, pancreas, spleen, and liver was diagnosed on postmortem examination. No clinical signs of disseminated neoplasia had been noted throughout the otter's history. The adrenal neoplasm was composed of nests of epithelial cells surrounded by a fine fibrovascular stroma. Neoplastic cells were immunohistochemically positive for chromogranin A, PGP9.5, metencephalin, and endorphin and negative for melan A and inhibin, confirming a diagnosis of a malignant pheochromocytoma. On the basis of the necropsy finding, metastasis of the pheochromocytoma might have contributed to the observed clinical signs.}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine}, publisher={American Association of Zoo Veterinarians}, author={Schlanser, Justin R and Patterson, Jon S and Kiupel, Matti and Hencken, Christy and Sikarskie, James G and Harrison, Tara M}, year={2012}, month={Jun}, pages={407–411} }
 @inbook{harrison_2011, place={Yulee, FL}, edition={1st}, title={Feline calicivirus.}, booktitle={Infectious diseases of concern to captive and free ranging animals in North America}, publisher={American Association of Zoo Veterinarians}, author={Harrison, T.M.}, editor={Napier, J.E. and Gamble, K.C.Editors}, year={2011}, pages={374} }
 @article{carreira_gadsden_harrison_braselton_fitzgerald_2011, title={Pancreatic Atrophy Due to Zinc Toxicosis in Two African Ostriches (Struthio camelus)}, volume={42}, ISSN={1042-7260 1937-2825}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1638/2010-0146.1}, DOI={10.1638/2010-0146.1}, abstractNote={Abstract:  Two of three captive adult African ostriches exhibited inappetance and weakness. In spite of treatment, the two birds were euthanized because of lack of clinical improvement. Postmortem examination demonstrated exocrine pancreatic degeneration, necrosis, and atrophy. Grossly, one ostrich had a markedly diminished pancreatic mass. Histologically, there was massive pancreatic acinar (exocrine) atrophy, marked interstitial fibrosis, and tubular complex formation in one animal, and the second ostrich had active pancreatic acinar necrosis. Toxicologic testing revealed markedly elevated liver zinc levels in the first two birds, whereas the third ostrich had normal serum levels of zinc and continues without apparent disease. This form of zinc toxicosis, while previously reported in different avian species, has been only rarely described in ratites.}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine}, publisher={American Association of Zoo Veterinarians}, author={Carreira, Vinicius and Gadsden, Barbie J. and Harrison, Tara M. and Braselton, W. Emmet and Fitzgerald, Scott D.}, year={2011}, month={Jun}, pages={304–308} }
 @article{bailey_campa_bissell_harrison_2011, title={Resource selection by the eastern massasauga rattlesnake on managed land in southwestern Michigan}, volume={76}, ISSN={0022-541X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/JWMG.266}, DOI={10.1002/JWMG.266}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={2}, journal={The Journal of Wildlife Management}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Bailey, Robyn L. and Campa, Henry, III and Bissell, Kristin M. and Harrison, Tara M.}, year={2011}, month={Nov}, pages={414–421} }
 @article{harrison_stanley_sikarskie_bohart_ames_tomlian_marquardt_marcum_kiupel_sledge_et al._2011, title={Surgical Amputation of a Digit and Vacuum-Assisted-Closure (V.A.C.) Management in a Case of Osteomyelitis and Wound Care in an Eastern Black Rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis michaeli)}, volume={42}, ISSN={1042-7260 1937-2825}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1638/2010-0149.1}, DOI={10.1638/2010-0149.1}, abstractNote={Abstract:  A 14-yr-old female eastern black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis michaeli) presented with progressive suppurative osteomyelitis in her left hind lateral toe. β-Hemolytic Streptococcus sp. was isolated. The animal was treated with multiple systemic antibiotics, and topical wound cleansing. Repeated debridements and nail trimmings were performed for 5 mo prior to electing amputation. The toe was surgically amputated under general anesthesia between the first and second phalanges. Analgesia was diffused into the wound topically via a catheter and elastomeric pump. The open amputation site was covered with adherent drapes and a negative-pressure wound therapy device provided vacuum-assisted closure (V.A.C.