@article{dively_kuhar_taylor_doughty_holmstrom_gilrein_nault_ingerson-mahar_huseth_reisig_et al._2023, title={Extended Sentinel Monitoring of Helicoverpa zea Resistance to Cry and Vip3Aa Toxins in Bt Sweet Corn: Assessing Changes in Phenotypic and Allele Frequencies of Resistance}, volume={14}, ISSN={2075-4450}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects14070577}, DOI={10.3390/insects14070577}, abstractNote={Transgenic corn and cotton that produce Cry and Vip3Aa toxins derived from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) are widely planted in the United States to control lepidopteran pests. The sustainability of these Bt crops is threatened because the corn earworm/bollworm, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie), is evolving a resistance to these toxins. Using Bt sweet corn as a sentinel plant to monitor the evolution of resistance, collaborators established 146 trials in twenty-five states and five Canadian provinces during 2020–2022. The study evaluated overall changes in the phenotypic frequency of resistance (the ratio of larval densities in Bt ears relative to densities in non-Bt ears) in H. zea populations and the range of resistance allele frequencies for Cry1Ab and Vip3Aa. The results revealed a widespread resistance to Cry1Ab, Cry2Ab2, and Cry1A.105 Cry toxins, with higher numbers of larvae surviving in Bt ears than in non-Bt ears at many trial locations. Depending on assumptions about the inheritance of resistance, allele frequencies for Cry1Ab ranged from 0.465 (dominant resistance) to 0.995 (recessive resistance). Although Vip3Aa provided high control efficacy against H. zea, the results show a notable increase in ear damage and a number of surviving older larvae, particularly at southern locations. Assuming recessive resistance, the estimated resistance allele frequencies for Vip3Aa ranged from 0.115 in the Gulf states to 0.032 at more northern locations. These findings indicate that better resistance management practices are urgently needed to sustain efficacy the of corn and cotton that produce Vip3Aa.}, number={7}, journal={Insects}, publisher={MDPI AG}, author={Dively, Galen P. and Kuhar, Tom P. and Taylor, Sally V. and Doughty, Helene and Holmstrom, Kristian and Gilrein, Daniel O. and Nault, Brian A. and Ingerson-Mahar, Joseph and Huseth, Anders and Reisig, Dominic and et al.}, year={2023}, month={Jun}, pages={577} }
 @article{hudson_alford_bilbo_boyle_doughty_kuhar_lopez_mcintyre_stawara_walgenbach_et al._2023, title={Living mulches reduce natural enemies when combined with frequent pesticide applications}, volume={357}, ISSN={["1873-2305"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.agee.2023.108680}, abstractNote={Agricultural intensification with frequent pesticide applications often diminishes biological control services delivered by beneficial insects. However, re-integrating diverse and structurally complex non-crop habitat may mitigate negative effects by providing refugia to natural enemies, enabling rapid recolonization of pesticide-treated crops. This study examines the compatibility of chemical control with non-crop habitat management by manipulating pesticide treatments and living mulches between rows of zucchini crops in four replicated experiments across the Southeastern United States. The hypothesis was that living mulches and pesticide applications would each negatively impact pests and have interactive effects on predatory insects, with negative pesticide effects being attenuated in plots with untreated living mulches serving as refugia for predators between crop rows. Instead, combining living mulches with pesticide applications reduced natural enemy densities, relative to bare plots. Pesticide applications had no effect on spotted and striped cucumber beetle pests, while living mulches directly reduced them by 25%. Conversely, pesticide applications reduced squash bug pressure by 50%, while living mulches had no effect. Although crops were grown in plastic mulch to protect them from competition, living mulches reduced zucchini yields by 54% at sites where living mulches were less-managed. Alternatively, living mulches had more neutral effects on yields at sites where mulches were mowed monthly, suggesting that living mulches require management to minimize competition with crops. These results suggest that the grass-dominated living mulches tested in this study did little to harmonize chemical and biological control. While non-crop plant diversity has clear benefits for natural pest suppression in many systems, these benefits cannot be generalized across all plant and insect taxa. Future efforts to fine-tune management of non-crop habitat within fields will be strengthened by consideration of traits of key pests and their specific responses to both pesticide applications and plant diversity.}, journal={AGRICULTURE ECOSYSTEMS & ENVIRONMENT}, author={Hudson, T. Blake and Alford, Adam M. and Bilbo, Tom R. and Boyle, Sean C. and Doughty, Helene B. and Kuhar, Thomas P. and Lopez, Lorena and McIntyre, Kelly C. and Stawara, Allison K. and Walgenbach, James F. and et al.}, year={2023}, month={Nov} }
