@article{vaden_mathews_yoo_williams_harris_secoura_robertson_gleason_reynolds_piedrahita_2022, title={The use of autologous skeletal muscle progenitor cells for adjunctive treatment of presumptive urethral sphincter mechanism incompetence in female dogs}, volume={8}, ISSN={["1939-1676"]}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jvim.16505}, DOI={10.1111/jvim.16505}, abstractNote={Urethral sphincter mechanism incompetence (USMI) is a common problem in female dogs, but some dogs fail to achieve continence with standard treatment. Urethral submucosal injection of autologous skeletal muscle progenitor cells (skMPCs) previously has been shown to restore urethral function in a canine model of USMI.To determine if urethral submucosal injection of skMPC alters continence in dogs with USMI that had previously failed standard medical management. We hypothesized that the injections would lead to improved continence.Fifteen client-owned dogs with USMI that had failed standard medical management.Dogs were prospectively enrolled into a single-armed clinical trial. Once enrolled, a triceps muscle of each dog was biopsied; the tissue specimens were digested, cultured, and expanded to 100 million cells before injection into the urethral submucosa using a surgical approach. Continence was assessed at baseline and 3, 6, 12, and 24 months post-injection using continence scores and urethral pressure profilometry.Median continence scores increased significantly from baseline at 3, 6, 12, and 24 months. Increases were seen in 14 of 15 dogs with 7, 6 or 1 dog achieving scores of 5, 4 or 3, respectively. Additional medication was required to achieve continence in all but 2 dogs.Urethral submucosal injection of skMPC can be used adjunctively to improve continence in dogs with difficult to manage USMI. The procedure is labor intensive but well tolerated; most dogs will require continued medication to remain continent.}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Vaden, Shelly L. and Mathews, Kyle G. and Yoo, James and Williams, James Koudy and Harris, Tonya and Secoura, Patty and Robertson, James and Gleason, Katherine L. and Reynolds, Hannah and Piedrahita, Jorge}, year={2022}, month={Aug} }
 @article{gin_secoura_harris_vaden_2020, title={Outcomes Following Balloon Dilation of Benign Urethral Strictures in Dogs: Eight Cases (2005-2018)}, volume={56}, ISSN={["1547-3317"]}, DOI={10.5326/JAAHA-MS-6935}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT Balloon dilation has been described infrequently as a treatment for benign urethral strictures in dogs but is often a first-line therapeutic option for humans. Additional evidence is needed to evaluate the potential role of this procedure in veterinary medicine. The aim of the study was to describe the techniques used and evaluate the response to balloon dilation of benign urethral strictures in dogs. Medical records were reviewed from eight client-owned dogs who underwent balloon dilation of a benign urethral stricture over a 13 yr period in this retrospective case series. Clinical signs improved for five of eight dogs after a single balloon dilation during a follow-up period of 1 wk to 3 yr. After a second procedure, an additional dog demonstrated improvement for 5.5 yr. Adverse outcomes included urinary incontinence in two dogs and recurrent bacteriuria in four dogs. Findings suggest that balloon dilation is an effective, minimally invasive procedure for the treatment of benign urethral strictures in dogs. Urinary incontinence, urinary tract infection, and stricture recurrence are potential outcomes for dogs undergoing this procedure either as a result of the nature of the underlying disease or as a result of the procedure.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ANIMAL HOSPITAL ASSOCIATION}, author={Gin, Taylor Estes and Secoura, Patty and Harris, Tonya and Vaden, Shelly}, year={2020}, pages={23–29} }