®) for 72 hr. Three months later this animal developed a deep dermal ulcer on the lateral aspect of the right hind limb, at the level of the stifle. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus was isolated. The wound was managed by initial daily lavage, followed by 1 mo of V.A.C. therapy, with 72 hr between dressing changes. Clinically, this therapy expedited the formation of healthy granulation tissue and overall healing was accelerated. The animal tolerated the machine and bandage changes well via operant conditioning. The use of negative-pressure wound therapy appeared to shorten time to resolution of slow-healing wounds in black rhinoceros.}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine}, publisher={American Association of Zoo Veterinarians}, author={Harrison, Tara M. and Stanley, Bryden J. and Sikarskie, James G. and Bohart, George and Ames, N. Kent and Tomlian, Janice and Marquardt, Mark and Marcum, Annabel and Kiupel, Matti and Sledge, Dodd and et al.}, year={2011}, month={Jun}, pages={317–321} }
 @article{bailey_campa_harrison_bissell_2011, title={Survival of Eastern Massasauga Rattlesnakes (Sistrurus catenatus catenatus) in Michigan}, volume={67}, ISSN={0018-0831 1938-5099}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1655/herpetologica-d-10-00005.1}, DOI={10.1655/herpetologica-d-10-00005.1}, abstractNote={Abstract The Eastern Massasauga rattlesnake, Sistrurus catenatus catenatus, is a candidate for US federal listing and is legally protected in every state or province in which it occurs. Habitat degradation and human persecution have contributed to range-wide population declines. Survival estimates are essential for a thorough understanding of population dynamics, yet are rarely reported for S. c. catenatus in the peer-reviewed literature. There has been little research on massasauga survival in managed areas of Michigan, USA, the state considered to be the last S. c. catenatus stronghold. Our objectives were to estimate survival of massasaugas during the active season (May–October) in southwestern Lower Michigan and describe causes of mortality. We captured (mid-May to late August), radiomarked, and monitored 27 adult massasaugas in 2008 and 2009 and pooled data for analyses. We observed snakes throughout the active season and estimated survival (Mayfield method) for that period (11 May–29 October; 168 d). Cause-specific mortality was investigated qualitatively. Estimated survival probability for the active season was 0.9472 (CI  =  0.8518–1.0000), higher than any estimate for similar studies of which we are aware. The single mortality event observed was caused by predation. We suggest that the high massasauga survivorship in this area might be attributable to habitat management for S. c. catenatus combined with a relative lack of infrastructure and human persecution. Our results suggest that adult S. c. catenatus survival is potentially geographically variable and can be high in areas not well-investigated, such as southwestern Lower Michigan. More research would yield long-term survival trends for the studied population as well as throughout their range.}, number={2}, journal={Herpetologica}, publisher={Herpetologists League}, author={Bailey, Robyn L and Campa, Henry, III and Harrison, Tara M and Bissell, Kristin}, year={2011}, month={Jun}, pages={167–173} }