 @article{bilbo_kennedy_walgenbach_2023, title={Western flower thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis) field resistance to spinetoram in North Carolina}, volume={165}, ISSN={["1873-6904"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2022.106168}, DOI={10.1016/j.cropro.2022.106168}, abstractNote={The western flower thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande), “WFT”) is an invasive pest of fruit and vegetable crops throughout the southeastern United States. The spinosyn insecticides spinetoram (Radiant®) and spinosad (SpintTor®) have been used to manage WFT in NC tomatoes for >20 years. Control failures with spinetoram were reported by growers in the Piedmont of NC beginning in the mid-2010s. The goal of this study was to investigate the development of WFT resistance to Radiant in tomato fields in Piedmont and mountain production regions of NC. In 2019 and 2020, WFT populations were collected from staked-tomato fields and subjected to dose-response bioassays to estimate lethal concentration values (LC50) for comparison with a susceptible laboratory colony. In 2021, additional populations were collected from each region and evaluated using diagnostic doses of Radiant (100 and 1000 PPM v/v). Results from dose-response bioassays revealed resistance ratios (RR50) as high as 1487.7 in populations from Rowan County in the Piedmont. Additional diagnostic dose bioassays conducted in 2021 further supported reduced susceptibility to Radiant in all five tested populations. Populations from Henderson County in the mountains were much more susceptible than those in the Piedmont, with resistance rations of only 1.18 and 26.15. Bioassays with a single highly resistant colony over 17 generations found survival to remain mostly constant. These results provide evidence supporting the development of practical, field-evolved resistance to spinetoram in WFT in NC, and the need for improved insecticide resistance management strategies.}, journal={CROP PROTECTION}, author={Bilbo, Tom R. and Kennedy, George G. and Walgenbach, James F.}, year={2023}, month={Mar} }
 @article{bilbo_owens_golec_walgenbach_2022, title={Impact of insecticide programs on pests, the predatory mite Phytoseiulus persimilis, and staked tomato profitability}, ISSN={["1526-4998"]}, DOI={10.1002/ps.6866}, abstractNote={Abstract}, journal={PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE}, author={Bilbo, Tom R. and Owens, David R. and Golec, Julian R. and Walgenbach, James F.}, year={2022}, month={Mar} }
 @article{walgenbach_bilbo_tussey_ogburn_2021, title={Comparison of chemigationversusfoliar insecticide use: management of lepidopteran larvae and stink bugs in North Carolina field tomatoes with environmental and farmworker benefits}, volume={77}, ISSN={["1526-4998"]}, DOI={10.1002/ps.6074}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={2}, journal={PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE}, author={Walgenbach, James F. and Bilbo, Tom R. and Tussey, Dylan A. and Ogburn, Emily C.}, year={2021}, month={Feb}, pages={758–765} }
 @article{bilbo_walgenbach_2020, title={Compatibility of Bifenazate and Phytoseiulus persimilis for Management of Twospotted Spider Mites in North Carolina Staked Tomatoes}, volume={113}, ISSN={["1938-291X"]}, DOI={10.1093/jee/toaa159}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={5}, journal={JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY}, author={Bilbo, Tom R. and Walgenbach, James F.}, year={2020}, month={Oct}, pages={2096–2103} }
 @article{reay-jones_bilbo_reisig_2020, title={Decline in Sublethal Effects of Bt Corn on Corn Earworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Linked to Increasing Levels of Resistance}, volume={113}, ISSN={0022-0493 1938-291X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jee/toaa163}, DOI={10.1093/jee/toaa163}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={5}, journal={Journal of Economic Entomology}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Reay-Jones, Francis P F and Bilbo, Thomas R and Reisig, Dominic D}, editor={Gassmann, AaronEditor}, year={2020}, month={Aug}, pages={2241–2249} }
 @article{bilbo_reay-jones_reisig_greene_2019, title={Susceptibility of Corn Earworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) to Cry1A.105 and Cry2Ab2 in North and South Carolina}, volume={112}, ISSN={0022-0493 1938-291X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jee/toz062}, DOI={10.1093/jee/toz062}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={4}, journal={Journal of Economic Entomology}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Bilbo, Tom R and Reay-Jones, Francis P F and Reisig, Dominic D and Greene, Jeremy K}, year={2019}, month={Mar}, pages={1845–1857} }