 @article{von dollen_jones_beachler_harris_papich_lyle_bailey_2019, title={Antimicrobial Activity of Ceftiofur and Penicillin With Gentamicin Against Escherichia coli and Streptococcus equi Subspecies zooepidemicus in an Ex Vivo Model of Equine Postpartum Uterine Disease}, volume={79}, ISSN={["1542-7412"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.jevs.2019.06.005}, abstractNote={The use of antimicrobials for the management of equine uterine disease is commonplace, with antibiotic selection generally based on empirical evidence or in vitro sensitivity results. However, the potential disconnect between these laboratory results and clinical efficacy in the mare raises concern for antibiotic failure and subsequent development of resistant organisms. In this work, we attempt to bridge this gap by using an ex vivo model of the equine postpartum uterus to quantitatively evaluate the antimicrobial activity of two commonly used antibiotic treatments in the mare (ceftiofur and penicillin with gentamicin). The activity of both of these treatments was evaluated in two different fluid environments (standard bacterial culture broth and equine postpartum uterine fluid) against clinical isolates of E. coli and S. zooepidemicus. Although treatment with ceftiofur was effective at reducing growth of S. zooepidemicus in equine postpartum uterine fluid, it did not reduce bacterial growth of E. coli. Treatment with procaine penicillin G with gentamicin achieved at least bacteriostatic activity against E. coli in both fluid types, and bactericidal activity against S. zooepidemicus in both fluid types. The intrauterine infusion of procaine penicillin G with gentamicin in cases of postpartum uterine disease caused by E. coli or S. zooepidemicus is supported by the results of this work.}, journal={JOURNAL OF EQUINE VETERINARY SCIENCE}, author={Von Dollen, Karen A. and Jones, Monica and Beachler, Theresa and Harris, Tonya L. and Papich, Mark G. and Lyle, Sara K. and Bailey, C. Scott}, year={2019}, month={Aug}, pages={121–126} }
 @article{gould_klos_price_harris_vaden_tolbert_2018, title={Retrospective analysis of the effect of acid-suppressant therapy on clinicopathologic parameters of cats with chronic kidney disease}, volume={20}, DOI={10.1177/1098612x17718132}, abstractNote={Objectives The aim was to retrospectively evaluate the effects of acid-suppressant therapy in a population of cats with chronic kidney disease (CKD). The study objectives were to evaluate the effects of acid-suppressant therapy on clinicopathologic variables and progression of CKD over time. Methods The databases of two institutions were searched over an 11 year time span for cats fitting inclusion criteria for CKD. A total of 89 cats met the criteria for inclusion and were grouped according to either early (ie, stages 1–2) or advanced (ie, stages 3–4) CKD. Variables were statistically analyzed before and after treatment with either: (1) proton pump inhibitors (PPIs; n = 17), (2) histamine-2 receptor antagonists (H2RAs; n = 30), (3) combined acid-suppressant therapy (PPI + H2RA; n = 6) or (4) no acid-suppressant therapy (n = 36). Shapiro–Wilk testing and Q-Q plots were used to assess normality and variance, respectively. A complete randomized design with a mixed-effects repeated measures ANOVA was used to evaluate for differences in stage, treatment and time, as well as the interaction between these effects. Results A significant increase in blood creatinine concentration was found over time independent of severity of CKD and treatment group ( P = 0.0087). A significant increase in blood sodium concentration (change of 3.12 mmol/l) was found independent of stage in cats receiving PPI therapy ( P = 0.0109). A significant decrease in total blood magnesium (change of 0.15 mmol/l) was detected in two cats with early CKD receiving combined acid suppressants ( P = 0.0025). Conclusions and relevance Results of this retrospective study suggest that cats with CKD receiving PPI therapy may develop alterations in blood sodium concentrations but do not experience more rapid progression of CKD.}, number={6}, journal={Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery}, author={Gould, E. and Klos, J. and Price, J. and Harris, T. and Vaden, S. and Tolbert, M. K.}, year={2018}, pages={520–527} }
