@misc{see_2024, title={Current status and future trends for pork production in the United States of America and Canada}, volume={37}, ISSN={["2765-0235"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.5713/ab.24.0055}, DOI={10.5713/ab.24.0055}, abstractNote={Pork production is a significant agricultural enterprise in the United States and Canada. The United States is the third-largest global producer of pork and Canada ranks seventh in pork production. The North American Free Trade Agreement and its successor, the U.S.-Mexico-Canada Agreement, have facilitated trade and integration between the two countries. The majority of production systems are modern and intensive, characterized by large vertically integrated farms using advanced technologies. Both nations benefit from their status as major producers of feed grains, with the United States leading in corn and soybeans, while Canada excels in canola and barley production. The regulatory frameworks for food safety, animal welfare, and environmental stewardship differ slightly, with the FDA and USDA overseeing these aspects in the United States, and Health Canada and the Canada Food Inspection Agency in Canada. The United States and Canada also have well-established distribution networks for pork products, relying on both domestic and international markets. Export markets play a crucial role, with the United States being a major importer of Canadian pigs, and both countries exploring opportunities in Asia. Despite a rise in global demand, domestic pork consumption trends differ, with per capita consumption remaining stable in the USA and declining in Canada. Changing consumer preferences, including a demand for ethically raised and locally sourced pork, may influence production practices. Future trends in pig production include a focus on consumer concerns, sustainability, disease prevention, reduction of antimicrobial use, and advancements in technology. The industry is adapting to challenges such as disease outbreaks and changing regulations, with a strong emphasis on animal welfare. Labor and workforce considerations, along with advancements in technology and automation, are expected to shape the efficiency of pork production in the future.}, number={4}, journal={ANIMAL BIOSCIENCE}, author={See, M. Todd}, year={2024}, month={Apr}, pages={775–785} }
 @article{huang_cao_lin_lu_liu_odle_see_zhang_wu_luo_et al._2024, title={Zinc alleviates thermal stress-induced damage to the integrity and barrier function of cultured chicken embryonic primary jejunal epithelial cells via the MAPK and PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathways}, url={https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psj.2024.103696}, DOI={10.1016/j.psj.2024.103696}, abstractNote={Zinc (Zn) could alleviate the adverse effect of high temperature (HT) on intestinal integrity and barrier function of broilers, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. We aimed to investigate the possible protective mechanisms of Zn on primary cultured broiler jejunal epithelial cells exposed to thermal stress (TS). In Exp.1, jejunal epithelial cells were exposed to 40℃ (normal temperature, NT) and 44℃ (HT) for 1, 2, 4, 6, or 8 h. Cells incubated for 8 h had the lowest transepithelial resistance (TEER) and the highest phenol red permeability under HT. In Exp.2, the cells were preincubated with different Zn sources (Zn sulfate as iZn and Zn proteinate with the moderate chelation strength as oZn) and Zn supplemental levels (50 and 100 µmol/L) under NT for 24 h, and then continuously incubated under HT for another 8 h. TS increased phenol red permeability, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity and p-PKC/PKC level, and decreased TEER, cell proliferation, mRNA levels of claudin-1, occludin, zona occludens-1 (ZO-1), PI3K, AKT and mTOR, protein levels of claudin-1, ZO-1 and junctional adhesion molecule-A (JAM-A), and the levels of p-ERK/ERK, p-PI3K/PI3K and p-AKT/AKT. Under HT, oZn was more effective than iZn in increasing TEER, occludin, ZO-1, PI3K and AKT mRNA levels, ZO-1 protein level, and p-AKT/AKT level; supplementation with 50 μmol Zn/L was more effective than 100 μmol Zn/L in increasing cell proliferation, JAM-A, PI3K, AKT and PKC mRNA levels, JAM-A protein level, and the levels of p-ERK/ERK and p-PI3K/PI3K; furthermore, supplementation with 50 μmol Zn/L as oZn had the lowest LDH activity, and the highest ERK, JNK-1 and mTOR mRNA levels. Therefore, supplemental Zn, especially 50 μmol Zn/L as oZn, could alleviate the TS-induced integrity and barrier function damage of broiler jejunal epithelial cells possibly by promoting cell proliferation and tight junction protein expression via the MAPK and PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathways.}, journal={Poultry Science}, author={Huang, Liang and Cao, Chunyu and Lin, Xuanxu and Lu, Lin and Liu, Hsiao-Ching and Odle, Jack and See, Miles Todd and Zhang, Liyang and Wu, Wei and Luo, Xugang and et al.}, year={2024}, month={Jun} }
 @article{trivedi_clark_deprospero_royal_see_2021, title={A novel career development course for animal science students pursuing veterinary college admissions}, volume={5}, ISSN={["2573-2102"]}, DOI={10.1093/tas/txab106}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={3}, journal={TRANSLATIONAL ANIMAL SCIENCE}, author={Trivedi, Shweta and Clark, Jessica C. and Deprospero, Dylan and Royal, Kenneth and See, Miles Todd}, year={2021}, month={Jul} }
 @article{trivedi_clark_see_2021, title={Veterinary Professions Advising Center: an innovative approach to preveterinary advising for Animal Science students}, volume={5}, ISSN={["2573-2102"]}, DOI={10.1093/tas/txab064}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={2}, journal={TRANSLATIONAL ANIMAL SCIENCE}, author={Trivedi, Shweta and Clark, Jessica C. and See, M. Todd}, year={2021}, month={Apr} }
 @article{see_2019, title={Defining a robust sow: How increases in sow productivity impact the biology of reproduction, lactation and body composition.}, volume={97}, ISSN={["1525-3163"]}, DOI={10.1093/jas/skz122.026}, abstractNote={Abstract}, journal={JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE}, author={See, M. Todd}, year={2019}, month={Jul}, pages={14–14} }
 @article{bai_yan_xie_hu_lin_wu_zhou_wang_see_2015, title={Effects of pre-slaughter stressor and feeding preventative Chinese medicinal herbs on glycolysis and oxidative stability in pigs}, volume={87}, ISSN={1344-3941}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/asj.12537}, DOI={10.1111/asj.12537}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={8}, journal={Animal Science Journal}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Bai, Xiumei and Yan, Xue and Xie, Linqi and Hu, Xiaodong and Lin, Xi and Wu, Changzheng and Zhou, Ningcong and Wang, Anru and See, Miles Todd}, year={2015}, month={Oct}, pages={1028–1033} }
 @article{weaver_see_kim_2014, title={Protective Effect of Two Yeast Based Feed Additives on  Pigs Chronically Exposed to Deoxynivalenol and Zearalenone}, volume={6}, ISSN={2072-6651}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins6123336}, DOI={10.3390/toxins6123336}, abstractNote={To evaluate the effects of the mycotoxins deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZEA) on pigs and the benefits of two mycotoxin mitigation strategies, gilts (n = 84, 9.1 ± 0.1 kg) were allotted to four treatments: CON (control); MT (4.8 mg/kg feed DON and 0.3 mg/kg feed ZEA); MT-YC (MT + 2 g/kg of yeast cell wall product); and MT-YF (MT + 2 g/kg of yeast fermentation product). After 42 days of feeding, pigs fed MT had reduced (p < 0.05) growth performance compared with pigs fed CON. Pigs fed MT-YF had greater (p < 0.05) average daily gain and tended to have greater (p = 0.080) average daily feed intake than MT, whereas pigs fed MT-YC did not differ from MT. Oxidative DNA damage increased (p < 0.05) in MT, whereas pigs fed MT-YF tended to have lower (p = 0.067) oxidative stress. Liver hydropic degeneration was increased (p < 0.05) in MT in contrast to CON and MT-YF, and tended to be greater (p = 0.079) than MT-YC. Collectively, feeding diets contaminated with mycotoxins significantly reduced growth performance and impacted pig health. The yeast additives had varied ability to reduce mycotoxin effects on pig growth and health, but may still play a beneficial role in reducing the overall impacts of a mycotoxin challenge on pigs.}, number={12}, journal={Toxins}, publisher={MDPI AG}, author={Weaver, Alexandra and See, M. and Kim, Sung}, year={2014}, month={Dec}, pages={3336–3353} }
 @article{weaver_see_hansen_kim_de souza_middleton_kim_2013, title={The Use of Feed Additives to Reduce the Effects of Aflatoxin and Deoxynivalenol on Pig Growth, Organ Health and Immune Status during Chronic Exposure}, volume={5}, ISSN={2072-6651}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins5071261}, DOI={10.3390/toxins5071261}, abstractNote={Three feed additives were tested to improve the growth and health of pigs chronically challenged with aflatoxin (AF) and deoxynivalenol (DON). Gilts (n = 225, 8.8 ± 0.4 kg) were allotted to five treatments: CON (uncontaminated control); MT (contaminated with 150 µg/kg AF and 1100 µg/kg DON); A (MT + a clay additive); B (MT + a clay and dried yeast additive); and C (MT + a clay and yeast culture additive). Average daily gain (ADG) and feed intake (ADFI) were recorded for 42 days, blood collected for immune analysis and tissue samples to measure damage. Feeding mycotoxins tended to decrease ADG and altered the immune system through a tendency to increase monocytes and immunoglobulins. Mycotoxins caused tissue damage in the form of liver bile ductule hyperplasia and karyomegaly. The additives in diets A and B reduced mycotoxin effects on the immune system and the liver and showed some ability to improve growth. The diet C additive played a role in reducing liver damage. Collectively, we conclude that AF and DON can be harmful to the growth and health of pigs consuming mycotoxins chronically. The selected feed additives improved pig health and may play a role in pig growth.}, number={7}, journal={Toxins}, publisher={MDPI AG}, author={Weaver, Alexandra and See, M. and Hansen, Jeff and Kim, Yong and De Souza, Anna and Middleton, Teena and Kim, Sung}, year={2013}, month={Jul}, pages={1261–1281} }