 @article{harrison_mcknight_sikarskie_kitchell_garner_raymond_fitzgerald_valli_agnew_kiupel_et al._2010, title={Malignant Lymphoma in African Lions (Panthera Leo)}, volume={47}, ISSN={0300-9858 1544-2217}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0300985810375054}, DOI={10.1177/0300985810375054}, abstractNote={ Malignant lymphoma has become an increasingly recognized problem in African lions ( Panthera leo). Eleven African lions (9 male and 2 female) with clinical signs and gross and microscopic lesions of malignant lymphoma were evaluated in this study. All animals were older adults, ranging in age from 14 to 19 years. Immunohistochemically, 10 of the 11 lions had T-cell lymphomas (CD3+, CD79a–), and 1 lion was diagnosed with a B-cell lymphoma (CD3–, CD79a+). The spleen appeared to be the primary site of neoplastic growth in all T-cell lymphomas, with involvement of the liver (6/11) and regional lymph nodes (5/11) also commonly observed. The B-cell lymphoma affected the peripheral lymph nodes, liver, and spleen. According to the current veterinary and human World Health Organization classification of hematopoietic neoplasms, T-cell lymphoma subtypes included peripheral T-cell lymphoma (4/11), precursor (acute) T-cell lymphoblastic lymphoma/leukemia (2/11), chronic T-cell lymphocytic lymphoma/leukemia (3/11), and T-zone lymphoma (1/11). The single B-cell lymphoma subtype was consistent with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Feline leukemia virus (FeLV) and feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) testing by immunohistochemistry on sections of malignant lymphoma was negative for all 11 lions. One lion was seropositive for FeLV. In contrast to domestic and exotic cats, in which B-cell lymphomas are more common than T-cell lymphomas, African lions in this study had malignant lymphomas that were primarily of T-cell origin. Neither FeLV nor FIV, important causes of malignant lymphoma in domestic cats, seems to be significant in the pathogenesis of malignant lymphoma in African lions. }, number={5}, journal={Veterinary Pathology}, publisher={SAGE Publications}, author={Harrison, Tara and McKnight, C. A. and Sikarskie, J. G. and Kitchell, B. E. and Garner, M. M. and Raymond, J. T. and Fitzgerald, S. D. and Valli, V. E. and Agnew, D. and Kiupel, M. and et al.}, year={2010}, month={Jul}, pages={952–957} }
 @article{zelepsky_harrison_2010, title={Surveillance of Rabies Prevalence and Bite Protocols in Captive Mammals in American Zoos}, volume={41}, ISSN={1042-7260 1937-2825}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1638/2009-0229.1}, DOI={10.1638/2009-0229.1}, abstractNote={Abstract A national survey questionnaire was conducted in 32 zoos throughout 17 U.S. states between February and May 2008. The questionnaire consisted of six questions that evaluated rabies prevalence on zoo grounds; captive mammalian bites among zoo visitors and personnel; and the outcome of each incident. The survey was completed by zoo staff after review of their most recent bite incident reports. Rabies was documented, albeit minimally, on zoo grounds in both wild and collection animals. The information collected documented that mammalian bites occur commonly. An average of 9.1 bite incidents per zoo involving zoo visitors were reported in the last 5 yr, compared to an average of 7.5 bite incidents per zoo involving personnel within the last 5 yr. Zoo personnel had a larger variety of mammals inflicting bites of greater injury severity, with an average rating 3.83 out of 5. While victim profile and severity of the wound differed between visitor and personnel bites, the majority of bites were not reported to the local health department. Lack of reporting may be due to low rabies risk, fear of media involvement, and an unknown conclusion for the offending animal. Animals involved in reported attacks had an average quarantine of 47.5 days when the bite involved a zoo visitor versus an average quarantine of 18 days when the bite involved personnel. These results demonstrate the need for a standardized protocol following a bite incident, including cooperation with the local health department, as necessary.}, number={3}, journal={Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine}, publisher={American Association of Zoo Veterinarians}, author={Zelepsky, Jacqueline and Harrison, Tara M.}, year={2010}, month={Sep}, pages={474–479} }