 @article{florey_viall_streu_dimuro_riddle_kirk_perazzotti_affeldt_wagner_vaden_et al._2017, title={Use of a Granulocyte Immunofluorescence Assay Designed for Humans for Detection of Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibodies in Dogs with Chronic Enteropathies}, volume={31}, ISSN={["1939-1676"]}, DOI={10.1111/jvim.14774}, abstractNote={Perinuclear antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (pANCA) previously have been shown to be serum markers in dogs with chronic enteropathies, with dogs that have food-responsive disease (FRD) having higher frequencies of seropositivity than dogs with steroid-responsive disease (SRD). The indirect immunofluorescence (IIF) assay used in previous publications is time-consuming to perform, with low interobserver agreement.We hypothesized that a commercially available granulocyte IIF assay designed for humans could be used to detect perinuclear antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies in dogs.Forty-four dogs with FRD, 20 dogs with SRD, 20 control dogs, and 38 soft-coated wheaten terrier (SCWT) or SCWT-cross dogs.A granulocyte assay designed for humans was used to detect pANCA, cANCA, and antinuclear antibodies (ANA), as well as antibodies against proteinase-3 protein (PR-3) and myeloperoxidase protein (MPO) in archived serum samples.Sensitivity of the granulocyte assay to predict FRD in dogs was 0.61 (95% confidence interval (CI), 0.45, 0.75), and specificity was 1.00 (95% CI, 0.91, 1.00). A significant association was identified between positive pANCA or cANCA result and diagnosis of FRD (P < 0.0001). Agreement between the two assays to detect ANCA in the same serum samples from SCWT with protein-losing enteropathy/protein-losing nephropathy (PLE/PLN) was substantial (kappa, 0.77; 95% CI, 0.53, 1.00). Eight ANCA-positive cases were positive for MPO or PR-3 antibodies.The granulocyte immunofluorescence assay used in our pilot study was easy and quick to perform. Agreement with the previously published method was good.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE}, author={Florey, J. and Viall, A. and Streu, S. and DiMuro, V. and Riddle, A. and Kirk, J. and Perazzotti, L. and Affeldt, K. and Wagner, R. and Vaden, S. and et al.}, year={2017}, pages={1062–1066} }
 @article{olby_vaden_williams_griffith_harris_mariani_muñana_early_platt_boozer_et al._2016, title={Effect of Cranberry Extract on the Frequency of Bacteriuria in Dogs with Acute Thoracolumbar Disk Herniation: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial}, volume={31}, ISSN={0891-6640}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jvim.14613}, DOI={10.1111/jvim.14613}, abstractNote={Dogs with spinal cord injury are at increased risk of developing bacteriuria due to increased residual urine volume. Cranberry extract inhibits binding of E. coli to uroepithelial cells, potentially reducing risk of bacteriuria.Cranberry extract reduces risk of bacteriuria in dogs after acute TL-IVDH.Client-owned dogs with acute onset TL-IVDH causing nonambulatory status.Randomized, placebo-controlled, blinded, prospective clinical trial. Dogs with acute TL-IVDH were recruited 48 hours postoperatively and randomized to receive cranberry extract or placebo in a masked fashion. Urine cultures and neurological examinations were performed 2, 4, and 6 weeks postoperatively. The number of dogs with bacteriuria (all bacterial species) and bacteriuria (E. coli) were primary and secondary outcome measures and were evaluated using chi-squared test. Urine antiadhesion activity (AAA) was measured in a subset (N = 47) and examined in a secondary analysis evaluating additional risk factors for bacteriuria.Bacteriuria was detected 17 times in 94 dogs (6 placebo, 11 cranberry, P = .12). There were 7 E. coli. positive cultures (1 placebo, 6 cranberry, P = .09). Dogs in both groups had positive urine AAA (14/21: placebo, 16/26: cranberry), and dogs with urine AAA had significantly fewer E. coli positive cultures (n = 1) than dogs without it (n = 4) (P = .047).This clinical trial did not show a benefit of oral cranberry extract but had low power. Cranberry extract supplementation did not impact urine AAA, but a possible association between urine AAA and lower risk of E. coli bacteriuria was identified. Other doses could be investigated.}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Olby, N.J. and Vaden, S.L. and Williams, K. and Griffith, E.H. and Harris, T. and Mariani, C.L. and Muñana, K.R. and Early, P.J. and Platt, S.R. and Boozer, L. and et al.}, year={2016}, month={Dec}, pages={60–68} }