 @article{whitley_morrow_see_oh_2012, title={Comparison of growth performance of antibiotic-free yorkshire crossbreds sired by berkshire, large black, and tamworth breeds raised in hoop structures}, volume={25}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84867502954&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.5713/ajas.2012.12162}, abstractNote={The objective of this study was to compare body weight, ADG, and feed:gain ratio of antibiotic-free pigs from Yorkshire dams and sired by Yorkshire (YY), Berkshire (BY), Large Black (LBY) or Tamworth (TY) boars. All the crossbred pigs in each of three trials were raised as one group from weaning to finishing in the same deep-bedded hoop, providing a comfortable environment for the animals which allowed rooting and other natural behaviors. Birth, weaning and litter weights were measured and recorded. From approximately 50 kg to market weight (125 kg), feed intake and body weights were recorded manually (body weight) or using a FIRE (Feed Intake Recording Equipment, Osborne Industries Inc. Osborne, Kansas) system with eight individual feeding stations. Feed intake data for 106 finishing pigs between 140 and 210 d of age and the resulting weights and feed conversion ratios were analyzed by breed type. Least square means for body weights (birth, weaning and to 240 d) were estimated with Proc Mixed in SAS 9.2 for fixed effects such as crossbreed and days of age within the sire breed. The differences within fixed effects were compared using least significant differences with DIFF option. Individual birth weights and weaning weights were influenced by sire breed (p<0.05). For birth weight, BY pigs were the lightest, TY and YY pigs were the heaviest but similar to each other and LBY pigs were intermediate. For weaning weights, BY and LBY pigs were heavier than TY and YY pigs. However, litter birth and weaning weights were not influenced by sire breed, and average daily gain was also not significantly different among breed types. Tamworth sired pigs had lower overall body weight gain, and feed conversion was lower in TY and YY groups than BY and LBY groups (p<0.05), however, number of observations was somewhat limited for feed conversion and for Tamworth pigs. Overall, no convincing differences among breed types were noted for this study, but growth performance in the outdoor environment was satisfactory.}, number={10}, journal={Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences}, author={Whitley, N. and Morrow, W.E.M. and See, M.T. and Oh, S.-H.}, year={2012}, pages={1351–1356} }
 @article{whitley_hanson_morrow_see_oh_2012, title={Comparison of pork quality and sensory characteristics for antibiotic free yorkshire crossbreds raised in hoop houses}, volume={25}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84868112193&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.5713/ajas.2012.12296}, abstractNote={The objective of this study was to compare pork characteristics and to determine consumer acceptability of pork chops from antibiotic free Yorkshire crossbreds sired by Berkshire (BY), Large Black (LBY), Tamworth (TY) or Yorkshire (YY) boars and reared in hoop houses. The experiments were conducted at the North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University (NCA&TSU) Farm in Greensboro, NC and the Cherry Research Station Center for Environmental Farming Systems (CEFS) Alternative Swine Unit in Goldsboro, NC (source of antibiotic free Yorkshire sows used at both places). Twenty-four sows were artificially inseminated at each location in each of three trials. Litters were weaned at 4 wks old, and reared within deep-bedded outdoor hoop houses. To compare pork characteristics, 104 randomly selected animals were harvested at a USDA-inspected abattoir at approximately 200 d of age. Variables measured included pH, color score, L*, a*, b*, marbling score, drip loss, hot carcass weight, backfat thickness (BF), loin muscle area (LMA), and slice shear force. Sensory panel tests were also conducted at two time periods. The data was analyzed with GLM in SAS 9.01 including location, trial, and sire breed as fixed effects. Backfat thickness, LMA, color score and a* were different among breeding groups (p<0.05). The LBY pigs had thicker backfat and smaller LMA than the other breed types. The TY and YY had less backfat than all other breed groups. Color score was lower for YY than BY and LBY but intermediate for TY. The a* was lower for TY than other breeds except LBY which was intermediate. For one sensory panel test, YY pork was more preferred overall as well as for juiciness and texture compared to BY and LBY (p<0.05), but no impact of breed type was noted for the other test, with values similar for BY, LBY, TY and YY pork. This information may help small farmers make decisions about breed types to use for outdoor production.}, number={11}, journal={Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences}, author={Whitley, N. and Hanson, D. and Morrow, W. and See, M.T. and Oh, S.-H.}, year={2012}, pages={1634–1640} }
 @article{knauer_cassady_newcom_see_2012, title={Gilt development traits associated with genetic line, diet and fertility}, volume={148}, ISSN={["1871-1413"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84863775012&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1016/j.livsci.2012.05.024}, abstractNote={The objective was to associate gilt development traits with genetic line, diet and fertility group (FG). Gilts (n=1225) were reared from 162 to 265 days of age at a gilt development unit (GDU) and sent to sow farms. Females were Landrace (L), Large White (LW), L and LW F1 or L and LW composite. Estrous traits included age at puberty (AGEPUB), length of estrus (LOE), maximum strength of standing reflex with (MSRBOAR) or without (MSRNOBOAR) a boar present, total strength of standing reflex with (TSRBOAR) or without (TSRNOBOAR) a boar present, vulva redness (VR), strength of vulva reddening and swelling (VISUAL VULVA) and vulva width (VW). Growth and body composition traits were puberty weight, days to 114 kg and 10th rib backfat (BF) and loin muscle area (LMA) at 114 kg and puberty. Structural conformation traits included muscle mass, rib width, front leg side view, rear leg side view, front legs front view, rear legs rear view and locomotion (LOC). Sow farm entry traits were age, weight, BF and LMA. Sow traits included whether or not a gilt farrowed (STAY), age at first farrowing and total number born (TNB). Fertility groups were; FG0=did not reach puberty at the GDU (NOPUB), did not farrow (DNF); FG1=reached puberty at the GDU (YESPUB), DNF; FG2=NOPUB, farrowed; FG3=YESPUB, farrowed. Genetic lines differed (P<0.05) for estrous traits LOE, TSRBOAR, MSRNOBOAR, TSRNOBOAR, VR, VISUAL VULVA and VW. Females fed restrictively vs. ad libitum had a longer (P<0.05) LOE (2.18 vs. 2.03 d), higher (P<0.05) TSRBOAR (15.4 vs. 14.0) and younger (P<0.05) AGEPUB (219 vs. 225 d). Fertility groups 0, 1, 2 and 3 contained 45 (4%), 255 (24%), 66 (6%) and 698 (66%) gilts, respectively. Gilts from FG3 in comparison to FG1 had a longer (P<0.05) LOE (2.16 vs. 2.06 d), greater (P<0.05) MSRBOAR (7.6 vs. 7.4) and greater (P<0.05) TSRBOAR (15.4 vs. 14.6). Fertility group 0 had less (P<0.05) BF, poorer (P<0.05) LOC and was narrower (P<0.05) ribbed compared with the other FG's. Based on these results it was concluded that gilts with LOE ≤1 day or weak standing reflexes were less likely to farrow a litter.}, number={1-2}, journal={LIVESTOCK SCIENCE}, author={Knauer, M. T. and Cassady, J. P. and Newcom, D. W. and See, M. T.}, year={2012}, month={Sep}, pages={159–167} }
 @article{oh_see_2012, title={Pork preference for consumers in China, Japan and South Korea}, volume={25}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84857273197&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.5713/ajas.2011.11368}, abstractNote={Competition in global pork markets has increased as trade barriers have opened as a result of free trade agreements. Japanese prefer both loin and Boston butt, while Chinese prefer pork offal. Frozen pork has increased in terms of imports into China. Japanese consumers consider pork meat origin along with pork price when making purchase decisions. While the Chinese prefer a strong tasting pork product, South Korean consumers show very strong preferences to pork that is higher in fat. Therefore, South Korean consumers have a higher demand for pork belly and Boston butt. Consequently, the supply and demand of pork in Korea is hardly met, which means that importation of high fat parts is inevitable. In Korea there is lower preference toward low fat parts such as loin, picnic shoulder, and ham. During the economic depression in South Korea there have been observable changes in consumer preferences. There remains steep competition among the pork exporting countries in terms of gaining share in the international pork market. If specific consumer preferences would be considered carefully, there is the possibility to increase the amount of pork exported to these countries.}, number={1}, journal={Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences}, author={Oh, S.-H. and See, M.T.}, year={2012}, pages={143–150} }