 @article{harrison_dominguez_hanzlik_sikarskie_agnew_bergin_fitzgerald_kitchell_mcniel_2010, title={Treatment of an Amelanotic Melanoma Using Radiation Therapy in a Lesser Madagascar Hedgehog Tenrec (Echinops telfairi)}, volume={41}, ISSN={1042-7260 1937-2825}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1638/2008-0215.1}, DOI={10.1638/2008-0215.1}, abstractNote={Abstract A 15-yr-old, male lesser Madagascar hedgehog tenrec (Echinops telfairi) presented with a mass caudal to the right ear. Cytology suggested a sarcoma. Surgical removal was attempted. Histology was consistent with a soft tissue sarcoma. The mass recurred within 331 days post operation. Radiation therapy was initiated. Computed tomography was used for staging in conjunction with three-dimensional computerized treatment planning software to permit accurate lesion localization and to optimize normal tissue sparing. A total dose of 6,480 cGy was administered in 24 fractions over 46 days. Transient hind limb paresis developed during the course of the radiation therapy, but resolved after 7 days with prednisone treatment. Minimal acute radiation toxicity was observed. The mass responded with at least a 90% reduction in volume following radiation treatment. The animal survived 266 days from the initiation of treatment. On necropsy, a small mass and granulation tissue were found at the site of the initial neoplasm, indicating good regional control of the tumor; however, extensive metastases to the spleen and liver were present. Immunohistochemically, the original, recurrent, and metastatic populations were strongly positive for HMB 45 and weakly positive for S-100, and the final diagnosis was metastatic amelanotic melanoma.}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine}, publisher={American Association of Zoo Veterinarians}, author={Harrison, Tara M. and Dominguez, Pedro and Hanzlik, Kim and Sikarskie, James G. and Agnew, Dalen and Bergin, Ingrid and Fitzgerald, Scott D. and Kitchell, Barbara E. and McNiel, Elizabeth}, year={2010}, month={Jan}, pages={152–157} }
 @article{foster_bissell_campa_harrison_2008, title={The influence of reproductive status on thermal ecology and vegetation use of female Eastern Massasauga Rattlesnakes (Sistrurus catenatus catenatus) in southwestern lower Michigan}, journal={Herpetological Review}, author={Foster, M.A. and Bissell, K.M. and Campa, H. and Harrison, T.M.}, year={2008} }
 @article{broder_macfadden_cosens_rosenstein_harrison_2008, title={Use of positive reinforcement conditioning to monitor pregnancy in an unanesthetized snow leopard (Uncia uncia) via transabdominal ultrasound}, volume={27}, ISSN={0733-3188 1098-2361}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zoo.20164}, DOI={10.1002/zoo.20164}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={1}, journal={Zoo Biology}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Broder, Jacqueline M. and MacFadden, Annabell J. and Cosens, Lindsay M. and Rosenstein, Diana S. and Harrison, Tara M.}, year={2008}, month={Jan}, pages={78–85} }
 @article{harrison_sikarskie_kruger_wise_mullaney_kiupel_maes_2007, title={Calicivirus epidemic in captive exotic felids}, volume={38}, url={https://doi.org/10.1638/1042-7260(2007)038[0292:SCEICE]2.0.CO;2}, DOI={10.1638/1042-7260(2007)038[0292:SCEICE]2.0.CO;2}, abstractNote={Abstract A 5-day-old, mother-raised, Amur tiger cub (Panthera tigris altaica) presented with tongue ulcerations. Identical lesions appeared and progressed to sloughing of the tongue in the three littermates of this cub the following day. The lesions progressed in all cubs to include sloughing of the carpal, tarsal, metacarpal, and metatarsal foot pad epithelium. Oral ulcerations were also noted in adult African lions (Panthera leo) and Amur tigers (Panthera tigris altaica), but not in two adult snow leopards (Panthera uncia) housed in the same building. All adult cats had been previously vaccinated for common feline diseases including feline calicivirus (FCV). Detection of FCV RNA in oral secretions by a real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction assay (RRT-PCR) confirmed FCV infection in the tiger cubs and one lion. A male lion and a male tiger cub died during the disease outbreak. RRT-PCR confirmed FCV in multiple tissues in both of these animals. A stray cat live-trapped outside the feline building during the epidemic was found to be positive for FCV by virus isolation and was thought to be the source of infection.}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine}, author={Harrison, T.M. and Sikarskie, J. and Kruger, J. and Wise, A. and Mullaney, T.P. and Kiupel, M. and Maes, R.}, year={2007}, pages={292–299} }