 @article{rousse_olby_williams_harris_griffith_mariani_muñana_early_2016, title={Recovery of stepping and coordination in dogs following acute thoracolumbar intervertebral disc herniations}, volume={213}, ISSN={1090-0233}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2016.04.002}, DOI={10.1016/j.tvjl.2016.04.002}, abstractNote={Prospective data on the recovery of coordination in dogs suffering acute thoracolumbar intervertebral disc herniations (TL-IVDH) are limited. The purpose of this study was to use treadmill based and open field scores (OFS) to quantify recovery of stepping ability and forelimb, hindlimb coordination in the 6 weeks following surgical decompression of dogs with TL-IVDH. Sixty-three dogs were grouped at presentation as grades 3 (non-ambulatory paraparetic), 4 (paraplegic) or 5 (paraplegic without pain sensation) and were evaluated 2, 4, and 6 weeks post-operatively. Stepping scores and Regularity Index (RI), a measure of coordination, were calculated from treadmill walking, and an OFS incorporating supported and unsupported walking was assigned. Outcomes for the three measures were compared between groups and correlation between scoring methods was assessed. Grade 3 and 4 dogs recovered ambulation by 2 weeks, reaching median stepping scores of 96 and 90% by 6 weeks, respectively. Recovery of coordination differed between groups 3 and 4 with median RI scores of 93.9% and 63%, respectively, by 6 weeks. Eight grade 5 dogs failed to recover independent ambulation by 6 weeks. Nine dogs recovered with scores that were significantly worse than the grade 3 and 4 dogs at 6 weeks for stepping score (P < 0.001) and RI (P < 0.001). OFS correlated closely with stepping and RI scores and each group was significantly different using this ordinal scale. In conclusion, recovery of coordination was incomplete in dogs that showed good recovery of stepping. The data generated could be used for clinical trial design.}, journal={The Veterinary Journal}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Rousse, C.A. and Olby, N.J. and Williams, K. and Harris, T.L. and Griffith, E.H. and Mariani, C.L. and Muñana, K.R. and Early, P.J.}, year={2016}, month={Jul}, pages={59–63} }
 @article{agler_nielsen_urkasemsin_singleton_tonomura_sigurdsson_tang_linder_arepalli_hernandez_et al._2014, title={Canine hereditary ataxia in Old English Sheepdogs and Gordon Setters is associated with a defect in the autophagy gene encoding RAB24}, volume={10}, number={2}, journal={PLoS Genetics}, author={Agler, C. and Nielsen, D. M. and Urkasemsin, G. and Singleton, A. and Tonomura, N. and Sigurdsson, S. and Tang, R. Q. and Linder, K. and Arepalli, S. and Hernandez, D. and et al.}, year={2014} }
 @article{olby_lim_babb_bach_domaracki_williams_griffith_harris_muguet-chanoit_2014, title={Gait scoring in dogs with thoracolumbar spinal cord injuries when walking on a treadmill}, volume={10}, journal={BMC Veterinary Research}, author={Olby, N. J. and Lim, J. H. and Babb, K. and Bach, K. and Domaracki, C. and Williams, K. and Griffith, E. and Harris, T. and Muguet-Chanoit, A.}, year={2014} }
 @article{hutchins_vaden_jacob_harris_bowles_wood_bailey_2014, title={Vaginal Microbiota of Spayed Dogs with or without Recurrent Urinary Tract Infections}, volume={28}, ISSN={["1939-1676"]}, DOI={10.1111/jvim.12299}, abstractNote={Background

Limited information is available regarding the vaginal microbiota of normal spayed dogs and spayed dogs with recurrent UTIs. Vaginal lactic acid-producing bacteria (LAB) have been associated with decreased frequency of recurrent urinary tract infection in women and may have a protective role within the urinary tract of female dogs.



Hypothesis/Objectives

Spayed dogs with historical recurrent UTI will have decreased prevalence of LAB and increased prevalence of uropathogenic bacterial populations in the vaginal microbiota when compared with the vaginal microbiota of healthy, spayed dogs.