 @article{yoder_maltecca_cassady_flowers_price_see_2011, title={Breed differences in pig temperament scores during a performance test and their phenotypic relationship with performance}, volume={136}, ISSN={["1878-0490"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-79951959362&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1016/j.livsci.2010.08.004}, abstractNote={Nucleus populations of Chester White, Duroc, Landrace, and Yorkshire boars and gilts (n = 4774) were used to estimate breed differences in temperament and the relationship with performance. Adjusted backfat, adjusted loin depth, days to 113.4 kilograms (DAYS), estimated percent fat-free lean (LEAN), and three temperament scores: load score, scale score, and vocal score were recorded, on a scale of 1 (calm) to 5 (highly excited), during a performance test. Logistic regression for temperament scores included fixed effects of breed, sex, contemporary group (barn-farm-test date), and body weight as a covariate was used. Order that a pig was loaded into the scale, within pen, was included as a fixed effect for load score. After initial analysis, it was determined that vocal score was best described as two categories, vocal or non-vocal, and was reanalyzed accordingly. Linear mixed models for backfat, loin depth, DAYS, and LEAN included fixed effects of breed, sex, and load score, scale score, or vocal score. Growth rate was adjusted to 113.4 kg, while backfat and loin depth were adjusted to 113.4 kg through regression on mean body weight of the respective breed. The odds of increased load score were greater for Landrace (1.62, 1.30; P < 0.01) than Duroc and Yorkshire respectively. Landrace had a greater (P < 0.01) probability of a higher scale and vocal scores compared to Chester White (1.77, 2.37), Duroc (3.31, 3.94) and Yorkshire (2.51, 2.46). Yorkshire had greater (P < 0.01) odds of increased load score (1.25), SS (1.32), and vocal score (1.60) than Duroc. Chester White had greater odds of increased load score and scale score than Duroc (1.58, 1.87) and Yorkshire (1.26, 1.42), respectively. Chester White were 1.66 (P < 0.01) times more likely to have a higher vocal scores than Duroc. Phenotypic correlations (P < 0.01) for scale score with load score, vocal score, backfat, loin depth, DAYS, and LEAN were 0.13, 0.32, − 0.15, − 0.07, 0.10 and 0.17, respectively. Landrace were more excited and vocal in the scale than Chester White, Durocs and Yorkshire. Landrace were more difficult to load into the scale than Durocs and Yorkshire. Chester White were more active in the scale than Durocs and Yorshire, and more vocal than Durocs. Yorkshire were harder to load, more active and vocal than Durocs. It was concluded that temperament differs between breeds, and pigs with lower temperament scores were fatter, had greater loin depth and grew faster.}, number={2-3}, journal={LIVESTOCK SCIENCE}, author={Yoder, C. L. and Maltecca, C. and Cassady, J. P. and Flowers, W. L. and Price, S. and See, M. T.}, year={2011}, month={Apr}, pages={93–101} }
 @article{chaytor_see_hansen_souza_middleton_kim_2011, title={Effects of chronic exposure of diets with reduced concentrations of aflatoxin and deoxynivalenol on growth and immune status of pigs}, volume={89}, ISSN={["1525-3163"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-78650987626&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.2527/jas.2010-3005}, abstractNote={This study investigated the growth and immune responses of pigs fed diets containing reduced concentrations of aflatoxin (AF) and deoxynivalenol (DON) from naturally contaminated corn. Sixty gilts (13.9 ± 0.2 kg of BW) were randomly assigned to 4 treatments (5 replicate pens per treatment and 3 pigs per pen): A (a control diet without detectable AF and DON); B (a diet with 60 μg of AF/kg and 300 μg of DON/kg); C (a diet with 120 μg of AF/kg and 600 μg of DON/kg); and D (a diet with 180 μg of AF/kg and 900 μg of DON/kg). Pigs were allowed ad libitum access to feed and water for 33 d. Feed intake and BW were measured weekly and pigs were bled (8 mL) on d 33 to measure the numbers of blood cells, to conduct liver function tests, and to measure immunological variables including IgG, IgM, interferon γ, IL4, IL6, and tumor necrosis factor α. One pig representing the average BW of each pen was killed to obtain the liver, kidneys, and spleen for weight, tissue color measurement, and histological evaluation of tissue damage. When compared with A, pigs in C and D tended to have reduced ADG (0.52 vs. 0.43 and 0.41 kg/d, respectively; P = 0.058) and ADFI (1.04 vs. 0.92 and 0.88 kg/d, respectively; P = 0.061). White blood cell count of pigs in D (23.4 × 10(3) cells/μL) was greater (P < 0.05) than those in A, B, and C (18.4, 18.5, and 16.8 × 10(3) cells/μL, respectively. Serum tumor necrosis factor α concentration of pigs in D (335 pg/mL) differed (P < 0.05) from those in A and C (299 and 290 pg/mL, respectively). Pigs in B and D had greater (P < 0.05) fibrosis in liver tissues than those in A. Collectively, this study shows that diets containing both AF and DON greater than 60 and 300 μg/kg, respectively, may reduce growth and decrease feed intake, whereas diets containing 120 μg of AF/kg and 600 μg of DON/kg may result in altered immune health, systemic inflammation, and partial liver damage, causing further reduction in growth of pigs.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE}, publisher={Oxford University Press}, author={Chaytor, A. C. and See, M. T. and Hansen, J. A. and Souza, A. L. P. and Middleton, T. F. and Kim, S. W.}, year={2011}, month={Jan}, pages={124–135} }
 @article{holt_heugten_graves_see_morrow_2011, title={Growth performance and antibiotic tolerance patterns of nursery and finishing pigs fed growth-promoting levels of antibiotics}, volume={136}, ISSN={["1878-0490"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-79951956142&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1016/j.livsci.2010.09.007}, abstractNote={The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of growth-promoting levels of antibiotics in diets for nursery and finishing pigs on growth performance and antibiotic tolerance patterns. Gilts (n = 200, initial body weight was 6.2 ± 0.003 kg), were allotted based on body weight to one of four treatments in a 2 × 2 factorial randomized complete block design. Nursery treatments consisted of feeding no antibiotics (CON) or an antibiotic diet (ANTI) containing chlortetracycline (CTC; 55 mg/kg). At the end of the nursery phase, one-half of the pigs receiving CON were switched to a diet containing antibiotic (virginiamycin; VIR, 11 mg/kg) and one-half of the pigs receiving ANTI were switched to CON for the remainder of the trial. This created four treatments for the finishing phase, consisting of: control in nursery and finishing (CC), antibiotic in nursery, control in finishing (AC), control in nursery, antibiotic in finishing (CA), or antibiotics throughout (AT). The pigs were weighed at the diet changes during the nursery (weeks 1, 3, and 5) and finishing (weeks 7, 9, 13, 17, and 20) phases. Fecal samples were collected at all diet changes for isolation of fecal coliforms and Enterococcus and subsequently tested for tolerance to CTC and VIR. After 1 week, CON pigs weighed less (7.09 vs. 7.28 kg) and had lower ADG (149 vs. 180 g/day) and ADFI (174 vs. 192 g/day) than ANTI pigs (P < 0.05). No performance differences were observed during the remainder of the study. At the initiation of the study (week 0), the ability of coliforms to grow in the presence of CTC and VIR, respectively, were 68 and 73% and increased to 90 and 96% at week 19 (time effect, P < 0.001). At week 17, tolerance of coliforms to CTC was greater for CA (98%) than AC (86%, time × treatment effect, P < 0.004). Enterococcus tolerance to CTC at week 7 was lower for CC (55%) compared to AT (76%), AC (74%) and CA (83%, time × treatment effect, P < 0.001). At week 9, Enterococcus tolerant to CTC and VIR, respectively, was lower for CC (15 and 18%) than AT (31 and 40%), AC (35 and 35%), and CA (44 and 43%, time × treatment effect, P < 0.001). Antibiotic growth promoters had little impact on growth performance in clean, isolated facilities with high labor inputs. The tolerance of bacteria to antibiotics fluctuated over time and persisted regardless of the use of antibiotic growth promoters.}, number={2-3}, journal={LIVESTOCK SCIENCE}, author={Holt, J. P. and Heugten, E. and Graves, A. K. and See, M. T. and Morrow, W. E. M.}, year={2011}, month={Apr}, pages={184–191} }
 @misc{chaytor_hansen_heugten_see_kim_2011, title={Occurrence and Decontamination of Mycotoxins in Swine Feed}, volume={24}, ISSN={["1976-5517"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-79960243133&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.5713/ajas.2011.10358}, abstractNote={Contamination of agricultural crops by mycotoxins results in significant economic losses for grain producers and, when consumed, it can cause reduced growth and health in a wide range of animal species. Hundreds of mycotoxin producing molds exist, however each has a different frequency and pattern of occurrence, as well as differences in the severity of the diseases (mycotoxicoses) they cause. Among the mycotoxins considered to be major contaminates are aflatoxin, deoxynivalenol, fumonisin, ochratoxin, and zearalenone. Although a multitude of species can be harmed by consumption of these mycotoxins, swine appear to be the most commonly affected commodity species. The swine industry can thus experience great losses due to the presence of mycotoxin contamination in feeds. Subsequently, recognition and prevention of mycotoxicoses is extremely important and dependent on adequate grain sampling and analysis methods pre-harvest, as well as effective strategies post-harvest to reduce consumption by animals. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the major mycotoxin contaminants in grains, to describe methods of analysis and prevention to reduce mycotoxicoses in swine and other animals, and finally to discuss how mycotoxins directly affect swine production. (}, number={5}, journal={ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES}, author={Chaytor, Alexandra C. and Hansen, Jeff A. and Heugten, Eric and See, M. Todd and Kim, Sung Woo}, year={2011}, month={May}, pages={723–738} }