 @article{harrison_moorman_bolin_grosjean_lim_fitzgerald_2007, title={Toxoplasma Gondii in an African Crested Porcupine (Hystrix Cristata)}, volume={19}, ISSN={1040-6387 1943-4936}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/104063870701900210}, DOI={10.1177/104063870701900210}, abstractNote={ An adult female crested porcupine ( Hystrix cristata) was evaluated for acute onset of neurologic signs including head tilt, circling, and ataxia. She was found dead in her holding area 2 days after initially exhibiting clinical signs. Necropsy was unremarkable. Histopathology of brain tissue revealed the presence of protozoal cysts associated with inflammation as the underlying cause of clinical signs and death. Immunohistochemical staining of brain tissue for Toxoplasma gondii was strongly positive. PCR on fresh brain confirmed T. gondii as the causative organism. An adult male in the same enclosure has demonstrated similar neurologic signs over the past 3 years and has failed to respond to various medical treatments. Clinical disease associated with T. gondii has not been previously reported in this porcupine species or any other Old World porcupines, although there are several reports of clinical toxoplasmosis involving New World porcupine species. }, number={2}, journal={Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation}, publisher={SAGE Publications}, author={Harrison, Tara M. and Moorman, Jamee Black and Bolin, Steven R. and Grosjean, Nicole L. and Lim, Ailam and Fitzgerald, Scott D.}, year={2007}, month={Mar}, pages={191–194} }
 @article{harrison_sikarskie_kitchell_rosenstein_flaherty_fitzgerald_kiupel_2007, title={Treatment of malignant lymphoma in an African lion (Panthera Leo)}, volume={38}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine}, author={Harrison, T.M. and Sikarskie, J. and Kitchell, B. and Rosenstein, D.S. and Flaherty, H. and Fitzgerald, S.D. and Kiupel, M.}, year={2007}, pages={333–336} }
 @article{harrison_dubielzig_harrison_mcclean_2006, title={Enrofloxacin induced retinopathy in a guanaco (Lama guanicoe)}, volume={37}, ISSN={1042-7260 1937-2825}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1638/05-114.1}, DOI={10.1638/05-114.1}, abstractNote={Abstract A 4-yr-old male guanaco (Lama guanicoe) in a multispecies exhibit presented with a laceration in the axillary region. The laceration was surgically repaired. Medical treatment was initiated with penicillin G procaine and benzathine (1920 IU/kg, i.m., s.i.d. for 14 days), and enrofloxacin (2.4 mg/kg, i.m., s.i.d. for 14 days). The animal was later treated with trimethoprim-sulfadiazine (24 mg/kg, p.o., s.i.d. for 10 days). Twenty-six days after initial presentation, the guanaco was suspected to be blind. An ophthalmic examination confirmed retinal damage. On postmortem histological evaluation, there was outer retinal atrophy that was most severe in the central retina with localized foci of complete retinal atrophy; lesions were similar to those observed in enrofloxacin retinal toxicity in cats.}, number={4}, journal={Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine}, publisher={American Association of Zoo Veterinarians}, author={Harrison, Tara M. and Dubielzig, Richard R. and Harrison, Timothy R. and McClean, Modesto}, year={2006}, month={Dec}, pages={545–548} }