Animals

Twenty-one client-owned adult spayed female dogs with historical recurrent UTI and 23 healthy, spayed female dogs without a history of recurrent UTI.



Methods

Dogs were placed into a recurrent UTI group or control group in this prospective study. Bacterial populations were isolated and characterized from vaginal swabs obtained from each dog.



Results

The most common bacterial isolates obtained from the vaginal tract of all dogs were Escherichia coli (11/44) and S. pseudintermedius (13/44). E. coli was isolated from the vaginal tract of 8 of 21 (38%) dogs in the rUTI group and 3 of 23 (13%) dogs in the control group (P = .08). LAB were isolated from 7 of the 44 dogs. Two of these 7 dogs were in the rUTI group and 5 of the 7 dogs were in the control group.



Conclusions and Clinical Importance

The vaginal microbiota of spayed female dogs with recurrent UTI was similar to the control population of normal, spayed female dogs.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE}, author={Hutchins, R. G. and Vaden, S. L. and Jacob, M. E. and Harris, T. L. and Bowles, K. D. and Wood, M. W. and Bailey, C. S.}, year={2014}, month={Mar}, pages={300–304} }
 @article{hutchins_bailey_jacob_harris_wood_saker_vaden_2013, title={The Effect of an Oral Probiotic Containing Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, and Bacillus Species on the Vaginal Microbiota of Spayed Female Dogs}, volume={27}, ISSN={["1939-1676"]}, DOI={10.1111/jvim.12174}, abstractNote={Recurrent urinary tract infections (UTIs) are often difficult to treat. Vaginal colonization with lactic acid-producing bacteria (LAB) is associated with reduced frequency of recurrent UTIs in women. Oral probiotics might help increase the prevalence of vaginal LAB and decrease the frequency of recurrent UTIs in dogs.Administration of an oral probiotic supplement containing Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, and Bacillus species will increase the prevalence of LAB in the vagina of dogs.Thirty-five healthy, spayed female dogs without history of recurrent UTIs.Prospective, controlled study. Enrolled dogs received an oral probiotic supplement for 14 or 28 days. A vaginal tract culture was obtained from each dog before and after oral probiotic administration. Twenty-three dogs received the oral probiotic supplement daily for a period of 14 days and 12 dogs received the oral probiotic supplement daily for a period of 28 days.Lactic acid-producing bacteria were isolated from 7 of 35 dogs prior to probiotic administration. After the treatment course, 6 of 35 dogs had LAB isolated. Only one of these dogs had LAB (Enterococcus canintestini) isolated for the first time. Enterococcus canintestini was the most common LAB isolated from all dogs in this study, although it was not included in the probiotic supplement.Lactic acid-producing bacteria are not a common isolate from the vaginal vault of dogs. Administration of this oral probiotic supplement for a 2- or 4-week period did not increase the prevalence of vaginal LAB in dogs.}, number={6}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE}, author={Hutchins, R. G. and Bailey, C. S. and Jacob, M. E. and Harris, T. L. and Wood, M. W. and Saker, K. E. and Vaden, S. L.}, year={2013}, month={Nov}, pages={1368–1371} }
 @article{klosterman_moore_galvao_dibartola_groman_whittemore_vaden_harris_byron_dowling_et al._2011, title={Comparison of Signalment, Clinicopathologic Findings, Histologic Diagnosis, and Prognosis in Dogs with Glomerular Disease with or without Nephrotic Syndrome}, volume={25}, ISSN={["1939-1676"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1939-1676.2010.0669.x}, abstractNote={Nephrotic syndrome (NS) develops most commonly in people with glomerular diseases associated with marked albuminuria. Hypernatremia, hypertension, and progressive renal failure are more prevalent in nephrotic than nonnephrotic human patients.Dogs with NS have higher serum cholesterol, triglyceride, and sodium concentrations, higher urine protein:creatinine ratios (UPC) and systolic blood pressure, and lower serum albumin concentrations than dogs with nonnephrotic glomerular disease (NNGD). NS is associated with membranous glomerulopathy and amyloidosis. Affected dogs are more