 @article{knauer_cassady_newcom_see_2011, title={Phenotypic and genetic correlations between gilt estrus, puberty, growth, composition, and structural conformation traits with first-litter reproductive measures}, volume={89}, ISSN={["1525-3163"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-79960997046&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.2527/jas.2009-2673}, abstractNote={The objective was to estimate correlations of gilt estrus, puberty, growth, composition, and structural conformation traits with first-litter reproductive measures. Four groups of gilts (n = 1,225; Genetic Improvement Services of NC, Newton Grove, NC) entered the NC Swine Evaluation Station (Clayton, NC) averaging 162 d of age and were observed daily for symptoms of estrus. Once symptoms of first estrus were observed in 70% of gilts, recording of symptoms of estrus in all gilts occurred every 12 h for 30 d, utilizing fence-line boar contact. Subjective estrous traits were maximum and total strength of standing reflex, as observed with and without the presence of a boar, and strength of vulva reddening and swelling. Objective estrous traits consisted of vulva redness, vulva width, length of estrus, and age at puberty. Growth and composition traits included BW at puberty, days to 114 kg, and 10th rib backfat and LM area at 114 kg and at puberty. Subjective structural conformation traits were muscle mass, rib width, front leg side view, rear leg side view, front legs front view, rear legs rear view, and locomotion. First-litter sow traits included if gilt farrowed (Stay), age at first farrowing (AFF), total number of piglets born (TNB), and weaning to conception interval (WCI). Variance components were estimated using an animal model with AIREMLF90 for linear traits and THRGIBBS1F90 for categorical traits. Heritability estimates for Stay, AFF, and TNB were 0.14, 0.22, and 0.02, respectively. Genetic correlations between length of estrus, the standing reflex traits, and age at puberty with Stay were 0.34, 0.34 to 0.74, and -0.27, respectively, and with AFF were -0.11, -0.04 to -0.41, and 0.76, respectively. Days to 114 kg had genetic associations with Stay, AFF, and TNB of 0.52, -0.25, and -0.08, respectively. Backfat at 114 kg had genetic correlations with Stay, AFF, and TNB of -0.29, 0.14, and 0.47, respectively. Vulva redness and TNB were negatively correlated phenotypically (r = -0.14) and genetically (r = -0.53). Associations between structural conformation traits with Stay, AFF, TNB, and WCI were generally low to moderate and favorable. Selection for longer length of estrus, stronger standing reflex, or younger age at puberty would increase the proportion of gilts that farrow and reduce age at first farrowing.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE}, author={Knauer, M. T. and Cassady, J. P. and Newcom, D. W. and See, M. T.}, year={2011}, month={Apr}, pages={935–942} }
 @article{fix_cassady_heugten_hanson_see_2010, title={Differences in lean growth performance of pigs sampled from 1980 and 2005 commercial swine fed 1980 and 2005 representative feeding programs}, volume={128}, ISSN={["1878-0490"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-76349085628&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1016/j.livsci.2009.11.006}, abstractNote={The objective of this study was to assess how changes in genetics and feeding programs over 25 years in the U.S. commercial swine industry have impacted lean growth performance. Genetic samples (GS) of pigs (n = 162) from the commercial industries in 1980 and 2005 were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 feeding programs (FP) representative of 1980 or 2005. Pigs were placed 3 per pen (n = 54) at approximately 4 weeks of age and were harvested when average BW of the pen exceeded 116 kg. Real-time ultrasound measures for backfat depth and longissimus muscle area at the 10th rib were collected every 4 weeks, beginning at week 8 (group 1) or week 10 (group 2) until harvest. Average daily gain, ADFI, and G:F were calculated for the nursery period (7.0 ± 0.4 to 26.9 ± 0.7 kg BW), finishing period (26.9 ± 0.7 to 119 ± 0.7 kg BW), and overall (7.0 ± 0.4 to 116 ± 0.7 kg BW). Lean ADG and lean G:F were calculated for the period of first real-time ultrasound to harvest (42.7 ± 1.0 kg to 116 kg BW). Pigs from 2005 vs. 1980 GS and pigs fed 2005 vs. 1980 FP reached final BW of 116 kg sooner; 11 and 12 d, respectively. For ADG during finishing and overall, GS × FP interactions were observed, where 1980 GS pigs fed 1980 vs. 2005 FP showed increases of 7.0 and 6.3%, respectively; however, 2005 GS pigs fed 1980 vs. 2005 FP had increases of 12.6 and 12.3%, respectively. Pigs from the 2005 GS had greater ADG during finishing and overall, increased lean ADG, with no difference in ADFI during finishing, overall, and lean gain period or reduced ADFI during nursery which led to greater G:F and lean G:F. Pigs fed 2005 FP had increased ADG during all periods, with reduced ADFI during finishing, overall, and the lean gain test period which led to greater lean G:F and G:F during all portions of the trial. Although via different methods, changes over the past 25 years in the U.S. swine industry with respect to both genetics and feeding programs have resulted in a 15% reduction in days to harvest and a 45% improvement in lean efficiency.}, number={1-3}, journal={LIVESTOCK SCIENCE}, author={Fix, J. S. and Cassady, J. P. and Heugten, E. and Hanson, D. J. and See, M. T.}, year={2010}, month={Mar}, pages={108–114} }
 @article{fix_cassady_herring_holl_culbertson_see_2010, title={Effect of piglet birth weight on body weight, growth, backfat, and longissimus muscle area of commercial market swine}, volume={127}, ISSN={["1878-0490"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-70449519415&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1016/j.livsci.2009.08.007}, abstractNote={The objective of this study was to estimate the effect of piglet birth weight on future BW, growth, backfat, and longissimus muscle area of pigs in a commercial U.S. production system. Pigs (n = 5727) at a commercial farm were individually weighed and identified within 24 h of birth. Weights were collected prior to weaning (n = 4108), after finisher placement (n = 3439), and 7 (n = 1622) and 16 (n = 1586) weeks into finishing; hot carcass weight was also collected (n = 1693). Average daily gain during lactation, nursery, finishing, and overall (birth to 16 weeks into finishing) was calculated. During BW collection 16 weeks into finishing, real-time ultrasound backfat thickness and longissimus muscle area were measured. Sex × birth weight (linear and quadratic) interactions were observed for BW at weaning and finisher placement and daily gain during pre-weaning and nursery. Linear birth weight × cross foster interactions were observed for weaning weight and pre-weaning gain. Linear and quadratic effects of birth weight on BW at weaning, finisher placement, 7 and 16 weeks into finishing, and hot carcass weight and average daily gain during pre-weaning, nursery, finishing, and total were observed. For all measures of BW and average daily gain, as birth weight increased subsequent BW and average daily gain increased at a decreasing rate; however, for the sex × birth weight (linear and quadratic) interactions, heavier birth weight barrows were lighter and grew slower than gilts of comparable birth weight. Worth noting, the birth weight × sex interactions described very few pigs in the extreme portion of the birth weight distribution. For birth weight × cross foster interactions, non-cross fostered pigs were increasingly heavier and faster growing as birth weight increased compared to cross fostered pigs. Heavier birth weight pigs tended to have increased backfat depth (P = 0.07). Linear and quadratic effects of birth weight on longissimus muscle area were observed; as birth weight increased muscling increased at a decreasing rate. Regardless of interactions or period of production, increased birth weight resulted in heavier future BW, faster daily gain along with larger longissimus muscle area prior to harvest. In all instances the magnitude of the negative effect of birth weight increased as birth weight decreased.}, number={1}, journal={LIVESTOCK SCIENCE}, author={Fix, J. S. and Cassady, J. P. and Herring, W. O. and Holl, J. W. and Culbertson, M. S. and See, M. T.}, year={2010}, month={Jan}, pages={51–59} }
 @article{fix_cassady_holl_herring_culbertson_see_2010, title={Effect of piglet birth weight on survival and quality of commercial market swine}, volume={132}, ISSN={["1878-0490"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-77954658643&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1016/j.livsci.2010.05.007}, abstractNote={The objective of this study was to determine the effect of individual piglet birth weight on mortality and pig quality in a U.S. commercial production system. Pigs used in this study were farrowed from Large White × Landrace sows (n = 463) bred to Duroc boars during a 4 week period at a commercial sow farm. Within 24 h of birth, all pigs (born alive = 5727 and stillborns = 513) were weighed and individually indentified. A portion of pigs (16.7%) were cross-fostered to reduce litter size variation during lactation. Individual mortality was recorded daily during the suckling phase. Pigs were weighed 2 days prior to weaning (18.7 ± 2.1 days of age), finisher placement (74.8 ± 1.9 days of age), and 16 weeks into finishing (172.8 ± 1.8 days of age). During BW collections, an inventory of all live pigs was conducted, and pigs were given a quality score based on visual evaluation of BW and health (3 = healthy pig; 2 = slightly small and/or slightly unthrifty; 1 small and/or unthrifty). Survival was analyzed for 4 distinct time periods (prenatal, pre-weaning, nursery phase, and finishing phase). Data were analyzed using a logit (survival) or cumulative logit (quality score) function. Birth weight linear effects on prenatal, pre-weaning, and nursery survival as observed mortality probability increased as birth weight decreased. However birth weight did not impact the likelihood of survival during finishing. As birth weight decreased, the likelihood of pigs being poorer quality, quality score (1 or 2), at weaning, finisher placement, and 16 weeks into finishing, increased. As birth weight increased the likelihood of a pig being full value at the end of the finishing phase increased. Reduced individual piglet birth weight, was associated with reduced pig quality and likelihood of prenatal, pre-weaning, and nursery survival. Because of the negative impact of birth weight on pre-weaning and nursery survival and pig quality in finishing, as birth weight decreased pigs were less likely to be full value at harvest.}, number={1-3}, journal={LIVESTOCK SCIENCE}, author={Fix, J. S. and Cassady, J. P. and Holl, J. W. and Herring, W. O. and Culbertson, M. S. and See, M. T.}, year={2010}, month={Aug}, pages={98–106} }