 @article{harrison_harrison_rumbeiha_sikarskie_mcclean_2006, title={Surveillance for selected bacterial and toxicologic contaminants in donated carcass meat fed to carnivores.}, volume={37}, ISSN={1042-7260 1937-2825}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1638/05-022.1}, DOI={10.1638/05-022.1}, abstractNote={Abstract Wildlife Safari, a zoo located in Winston, Oregon, has fed donated carcass meat as a diet to carnivores for over 30 yr. Carcass meat is an alternative to commercially prepared meat. Donated meat arrives at Wildlife Safari as an entire animal. Cattle (Bos taurus), horse (Equus caballus), deer (Odocoileus hemionus), and elk (Cervus elaphus roosevelti) have been donated. Bacterial testing was performed on site with the use of Neogen Reveal® immunosorbent assays. Testing focused on Salmonella spp., Listeria spp., and Escherichia coli O157:H7. Twenty-five meat samples were randomly selected from 50 meat samples for the bacterial detection tests. Twenty-eight percent of the meat samples were positive for Salmonella spp. (n = 25). One sample was positive for Listeria spp. None of the meat samples were positive for Escherichia coli O157:H7 (n = 25). Thirty-two meat samples were analyzed off site for organic contaminants with the use of gas chromatography/mass spectrometry at Michigan State University's Diagnostic Center for Population and Animal Health. Specific organic contaminants tested for were barbiturates, phenylbutazone, flunixin meglumine, and xylazine. None of the meat samples were found to have evidence of these or any other common organic toxicants. As monitored, carcass meat appears to be a reasonably safe food source for carnivores.}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine}, publisher={American Association of Zoo Veterinarians}, author={Harrison, Tara M. and Harrison, Scott H. and Rumbeiha, Wilson K. and Sikarskie, James and McClean, Modesto}, year={2006}, month={Jun}, pages={102–107} }
 @article{harrison_mazet_holekamp_dubovi_engh_nelson_van horn_munson_2004, title={Antibodies to canine and feline viruses in spotted hyenas (Crocuta crocuta) in the Masai Mara National Reserve.}, volume={40}, ISSN={0090-3558}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-40.1.1}, DOI={10.7589/0090-3558-40.1.1}, abstractNote={Spotted hyenas (Crocuta crocuta) are abundant predators in the Serengeti ecosystem and interact with other species of wild carnivores and domestic animals in ways that could encourage disease transmission. Hyenas also have a unique hierarchical social system that might affect the flow of pathogens. Antibodies to canine distemper virus (CDV), feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV), feline panleukopenia virus/canine parvovirus (FPLV/CPV), feline coronavirus/feline infectious peritonitis virus (FECV/FIPV), feline calicivirus (FCV), and feline herpesvirus 1 (FHV1) have been detected in other Serengeti predators, indicating that these viruses are present in the ecosystem. The purpose of this study was to determine whether spotted hyenas also had been infected with these viruses and to assess risk factors for infection. Serum samples were collected between 1993 and 2001 from 119 animals in a single clan for which behavioral data on social structure were available and from 121 hyenas in several other clans. All animals resided in the Masai Mara National Reserve. Antibodies to CDV, FIV, FPLV/CPV, FECV/FIPV, FCV, and FHV1 were present in 47%, 35%, 81%, 36%, 72%, and 0.5% of study hyenas, respectively. Antibody prevalence was greater in adults for FIV and FECV/FIPV, and being a female of high social rank was a risk factor for FIV. Hyenas near human habitation appeared to be at lower risk to have CDV, FIV, and FECV/FIPV antibodies, whereas being near human habitation increased the risk for FPLV/CPV antibodies. Canine distemper virus and FECV/FIPV antibody prevalence varied considerably over time, whereas FIV, FPLV/CPV, and FCV had a stable, apparently endemic temporal pattern. These results indicate that hyenas might play a role in the ecology of these viruses in the Serengeti ecosystem. The effect of these viruses on hyena health should be further investigated. The lower prevalence of CDV antibody–positive hyenas near human habitation suggests that reservoirs for CDV other than domestic dogs are present in the Serengeti ecosystem.}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Wildlife Diseases}, publisher={Wildlife Disease Association}, author={Harrison, Tara M. and Mazet, Jonna K. and Holekamp, Kay E. and Dubovi, Edward and Engh, Anne L. and Nelson, Keith and Van Horn, Russell C. and Munson, Linda}, year={2004}, month={Jan}, pages={1–10} }