likely to be azotemic and have shorter survival times.Two hundred and thirty-four pet dogs (78 NS dogs, 156 NNGD dogs).Multicenter retrospective case-control study comparing time-matched NS and NNGD dogs. NS was defined as the concurrent presence of hypoalbuminemia, hypercholesterolemia, proteinuria, and extravascular fluid accumulation. Signalment, clinicopathologic variables, histopathologic diagnoses, and survival time were compared between groups.Age, serum albumin, chloride, calcium, phosphate, creatinine, and cholesterol concentrations, and UPC differed significantly between NS and NNGD dogs. Both groups were equally likely to be azotemic at time of diagnosis, and NS was not associated with histologic diagnosis. Median survival was significantly shorter for NS (12.5 days) versus NNGD dogs (104.5 days). When subgrouped based on serum creatinine (< or ≥1.5 mg/dL), survival of NS versus NNGD dogs was only significantly different in nonazotemic dogs (51 versus 605 days, respectively).Presence of NS is associated with poorer prognosis in dogs with nonazotemic glomerular disease. Preventing development of NS is warranted; however, specific interventions were not evaluated in this study.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE}, author={Klosterman, E. S. and Moore, G. E. and Galvao, J. F. de Brito and DiBartola, S. P. and Groman, R. P. and Whittemore, J. C. and Vaden, S. L. and Harris, T. L. and Byron, J. K. and Dowling, S. R. and et al.}, year={2011}, pages={206–214} }
 @article{vaden_turman_harris_marks_2010, title={The prevalence of albuminuria in dogs and cats in an ICU or recovering from anesthesia}, volume={20}, ISSN={["1476-4431"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1476-4431.2010.00584.x}, abstractNote={To evaluate the prevalence of albuminuria in dogs and cats admitted to the ICU or recovering from an anesthetic event.Prospective clinical study over a 10-week period in 2003.Veterinary teaching hospital.One hundred and five dogs and 22 cats.Urine was collected from dogs and cats admitted to the ICU or recovering from an anesthetic event. When possible, a second urine sample was collected approximately 48 hours later from those animals that had albuminuria during the initial screening.All dog samples and most cat samples were screened for albumin using a commercial point-of-care immunoassay. Aliquots of samples that tested positive were stored at -20 °C until subsequent albumin quantification via antigen capture ELISA. Albuminuria was detected in 63 of 105 (60.0%) dogs and in 14 of 22 (63.6%) cats; the prevalence was higher in animals admitted to ICU than in those recovering from anesthesia. In subsequent samples from 26 dogs, urine albumin decreased in 20 (76.9%) when compared with the first sample; urine albumin was undetectable in 5 (19.2%). In subsequent samples from 6 cats, 4 (66.7%) had decreases in urine albumin when compared with the first sample; 1 (16.7%) was negative for urine albumin. Eleven of 12 dogs (91.7%) and 3 of 4 cats (75%) that died within 3 days of admission to the ICU had abnormal urine albumin; whereas 52 of 93 (55.9%) and 11 of 18 (61.1%) dogs and cats, respectively, who survived more than 3 days had abnormal urine albumin. Dogs with albuminuria were at increased risk of death.The prevalence of albuminuria in animals admitted to the ICU or recovering from anesthesia is higher than reported previously and transient in some patients. The presence of albuminuria may be a negative prognostic indicator in this population.}, number={5}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY EMERGENCY AND CRITICAL CARE}, author={Vaden, Shelly L. and Turman, Coral A. and Harris, Tonya L. and Marks, Steven L.}, year={2010}, month={Oct}, pages={479–487} }