 @article{heugten_hanson_ange_see_2010, title={Effects of on-farm magnesium supplementation through water on pork quality under two slaughter conditions}, volume={21}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-77954018450&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1111/j.1745-4573.2009.00187.x}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to determine the effects of pre‐harvest Mg supplementation and stunning method on longissimus (LM) and semitendinosus (SM) pork muscle quality. Magnesium was supplemented for 2 days in drinking water (300 ppm) before pigs were harvested at a commercial packing plant using either electrical or CO2 stunning. Magnesium supplementation did not affect (P > 0.10) ultimate pH, initial fluid loss, retail display purge loss or color of the LM and SM. Pork quality was generally improved in LM and SM samples obtained from the plant using CO2 stunning as evidenced by reduced initial fluid loss (P < 0.001), reduced purge loss (P < 0.05) and lower L* (darker), a* (less red) and b* (less yellow) values (P < 0.05) during an 8‐day retail display. Pork quality was improved when using CO2 stunning technology; however, Mg supplementation did not improve pork quality in either plant.}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Muscle Foods}, author={Heugten, Eric and Hanson, D. and Ange, D. and See, M. T.}, year={2010}, pages={350–364} }
 @article{knauer_cassady_newcom_see_2010, title={Estimates of variance components for genetic correlations among swine estrus traits}, volume={88}, ISSN={["1525-3163"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-77955997151&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.2527/jas.2009-2639}, abstractNote={Variance components and genetic correlations were estimated among estrus, puberty, growth, and composition traits in Landrace-Large White gilts (n = 1,225; Genetic Improvement Services, Newton Grove, NC) from 59 sires and 330 dams. Four groups of gilts entered the North Carolina Swine Evaluation Station in Clayton at an average age of 162 d and were checked daily for estrus. Once 70% of gilts had reached puberty, recording of estrus symptoms occurred every 12 h for 30 d, using fence-line boar contact. Subjective estrus traits were maximum strength of standing reflex with or without a boar present, total strength of standing reflex with or without a boar present, and strength of vulva reddening and swelling. Objective estrus traits consisted of vulva redness, vulva width, length of estrus in consecutive days based on 12-h observations, and age at puberty (AGEPUB). Growth and composition traits included puberty weight, days to 114 kg (DYS), 10th-rib backfat, and 10th-rib LM area at 114 kg (BF, LMA) and puberty. Variance components were estimated using AIREMLF90 with an animal model. All models included gilt development diet class and breed composition as fixed effects, entry age as a covariate (except DYS, BF, and LMA), a random common litter effect, and a random animal genetic effect. Heritability estimates for length of estrus, maximum strength of the standing reflex with a boar, total strength of the standing reflex with a boar, maximum strength of the standing reflex without a boar, total strength of the standing reflex without a boar, vulva redness, strength of vulva reddening and swelling, and vulva width were 0.21, 0.13, 0.26, 0.42, 0.42, 0.26, 0.45, and 0.58, respectively. Heritability estimates for AGEPUB, puberty weight, 10th-rib backfat at puberty, 10th-rib LM area at puberty, DYS, BF, and LMA were 0.29, 0.39, 0.41, 0.38, 0.24, 0.47, and 0.39, respectfully. Common litter effect estimates ranged from 0.01 to 0.09. The estimated genetic correlation between length of estrus and maximum strength of standing reflex with a boar was 0.99. Genetic correlations between AGEPUB and length of estrus, maximum strength of standing reflex with a boar, and vulva redness were -0.23, -0.32, and 0.20, respectively. Length of estrus had positive genetic associations with DYS and BF (0.30 and 0.29, respectively). It was concluded that past selection for lean BW gain may have weakened the strength of the standing reflex and that sufficient genetic variation exists to make selection for improved swine estrus traits effective.}, number={9}, journal={JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE}, author={Knauer, M. T. and Cassady, J. P. and Newcom, D. W. and See, M. T.}, year={2010}, month={Sep}, pages={2913–2919} }
 @article{oh_see_2008, title={Comparison of genetic parameter estimates of total sperm cells of boars between random regression and multiple trait animal models}, volume={21}, ISSN={["1976-5517"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-51149110471&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.5713/ajas.2008.70383}, abstractNote={The objective of this study was to compare random regression model and multiple trait animal model estimates of the (co) variance of total sperm cells over the active lifetime of AI boars. Data were provided by Smithfield Premium Genetics (Rose Hill, NC). Total number of records and animals for the random regression model were 19,629 and 1,736, respectively. Data for multiple trait animal model analyses were edited to include only records produced at 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, 24, and 27 months of age. For the multiple trait method estimates of genetic and residual variance for total sperm cells were heterogeneous among age classifications. When comparing multiple trait method to random regression, heritability estimates were similar except for total sperm cells at 24 months of age. The multiple trait method also resulted in higher estimates of heritability of total sperm cells at every age when compared to random regression results. Random regression analysis provided more detail with regard to changes of variance components with age. Random regression methods are the most appropriate to analyze semen traits as they are longitudinal data measured over the lifetime of boars.}, number={7}, journal={ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES}, author={Oh, S. -H. and See, M. T.}, year={2008}, month={Jul}, pages={923–927} }
 @article{bender_see_hanson_lawrence_cassady_2006, title={Correlated responses in growth, carcass, and meat quality traits to divergent selection for testosterone production in pigs}, volume={84}, ISSN={["1525-3163"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-33744943805&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.2527/2006.8461331x}, abstractNote={The objective of this project was to characterize changes in growth, carcass yield, and meat quality traits in castrates and gilts in response to divergent selection for testosterone production. In generation 21, endogenous testosterone concentrations in Duroc boars of the high (HTL) and low (LTL) testosterone lines averaged 49.0 and 27.8 ng/mL (P < 0.01), respectively. Eight LTL and 10 HTL boars were used to sire 29 LTL and 33 HTL litters. To remove the effects of inbreeding, these same boars were mated to females of a Large White x Landrace composite (WC) to generate 11 WC by LTL litters (WLT) and 23 WC by HTL litters (WHT). Castrates and gilts were then allotted to LTL (n = 53), HTL (n = 61), WLT (n = 102), and WHT (n = 101) for testing. Growth and carcass traits analyzed included days to 114 kg (D114), ADG, backfat adjusted to 114 kg (ABF), LM area adjusted to 114 kg and predicted percent lean (PPL). Fat-O-Meater data collected were adjusted fat depth (AFD), adjusted loin depth, and percent lean. Meat quality traits characterized at 24 h postmortem included marbling score, percent lipid, pH, drip loss, color score, and Minolta L*, a*, and b*. Data were analyzed with a mixed model including fixed effects of line, mating type (purebred or crossbred), sex, and the random effect of sire nested within line. All possible interactions among fixed effects were tested. The HTL had fewer D114 (P < 0.05), greater ADG (P < 0.01), greater ABF (P < 0.01), and lower PPL (P < 0.01) than LTL. The WHT and WLT did not differ for D114, ADG, or ABF. The WHT had smaller LM area adjusted to 114 kg (P < 0.05) and greater drip loss (P < 0.05) than WLT. The WLT had lower adjusted loin depth (P < 0.05) than LTL and HTL. The LTL and HTL had greater subjective scores for marbling (P < 0.05) compared with WLT and WHT. The least squares mean for percent lipid for HTL and LTL was 4.00. The WHT had greater means for L*, a*, and b* (P < 0.05) than WLT. Pigs selected for increased testosterone production grew faster and produced fatter carcasses than pigs selected for decreased testosterone. Changes in growth, carcass yield, and meat quality traits were detected in castrates and gilts in response to divergent selection for testosterone production.}, number={6}, journal={JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE}, author={Bender, J. M. and See, M. T. and Hanson, D. J. and Lawrence, T. E. and Cassady, J. P.}, year={2006}, month={Jun}, pages={1331–1337} }
 @article{gatlin_see_larick_odle_2006, title={Descriptive flavor analysis of bacon and pork loin from lean-genotype gilts fed conjugated linoleic acid and supplemental fat}, volume={84}, ISSN={["1525-3163"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-33845245391&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.2527/jas.2005-721}, abstractNote={This study evaluated the combined effects of dietary CLA and supplemental fat (SF) source on organoleptic characteristics of bacon and pork loin samples in lean-genotype gilts (n = 144). Gilts (49.3 kg of BW) were randomly assigned to a 3 x 2 factorial design, consisting of SF [0% SF, 4% yellow grease (YG), or 4% tallow] and linoleic acid (LA; 1% corn oil or 1% CLA). Animals were slaughtered (113 kg) after a feeding period of 47 d. A trained sensory panel (n = 6 members) developed a flavor profile on commercially cured bacon samples (12 descriptors) and center-cut, boneless, pork loin chops (18 descriptors, using a 14-point, universal intensity scale). Bacon samples from pigs fed 4% SF were considered to have a sweeter flavor (4.07 +/- 0.07) than those fed 0% SF (3.89 +/- 0.07; P < 0.04). The intensity of salty flavor was greater in bacon samples from pigs fed LA (6.18 +/- 0.09) compared with those fed CLA (5.86 +/- 0.10; P < 0.04). The intensity of salty aftertaste of bacon was greater when LA was combined with YG (5.21 +/- 0.14; P < 0.07) or tallow (5.44 +/- 0.14; P < 0.01) than for LA alone (4.85 +/- 0.14, but SF combined with CLA was not different from CLA alone (fat x LA; P < 0.02). Sour flavor intensity tended to be lower in loin samples from pigs fed CLA than for those fed LA (1.60 vs. 1.73 +/- 0.06; P < 0.09). Samples from animals fed 4% tallow tended to have lower (P < 0.09) notes of astringent aftertaste (1.42 +/- 0.08) compared with those fed 0% SF (1.62 +/- 0.09) or 4% YG (1.66 +/- 0.09). Overall, the flavor differences for bacon and loin samples were minimal, with most means differing by 1 point or less on the 14-point intensity scale. The sensory panel results indicate consumer acceptance of bacon and pork products from pigs fed CLA will not likely differ from commodity pork products.}, number={12}, journal={JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE}, author={Gatlin, L. Averette and See, M. T. and Larick, D. K. and Odle, J.}, year={2006}, month={Dec}, pages={3381–3386} }
