@article{mollik_kennedy_ul shougat_li_fitzgerald_echols_kirk_silverberg_perkins_2022, title={Discrete element method simulator for joint dynamics: a case study using a red-tailed hawk's hallux digit}, volume={6}, ISSN={["1573-272X"]}, DOI={10.1007/s11044-022-09828-x}, journal={MULTIBODY SYSTEM DYNAMICS}, author={Mollik, Tushar and Kennedy, Scott and Ul Shougat, Md Raf E. and Li, Xiaofu and Fitzgerald, Timothy and Echols, Scott and Kirk, Nick and Silverberg, Larry and Perkins, Edmon}, year={2022}, month={Jun} }
 @article{mollik_geng_ul shougat_fitzgerald_perkins_2022, title={Genetic algorithm shape optimization to manipulate the nonlinear response of a clamped-clamped beam}, volume={8}, ISSN={["2405-8440"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e11833}, abstractNote={Dynamical systems, which are described by differential equations, can have an enhanced response because of their nonlinearity. As one example, the Duffing oscillator can exhibit multiple stable vibratory states for some external forcing frequencies. Although discrete systems that are described by ordinary differential equations have helped to build fundamental groundwork, further efforts are needed in order to tailor nonlinearity into distributed parameter, continuous systems, which are described by partial differential equations. To modify the nonlinear response of continuous systems, topology optimization can be used to change the shape of the mechanical system. While topology optimization is well-developed for linear systems, less work has been pursued to optimize the nonlinear vibratory response of continuous systems. In this paper, a genetic algorithm implementation of shape optimization for continuous systems is described. The method is very general, with flexible objective functions and very few assumptions; it is applicable to any continuous system. As a case study, a clamped-clamped beam is optimized to have a more nonlinear or less nonlinear vibratory response. This genetic algorithm implementation of shape optimization could provide a tool to improve the performance of many continuous structures, including MEMS sensors, actuators, and macroscale civil structures.}, number={11}, journal={HELIYON}, author={Mollik, Tushar and Geng, Ying and Ul Shougat, Md Raf E. and Fitzgerald, Timothy and Perkins, Edmon}, year={2022}, month={Nov} }
 @article{li_kallepalli_mollik_ul shougat_kennedy_frabitore_perkins_2022, title={The pendulum adaptive frequency oscillator}, volume={179}, ISSN={["1096-1216"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.ymssp.2022.109361}, abstractNote={Adaptive oscillators are a type of nonlinear oscillator that are capable of learning and storing information in plastic states. Here, a typical mechanical pendulum is modified to have an adjustable rod length to create a pendulum adaptive frequency oscillator. Since the resonance frequency of the pendulum is a function of the rod length, this allows the pendulum to learn and encode frequency information from an external source. An experimental pendulum adaptive frequency oscillator is designed and constructed, and its performance is compared to numerical simulations. This nonlinear pendulum was approximated as a Duffing oscillator through the method of multiple scales to determine the physical constants of the experiment by using a curve fit. Utilizing the pendulum adaptive frequency oscillator’s dynamics, this system is able to learn a resonance condition and store this information in the rod length. This causes the system to seek resonance, even with considerable nonlinearity. As pendulums can be used to harvest energy, this type of adaptation could be used to further exploit vibratory energy sources.}, journal={Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing}, author={Li, XiaoFu and Kallepalli, Pawan and Mollik, Tushar and Ul Shougat, Md Raf E and Kennedy, Scott and Frabitore, Sean and Perkins, Edmon}, year={2022}, month={Nov}, pages={109361} }
 @article{ul shougat_li_mollik_perkins_2021, title={A Hopf physical reservoir computer}, volume={11}, ISSN={["2045-2322"]}, DOI={10.1038/s41598-021-98982-x}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={1}, journal={SCIENTIFIC REPORTS}, author={Ul Shougat, Md Raf E. and Li, XiaoFu and Mollik, Tushar and Perkins, Edmon}, year={2021}, month={Sep} }
 @article{ul shougat_li_mollik_perkins_2021, title={An Information Theoretic Study of a Duffing Oscillator Array Reservoir Computer}, volume={16}, ISSN={["1555-1415"]}, DOI={10.1115/1.4051270}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={8}, journal={Journal of Computational and Nonlinear Dynamics}, author={Ul Shougat, Md. Raf E. and Li, XiaoFu and Mollik, Tushar and Perkins, Edmon}, year={2021}, month={Aug}, pages={081004} }
 @article{li_shougat_mollik_beal_dean_perkins_2021, title={Stochastic effects on a Hopf adaptive frequency oscillator}, volume={129}, ISSN={["1089-7550"]}, DOI={10.1063/5.0050819}, abstractNote={This paper explores the stochastic dynamics of a Hopf adaptive frequency oscillator when driven by noise. Adaptive oscillators are nonlinear oscillators that store information via plastic states. As noise is ubiquitous in physical systems, it is important to gain an understanding of the stochastic effects on adaptive oscillators. Previously, it has been shown that a simplified analysis of the Fokker–Planck equation results in affecting the plastic frequency state of these oscillators. However, when the full Fokker–Planck equation is considered, new behaviors are observed due to changes in oscillation amplitudes in addition to frequencies. The plastic frequency state of these oscillators may benefit from enhanced learning due to small amplitudes of noise, converge to incorrect values for medium amplitudes of noise, and even collapse to zero in the limit of large amplitudes of noise. Interestingly, not all averaged states collapse equally, which leads a two dimensional limit cycle to collapse into single dimensional oscillations when considering the averaged dynamics. These behaviors are compared analytically through the Fokker–Planck equation, numerically using the Euler–Maruyama simulations, and finally validated experimentally using an analog, electronic circuit. These results show that noise can enhance, mislead, or even reduce the dimensionality of the averaged adaptive Hopf oscillator.}, number={22}, journal={JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS}, author={Li, XiaoFu and Shougat, Md. Raf E. Ul and Mollik, Tushar and Beal, Aubrey N. and Dean, Robert N. and Perkins, Edmon}, year={2021}, month={Jun} }