 @article{levine_zhang_harris_vaden_2010, title={The use of pooled vs serial urine samples to measure urine protein:creatinine ratios}, volume={39}, ISSN={["0275-6382"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1939-165x.2009.00167.x}, abstractNote={Evaluation of serial urine protein:creatinine (UPC) ratios is important in prognosticating chronic kidney disease and monitoring response to therapeutic interventions. Owing to random biologic variation in dogs with stable glomerular proteinuria, multiple determinations of UPC ratios often are recommended to reliably assess urine protein loss. This can be cost-prohibitive.The purpose of this study was to evaluate agreement between the mean of 3 UPC ratios obtained on 3 separate urine samples per dog and a single UPC ratio obtained when aliquots of the separate samples were pooled and analyzed as 1 sample.Three separate urine samples were collected from each of 25 dogs, both client-owned and members of a research colony. Protein and creatinine concentrations were measured in the supernatant of each sample using a biochemical analyzer, and the mean of the 3 UPC ratios was calculated. A 1.0 mL aliquot of each of the 3 samples from each dog was pooled to create a fourth sample for that dog, and the UPC ratio of the pooled sample was similarly determined. Agreement and correlation between the mean and pooled UPC ratios were assessed using Bland-Altman difference plots and regression analysis, respectively.The UPC ratio in the pooled samples was highly correlated (r=.9998, P<.0001) with the mean UPC ratio of the 3 separate samples. Strong agreement between results was demonstrated; a UPC ratio from a pooled sample was at most +/-20% different than the mean UPC ratio obtained from 3 separate samples.Measuring the UPC ratio in a pooled sample containing equal volumes of several different urine specimens from the same dog provides a reliable and cost-effective alternative to assessing multiple UPC ratios on several specimens from the same dog.}, number={1}, journal={VETERINARY CLINICAL PATHOLOGY}, author={LeVine, Dana N. and Zhang, Daowen and Harris, Tonya and Vaden, Shelly L.}, year={2010}, month={Mar}, pages={53–56} }
 @article{allenspach_lomas_wieland_harris_pressler_mancho_lees_vaden_2008, title={Evaluation of perinuclear anti-neutrophilic cytoplasmic autoantibodies as an early marker of protein-losing enteropathy and protein-losing nephropathy in Soft Coated Wheaten Terriers}, volume={69}, ISSN={["1943-5681"]}, DOI={10.2460/ajvr.69.10.1301}, abstractNote={Abstract Objective —To evaluate perinuclear anti-neutrophilic cytoplasmic autoantibody (pANCA) status in Soft Coated Wheaten Terriers (SCWTs) and SCWT-Beagle crossbred dogs and to correlate pANCA status of dogs with clinicopathologic variables of protein-losing enteropathy (PLE), protein-losing nephropathy (PLN), or both. Animals —13 SCWTs and 8 SCWT-Beagle crossbred dogs in a research colony and a control group comprising 7 dogs with X-linked hereditary nephropathy and 12 healthy SCWTs > 9 years old. Procedures —Samples were obtained from dogs in the research colony every 6 months. At each sample-collection time point, serum concentrations of albumin, globulin, creatinine, and urea nitrogen; fecal concentration of α-proteinase inhibitor; and urinary protein-to-creatinine ratios were determined and correlated with pANCA status. Results —20 of 21 dogs in the research colony had positive results for pANCAs at a minimum of 2 time points, and 18 of 21 dogs had definitive evidence of disease. None of the control dogs had positive results for pANCAs. A positive result for pANCAs was significantly associated with hypoalbuminemia, and pANCAs preceded the onset of hypoalbuminemia on an average of 2.4 years. Sensitivity and specificity for use of pANCAs to predict development of PLE or PLN were 0.95 (95% confidence interval, 0.72 to 1.00) and 0.8 (95% confidence interval, 0.51 to 0.95), respectively. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance —Most dogs in this study affected with PLE, PLN, or both had positive results for pANCAs before clinicopathologic evidence of disease was detected. Thus, pANCAs may be useful as an early noninvasive test of disease in SCWTs.}, number={10}, journal={AMERICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH}, author={Allenspach, Karin and Lomas, Bethany and Wieland, Barbara and Harris, Tonya and Pressler, Barrak and Mancho, Carolina and Lees, George E. and Vaden, Shelly L.}, year={2008}, month={Oct}, pages={1301–1304} }