 @article{frederick_heugten_see_2006, title={Effects of pig age at market weight and magnesium supplementation through drinking water on pork quality}, volume={84}, ISSN={["1525-3163"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-33744927165&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.2527/2006.8461512x}, abstractNote={Thirty-two halothane-negative pigs (109 +/- 0.6 kg of BW) were used to determine the effect of pig age at marketing (and thus growth rate), and magnesium supplementation through drinking water, on pork quality. Two initial groups of 50 pigs that differed by 30 +/- 2 d of age were fed diets to meet or exceed nutrient requirements beginning at 28 kg of BW. Sixteen average, representative pigs were selected from each group to represent older, slow-growing pigs and younger, fast-growing pigs. For the duration of the study, pigs were individually penned, provided 2.7 kg of feed (0.12% Mg) daily, and allowed free access to water. After 7 d of adjustment, pigs were blocked by sex and BW and allotted to 0 or 900 mg of supplemental Mg/L as MgSO4 in drinking water for 2 d before slaughter. All 32 pigs were then transported (110 km) to a commercial abattoir on the same day and slaughtered 2.5 h after arrival. Longissimus and semimembranosus (SM) chops were packaged and stored to simulate display storage for fluid loss and Minolta color determinations at 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8 d. Two remaining sections of the LM were vacuum-packaged and stored at 4 degrees C for 25 or 50 d. Fast- (younger) and slow- (older) growing pigs differed by 27 +/- 0.3 d of age (153 and 180 +/- 0.3 d; P < 0.001) at similar BW (108 and 110 +/- 0.6 kg of BW; P = 0.13). Supplementation of Mg tended to increase plasma Mg concentration (24.1 vs. 21.8 +/- 0.8 ppm; P = 0.06) but did not affect Mg concentration in LM or SM. Fluid loss of displayed LM or SM, and purge loss, color, and oxidation of vacuum-packaged LM or SM were not affected by age or Mg (P > 0.10). Surface exudate of the SM from older pigs was lower than that of younger pigs (61 vs. 74 +/- 6 mg; P = 0.05) but was not different for the LM (P = 0.22). The LM from older pigs displayed for 4 and 8 d; P < 0.05) were less yellow (lower b*) than younger pigs. The SM from older pigs had lower lightness (L*) initially (47.9 vs. 49.5 +/- 0.4) and after 2 d (49.7 vs. 51.1 +/- 0.4), 6 d (52.1 vs. 53.7 +/- 0.4) and 8 d (54.5 vs. 55.9 +/- 0.4) of display storage. Younger pigs had greater oxidation of the LM than older pigs on d 8 of display (P < 0.01), and Mg decreased oxidation on d 8 within younger pigs (P < 0.05). Pork quality was improved in older pigs as indicated by less exudate, reduced yellowness of the LM, reduced paleness of the SM, and reduced oxidation of the LM. However, Mg supplementation through the water for 2 d did not affect pork quality of either older, slower growing pigs or younger, faster growing pigs.}, number={6}, journal={JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE}, author={Frederick, B. R. and Heugten, E. and See, M. T.}, year={2006}, month={Jun}, pages={1512–1519} }
 @article{frederick_van heugten_see_2006, title={Effects of pig age at market weight and magnesium supplementation through drinking water on pork quality}, volume={84}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-33744927165&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, number={6}, journal={Journal of Animal Science}, author={Frederick, B.R. and Van Heugten, E. and See, M.T.}, year={2006}, pages={1512–1519} }
 @article{frederick_heugten_hanson_see_2006, title={Effects of supplemental magnesium concentration of drinking water on pork quality}, volume={84}, ISSN={["1525-3163"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-33744906659&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.2527/2006.841185x}, abstractNote={Thirty-two barrows were used to determine the effects of supplemental Mg in drinking water on pork quality. Pigs were determined to be free of the halothane and Napole mutations and were individually penned. After a 7-d adjustment period, barrows (111 +/- 1 kg BW) were blocked by BW and allotted randomly within block to 0, 300, 600, or 900 mg of supplemental Mg from Mg sulfate/L of drinking water for 2 d before slaughter. Pigs were not allowed access to feed (0.13% Mg) for 15 h before slaughter but continued to have access to experimental water treatments. Pigs were loaded and transported 110 km (1.75 h) to a commercial abattoir and remained in lairage for 5 h before slaughter. The LM was removed 24 h postmortem. Retail storage was simulated for 8 d, and the remaining LM was vacuum-packaged for 25 or 50 d at 4 degrees C. Plasma Mg concentration increased linearly (P = 0.001) with Mg supplementation; however, Mg concentration of the LM was not affected (P = 0.99) by Mg supplementation. Surface exudate, drip loss, and retail fluid loss of the LM were not affected (P > 0.10) by Mg. Lightness (L*) and redness (a*) of the LM were not affected (P > 0.10) by Mg, with the exception of initial redness (cubic; P = 0.05). Pigs supplemented with 300 or 900 mg of Mg/L had lower yellowness (b*) values of the LM displayed for 0 to 6 d than pigs supplemented with 0 or 600 mg of Mg/L (cubic; P < 0.05). Lightness of the LM after 25 (quadratic; P = 0.03) or 50 (quadratic; P = 0.04) d of vacuum-packed storage was greater at 300 and 600 mg of Mg/L than at 0 or 900 mg/L. Yellowness tended to be greater after 50 d, but not after 25 d, of vacuum-packaged storage for 300 or 600 mg of Mg/L compared with 0 or 900 mg/L (quadratic; P = 0.08). Oxidation of the LM, determined by thiobarbituric acid reactive substances after 4 d of retail storage, increased linearly (P = 0.05) as Mg increased in the drinking water. Furthermore, oxidation of the LM after 8 d of retail storage tended to increase linearly (P < 0.10), primarily because of the high oxidation of LM from pigs supplemented with 900 mg of Mg/L compared with controls (224 vs. 171 +/- 19 microg/kg, respectively). Oxidation of the LM was greater for pigs supplemented with 300 or 900 mg/L compared with 0 or 600 mg of Mg/L (cubic; P < 0.06) after 25 d of vacuum-packed storage. Magnesium did not improve pork quality characteristics of practical significance in pigs without the halothane and Rendement Napole mutations.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE}, author={Frederick, BR and Heugten, E and Hanson, DJ and See, MT}, year={2006}, month={Jan}, pages={185–190} }
 @article{frederick_van heugten_hanson_see_2006, title={Effects of supplemental magnesium concentration of drinking water on pork quality}, volume={84}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-33744906659&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Animal Science}, author={Frederick, B.R. and Van Heugten, E. and Hanson, D.J. and See, M.T.}, year={2006}, pages={185–190} }
 @article{talbott_see_kaminsky_bixby_sturek_brisbin_kadzere_2006, title={Enhancing pork flavor and fat quality with swine raised in sylvan systems Potential niche-market application for the Ossabaw hog}, volume={21}, ISSN={["1742-1705"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-33845639051&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1079/raf2005130}, abstractNote={Our global food supply becomes more vulnerable as we continue to lose diverse genetic resources. The Ossabaw hog is a feral breed that is unique to North America, a distant relative to the renowned Iberian hog and is considered an endangered swine breed. The objective of our farmer participatory project was to examine the meat and fat characteristics of Ossabaw hogs raised in alternative management systems for niche-market application. At one farm, eight Ossabaw pigs were randomly assigned to a grass pasture and fed a free choice corn–soy (CS) ration or placed in a mixed hardwood forest plot and provided free choice peanuts in the shells (P), alfalfa pellets (A) and mast from the mixed hardwoods (diet collectively referred to as PAM). The two diets had no effect on Ossabaw production data or pork quality characteristics; however, fat profiles were altered. Ossabaws weighed approximately 70 kg when harvested at 400 days and produced chops with small loin eyes (21–23 cm2) and minimal evidence of intramuscular fat deposits (1%). The unsaturated fatty acid (USFA) to saturated fatty acid (SFA) ratio improved from 1.6 to 2.6 (P<0.01) as a result of feeding the PAM diet. Forest-finished Ossabaw pork was considered more flavorful by food critics and renowned chefs than that of conventionally fed animals. Mast from hardwoods offers the possibility of enhancing pork flavor for niche markets and using a renewable forest resource as a food source. For farm two, eight Ossabaw gilts and eight crossbred progeny (from European breeds) were randomly assigned to one of the two dirt-lots and fed free choice a CS ration or PA diet (same ration as mentioned above with no mast). Ossabaw hogs grew nearly one-third as fast as the crosses and weighed approximately 80% of the crosses' harvest weight at twice their age. Loin eye areas of the crosses were nearly twice as large as the Ossabaws while the subcutaneous back fat deposition was nearly half. Compared to the CS diet, the PA ration decreased SFA by 23% while polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) increased by 60%. The USFA to SFA ratios improved from 1.5 to 2.2 (P<0.01) when PA diets were fed. Differences (P<0.05) in USFA profiles were observed for breed effects; Ossabaws had 8% higher levels of monounsaturated fatty acids and 18% lower PUFA levels than the crosses. When adjusted for breed effects, no differences in sensory characteristics for the CS versus PA diets were detected by a trained panel. Ossabaws were more flavorful than the crosses (2.3 versus 1.6); (P<0.05).}, number={3}, journal={RENEWABLE AGRICULTURE AND FOOD SYSTEMS}, author={Talbott, Charles W. and See, M. Todd and Kaminsky, Peter and Bixby, Don and Sturek, Michael and Brisbin, I. Lehr and Kadzere, Charles}, year={2006}, month={Sep}, pages={183–191} }
 @article{oh_see_long_galvin_2006, title={Estimates of genetic correlations between production and semen traits in boar}, volume={19}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-28844438790&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.5713/ajas.2006.160}, abstractNote={Currently, boars selected for commercial use as AI sires are evaluated on grow-finish performance and carcass characteristics. If AI sires were also evaluated and selected on semen production, it may be possible to reduce the number of boars required to service sows, thereby improving the productivity and profitability of the boar stud. The objective of this study was to estimate genetic correlations between production and semen traits in the boar: average daily gain (ADG), backfat thickness (BF) and muscle depth (MD) as production traits, and total sperm cells (TSC), total concentration (TC), volume collected (SV), number of extended doses (ND), and acceptance rate of ejaculates (AR) as semen traits. Semen collection records and performance data for 843 boars and two generations of pedigree data were provided by Smithfield Premium Genetics. Backfat thickness and MD were measured by real-time ultrasound. Genetic parameters were estimated from five four-trait and one five-trait animal models using MTDFREML. Average heritability estimates were 0.39 for ADG, 0.32 for BF, 0.15 for MD, and repeatability estimates were 0.38 for SV, 0.37 for TSC, 0.09 for TC, 0.39 for ND, and 0.16 for AR. Semen traits showed a strong negative genetic correlation with MD and positive genetic correlation with BF. Genetic correlations between semen traits and ADG were low. Therefore, current AI boar selection practices may be having a detrimental effect on semen production. (Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci. 2006. Vol 19, No. 2 : 160-164)}, number={2}, journal={Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences}, author={Oh, S.H. and See, M.T. and Long, T.E. and Galvin, J.M.}, year={2006}, pages={160–164} }
 @article{oh_lee_see_2006, title={Estimation of genetic parameters for reproductive traits between first and later parities in pig}, volume={19}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-28844484138&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.5713/ajas.2006.7}, abstractNote={The objective of this study was to estimate genetic parameters between first and later parities as different traits in reproductive traits of pigs using multiple trait animal model procedures. Data related to reproductive traits from a total of 2,371 individuals maintained at a farm were taken from the pedigree file. Sires and dams were consisted of Duroc, Landrace, and Yorkshire breeds, respectively. The first and later parity records were considered as different traits. Traits included in analyses were total pigs born (TB1), number of pigs born alive (NBA1), number of pigs weaned (NW1), and litter weaning weight (LWT1) in the first parity, and total pigs born (TB2), number of pigs born alive (NBA2), number of pigs weaned (NW2), litter weaning weight (LWT2) and interval between farrowing events (FTF) in later parities. Heritability estimates of TB1, NBA1, NW1 and LWT1 in the first parity were 0.27, 0.25, 0.16 and 0.20, respectively. For TB2, NBA2, NW2, LWT2 and FTF in later parities, heritabilities were estimated as 0.15, 0.15, 0.08, 0.11 and 0.07, respectively. Genetic correlations between sow reproductive traits in the first parity and in the second and later parity were estimated to be 0.89, 0.77, 0.58 and 0.66, respectively, between TB1 and TB2, NBA1 and NBA2, NW1 and NW2, and LWT1 and LWT2. While phenotypic correlations between TB1 and TB2, NBA1 and NBA2, NW1 and NW2, and LWT1 and LWT2 were estimated as 0.18, 0.15, 0.06 and 0.10, respectively. Genetic correlations between reproductive traits of first and later parities were not high indicating that reproductive traits for sows should be analyzed while considering the parities as different traits. (Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci. 2006. Vol 19, No. 1 : 7-12)}, number={1}, journal={Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences}, author={Oh, S.H. and Lee, D.H. and See, M.T.}, year={2006}, pages={7–12} }
 @article{oh_see_long_galvin_2006, title={Genetic parameters for various random regression models to describe total sperm cells per ejaculate over the reproductive lifetime of boars}, volume={84}, ISSN={["1525-3163"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-33748797712&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.2527/2006.843538x}, abstractNote={The objective of this study was to model the variances and covariances of total sperm cells per ejaculate (TSC) over the reproductive lifetime of AI boars. Data from boars (n = 834) selected for AI were provided by Smithfield Premium Genetics. The total numbers of records and animals were 19,629 and 1,736, respectively. Parameters were estimated for TSC by age of boar classification with a random regression model using the Simplex method and DxMRR procedures. The model included breed, collector, and year-season as fixed effects. Random effects were additive genetic, permanent environmental effect of boar, and residual. Observations were removed when the number of data at a given age of boar classification was < 10 records. Preliminary evaluations showed the best fit with fifth-order polynomials, indicating that the best model would have fifth-order fixed regression and fifth-order random regressions for animal and permanent environmental effects. Random regression models were fitted to evaluate all combinations of first- through seventh-order polynomial covariance functions. Goodness of fit for the models was tested using Akaike's Information Criterion and the Schwarz Criterion. The maximum log likelihood value was observed for sixth-, fifth-, and seventh-order polynomials for fixed, additive genetic, and permanent environmental effects, respectively. However, the best fit as determined by Akaike's Information Criterion and the Schwarz Criterion was by fitting sixth-, fourth-, and seventh-order polynomials; and fourth-, second-, and seventh-order polynomials for fixed, additive genetic, and permanent environmental effects, respectively. Heritability estimates for TSC ranged from 0.27 to 0.48 across age of boar classifications. In addition, heritability for TSC tended to increase with age of boar classification.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE}, author={Oh, SH and See, MT and Long, TE and Galvin, JM}, year={2006}, month={Mar}, pages={538–545} }
 @article{gatlin_see_odle_2005, title={Effects of chemical hydrogenation of supplemental fat on relative apparent lipid digestibility in finishing swine}, volume={83}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-33645959846&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.2527/2005.8381890x}, abstractNote={Four experiments were conducted to evaluate lipid digestibility in finishing swine fed chemically hydrogenated fats. Dietary chromic oxide was used as an inert marker to measure the apparent digestibility of supplemental fat (SF) that consisted of fully hydrogenated (FH), partially hydrogenated (PH), or PH products blended with other fat sources. In Exp. 1, diets containing 5% SF (as-fed basis) comprising 100, 66.7, 33.3, or 0% FH animal fat (iodine value = 2.5), with the balance contributed by soy oil, were fed to gilts (n = 24). Apparent digestibility increased linearly (-12.0, 26.0, 61.2, and 72.6%; P < 0.001) as the amount of FH fat in the diet decreased, suggesting the digestibility of FH to be near zero. Experiment 2 (2 x 4 factorial; n = 48) evaluated diets containing 5% (as-fed basis) blended fat (FH tallow and yellow grease) to achieve iodine values of 20, 30, 40, or 50 compared with PH tallow with identical iodine values. Digestibility of diets formulated with PH tallow was greater than those containing blended fat (73.4 vs. 67.2%; P < 0.01), especially at lower iodine values (interaction; P < 0.10). In Exp. 3, digestibility was measured in pigs (n = 96) fed 5% (as-fed basis) PH choice white grease with iodine values of 20, 40, 60, or 80. Increasing iodine value did not alter digestibility (66.2, 69.2, 68.2, and 69.7%). Experiment 4 investigated digestibility (n = 32) of diets formulated with 8% (as-fed basis) PH fat (iodine value 20 or 50) with 0.10% lysolecithin as an emulsifier. Lipid digestibility was 14.5% greater in the 8% SF diet with an iodine value of 50 compared with the diet with an iodine value of 20 (79.15 vs. 69.12%; P < 0.001), but lysolecithin was without effect. These experiments indicate that partial hydrogenation is superior to blending unsaturated fat with saturated fat sources and that digestibility is not greatly affected by decreasing the iodine value via partial hydrogenation.}, number={8}, journal={Journal of Animal Science}, author={Gatlin, L.A. and See, M.T. and Odle, Jack}, year={2005}, pages={1890–1898} }