 @article{olby_harris_burr_munana_sharp_keene_2004, title={Recovery of pelvic limb function in dogs following acute intervertebral disc herniations}, volume={21}, ISSN={["1557-9042"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0942290535&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1089/089771504772695940}, abstractNote={Chondrodystrophoid breeds of dog are prone to explosive herniation of mineralized disc material into the thoracolumbar spinal canal. The resulting acute spinal cord injury may represent an excellent spontaneous model of acute traumatic spinal cord injury. The aims of this study were to quantify the recovery of dogs following acute disc herniations, to evaluate external factors that influence recovery, and to identify a group of dogs suitable for use in clinical trials on neuroprotective drugs. The gait of 88 dogs with thoracolumbar disc herniations was scored at the time of injury and 2, 4, and 12 weeks after surgical decompression. Dogs were placed into four groups dependent on the severity of presenting signs; dogs in group 1 had the most severe injury severity. Group 1 dogs showed a variable but incomplete recovery by 12 weeks. Dogs in groups 2 and 3 recovered uniformly but more completely, while dogs in group 4 made a rapid and excellent recovery and were deemed unsuitable for clinical trials. Combining dogs in groups 1, 2 and 3 produced a population of dogs with incomplete recovery by 12 weeks. Power analysis revealed that 87 such dogs would be needed per treatment group to detect a 20% change in function with a power of 95%. The number needed reduced drastically to 19 by eliminating dogs in group 1, but this produced less room for functional improvement. External factors did not appear to influence outcome. We conclude that dogs with spontaneous disc herniations provide a useful model of acute spinal cord injury for clinical trials.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF NEUROTRAUMA}, author={Olby, N and Harris, T and Burr, J and Munana, K and Sharp, N and Keene, B}, year={2004}, month={Jan}, pages={49–59} }
 @article{olby_levine_harris_muñana_skeen_sharp_2003, title={Long-term functional outcome of dogs with severe injuries of the thoracolumbar spinal cord: 87 cases (1996–2001)}, volume={222}, ISSN={0003-1488}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/javma.2003.222.762}, DOI={10.2460/javma.2003.222.762}, abstractNote={Abstract Objective —To determine long-term (> 6 months) outcome of dogs with paraplegia and loss of hind limb deep pain perception (DPP) resulting from intervertebral disk herniation or trauma. Design —Retrospective study. Animals —87 dogs. Procedure —Outcome was determined as successful or unsuccessful. The association of neuroanatomic localization, breed, age, weight, sex, and (for dogs with intervertebral disk herniation) speed of onset of signs and duration of paraplegia prior to surgery with outcome was evaluated. Owners were contacted by telephone to identify long-term health problems. Results —Nine of 17 dogs with traumatic injuries were treated, and 2 regained the ability to walk; none of the 17 dogs regained DPP. Sixty-four of 70 dogs with intervertebral disk herniation underwent surgery; 9 (14%) were euthanatized within 3 weeks after surgery (7 because of ascending myelomalacia), 37 (58%) regained DPP and the ability to walk, 7 (11%) regained the ability to walk without regaining DPP, and 11 (17%) remained paraplegic without DPP. Outcome was not associated with any of the factors evaluated, but speed of recovery of ambulation was significantly associated with body weight and age. Fifteen (41%) and 12 (32%) dogs that regained DPP had intermittent fecal and urinary incontinence, respectively. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance —Results suggested that the prognosis for paraplegic dogs without DPP because of trauma was guarded, while dogs with disk herniation had a better chance of recovering motor function. A third of the dogs that recovered motor function had intermittent incontinence. Persistent loss of DPP did not preclude recovery of motor function, but such dogs remained incontinent. ( J Am Vet Med Assoc 2003;222:762–769)}, number={6}, journal={Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, publisher={American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)}, author={Olby, Natasha and Levine, Jay and Harris, Tonya and Muñana, Karen and Skeen, Todd and Sharp, Nick}, year={2003}, month={Mar}, pages={762–769} }