 @article{belstra_flowers_croom_degroot_see_2005, title={Urinary excretion of collagen degradation markers by sows during postpartum uterine involution}, volume={85}, ISSN={["1873-2232"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-8844250111&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1016/j.anireprosci.2004.04.035}, abstractNote={Incomplete uterine involution is the putative cause of the increased embryo mortality and reproductive failure often exhibited by sows that lactate for less than 21 days. Since such short lactation lengths are common in American swine production, an effective technique to monitor the postpartum involution process and test this hypothesis might be valuable. Rapid and extensive catabolism of uterine collagen is essential for normal postpartum involution. The objective of this study was to characterize postpartum excretion of two biochemical markers of collagen degradation. In experiment I, urine samples were collected from five sows every other day from the day before parturition (day −1), through a 21-day lactation, to day 8 postweaning. The collagen crosslinks hydroxylysyl pyridinoline (HP), which is present in many tissues, and lysyl pyridinoline (LP), which is primarily concentrated in bone, were assayed by both ELISA and HPLC. Urinary levels of both free (ELISA) and total (HPLC) HP and LP increased (P < 0.001) approximately two-fold during lactation. The mean molar ratio of total HP:LP increased (P < 0.001) from 6.6 ± 1.6 at day 1 to a maximum of 10.2 ± 1.5 at day 7 postpartum and averaged 9.1 ± 0.3 for the entire sampling period. These data are consistent with a postpartum increase of soft tissue collagen catabolism since bone has a low HP:LP ratio of 4 and soft tissues like the uterus have a high HP:LP ratio of ≥20 because they contain only trace amounts of LP. Since HPLC (total) and ELISA (free) crosslinks estimates were highly correlated (r = 0.85–0.91, P < 0.001) in experiment I, only the less technical ELISA technique was used in experiment II. Urine samples were collected from 21 sows every third day from day 1 to 19 of lactation. Sows from this second group exhibited one of four distinct crosslinks excretion patterns: peak on day 1 (n = 3), peak on day 7 (n = 4), peak on day 10, 13 or 16 (n = 7), or no peak (n = 7). This variation of postpartum crosslinks excretion among sows was not related to parity, body weight, lactation body weight change, litter size, or litter birth weight. Overall, data from experiments I and II indicate that urinary HP does increase postpartum in a pattern temporally consistent with uterine involution. However, significant variation among sows in the magnitude and timing of peak HP excretion was evident.}, number={1-2}, journal={ANIMAL REPRODUCTION SCIENCE}, author={Belstra, BA and Flowers, WL and Croom, WJ and DeGroot, J and See, MT}, year={2005}, month={Jan}, pages={131–145} }
 @article{see_2004, title={An educational program model for pork producers pursuing value-added marketing opportunities}, volume={42}, ISBN={1077-5315}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-3042581433&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Extension}, author={See, M.T.}, year={2004}, pages={5} }
 @article{see_armstrong_weldon_2004, title={Effect of a ractopamine feeding program on growth performance and carcass composition in finishing pigs}, volume={82}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-4243135991&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.2527/2004.8282474x}, abstractNote={Barrows and gilts (n = 100 per gender) were used to determine the effects of an increasing, decreasing, or constant ractopamine (RAC) dietary concentration on growth performance and carcass characteristics. Pigs, within a gender, were assigned randomly to pens (five pigs per pen and 10 pens per treatment). Pens were assigned randomly to one of four dietary treatments at a starting weight of 71.2 kg, to target an average ending weight of 109 kg. The four dietary treatments (as-fed basis) were 1) control = 0 ppm RAC, wk 0 to 6; 2) RAC step-up = 5.0 ppm, wk 1 to 2; 10.0 ppm, wk 3 to 4; and 20.0 ppm, wk 5 to 6; 3) RAC step-down = 20.0 ppm, wk 1 to 2; 10.0 ppm, wk 3 to 4; and 5.0 ppm, wk 5 to 6; and 4) RAC constant = 11.7 ppm, wk 0 to 6. Feed allocation was recorded daily, and pigs were weighed and feed was weighed back every 2 wk. Jugular blood samples were obtained from two randomly selected pigs per pen on d -3, 7, 21, 35, and 41 for determination of plasma urea nitrogen (PUN) concentrations. Two pigs were selected randomly per pen and sent to a commercial slaughter facility at the end of the 6-wk experimental period. Carcass data were evaluated on an equal time basis and on an equal weight basis by using hot carcass weight (HCW) as a covariate. Overall, ADG and G:F were improved (P < 0.05) for pigs fed RAC compared with control, with no differences among RAC feeding programs. In wk 3 and 4, improvements (P < 0.05) in ADG and G:F were realized with the implementation of a RAC step-up program compared with control pigs. The concentrations of PUN were decreased (P < 0.05) at d 7 and 21 with RAC feeding, and a RAC step-up program maintained the decrease (P < 0.05) in PUN through d 35 and 41. A RAC step-up and constant program increased (P < 0.05) HCW and percent yield. Loin muscle area and percentage of fat-free lean increased (P < 0.05) and backfat thickness decreased (P < 0.05) in pigs fed RAC. If pigs were considered to be on feed for an equal time period, advantages (P < 0.05) were observed for weight of boneless trimmed ham, shoulder and loin for the step-up and constant RAC treatments compared with the controls. Feeding a RAC step-up or constant feeding program resulted in favorable responses in growth performance and yielded more lean pork.}, number={8}, journal={Journal of Animal Science}, author={See, M.T. and Armstrong, T.A. and Weldon, W.C.}, year={2004}, pages={2474–2480} }
 @article{pion_heugten_see_larick_pardue_2004, title={Effects of vitamin C supplementation on plasma ascorbic acid and oxalate concentrations and meat quality in swine}, volume={82}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-3142649749&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.2527/2004.8272004x}, abstractNote={Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of vitamin C supplementation 48 h before slaughter on plasma ascorbic acid and oxalate concentrations and its effect on pork quality. In Exp. 1, 16 pigs (87.8+/-2.13 kg BW) were blocked by sex and weight and assigned randomly within block to one of three vitamin C treatments: 1) control; 2) 1,000 mg/L; or 3) 2,000 mg/L supplemented in the drinking water for a 48-h period. This was then followed by an additional 48-h period without supplemental vitamin C. Vitamin C increased plasma ascorbic acid concentrations (11.6, 19.5, and 23.4 microg/mL for 0, 1,000, and 2,000 mg/L of vitamin C; P < 0.05) within 6 h of supplementation. Plasma ascorbic acid concentrations from treated pigs decreased and did not differ from those of control pigs (13.7, 18.2, and 18.6 microg/mL for 0, 1,000, and 2,000 mg/L of vitamin C; P = 0.30) within 2 h of ending supplementation. No differences in plasma ascorbic acid concentrations were found between the two levels of supplementation. Vitamin C did not affect plasma oxalate or cortisol; however, cortisol tended to increase quadratically (P = 0.077) with vitamin C after 96 h. In Exp. 2, 30 pigs (107.5+/-0.54 kg BW) were blocked by sex and weight and assigned randomly within block to one of three vitamin C treatments: 1) control; 2) 500 mg/L; or 3) 1,000 mg/L supplemented in the drinking water 48 h before slaughter. Pigs were slaughtered 4 to 5 h after vitamin C supplementation ended, and loin samples were collected for meat quality measurements. At the time of slaughter, no differences in plasma ascorbic acid or cortisol were observed, but oxalate tended (P = 0.074) to increase quadratically with increasing vitamin C. Muscle ascorbic acid at slaughter and lactic acid in muscle at 0 and 1.5 h after slaughter were not different; however, lactic acid increased (P = 0.048) quadratically at 24 h after slaughter. Vitamin C did not affect initial or ultimate pH. Initial fluid loss (P = 0.041), and fluid loss on d 4 (P = 0.014) and 8 (P = 0.076) of simulated retail display; L* on d 0 (P = 0.038), 4 (P = 0.010), and 8 (P = 0.051); a* on d 0 (P = 0.021); and b* on d 0 (P = 0.006), 4 (P = 0.035), and 8 (P = 0.017) were negatively affected in a quadratic manner when vitamin C was supplemented. Vitamin C tended (P = 0.086) to increase oxidation in chops on d 0, but not d 4 or 8. Results indicate that on-farm supplementation of vitamin C was generally not effective in improving pork quality, which may be related to timing relative to slaughter.}, number={7}, journal={Journal of Animal Science}, author={Pion, S.J. and Heugten, Eric and See, M.T. and Larick, D.K. and Pardue, S.}, year={2004}, pages={2004–2012} }
 @article{belstra_flowers_see_2004, title={Factors affecting temporal relationships between estrus and ovulation in commercial sow farms}, volume={84}, ISSN={["1873-2232"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-4143080539&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1016/j.anireprosci.2004.02.005}, abstractNote={The main objective was to examine effects of season, parity, genotype, lactation length, and weaning-to-estrus interval on duration of estrus (DE) and onset of estrus-to-ovulation interval (EOI) in three sow farms. Detection of estrus and ovulation by the back-pressure test and transabdominal ultrasonography, respectively, were performed every 6 h from day 2–10 postweaning in 535 sows (approximately 89 per farm per season). The average weaning-to-estrus interval, DE, and EOI of the 501 sows that returned to estrus by day 10 postweaning were 4.6±0.1 days, 55.2±0.5 h, and 41.8±0.5 h, respectively. Farm × season (P<0.01), parity×season (P<0.05), and farm×weaning-to-estrus interval (P<0.05) interactions for DE and EOI were detected. Sows weaned in the summer had an 8 h longer (P<0.001) DE and EOI than those weaned in the spring on farms 1 and 3. On farm 2 however, DE and EOI did not differ (P=0.09) in sows weaned in summer versus spring. On each farm, parity 3 and ≥4 sows had a 4.5 h longer (P<0.05) DE and EOI than parity 1 and 2 sows in the summer, but there were no differences (P>0.11) in DE or EOI among parity classes in the spring. There was a linear decrease of DE (P<0.001) and EOI (P<0.05) as weaning-to-estrus interval increased from the 3 to the ≥7 day class on each farm. However, the range of weaning-to-estrus interval that exhibited a stepwise decrease of DE and EOI was narrower on farm 1 (3–5 days) than farms 2 and 3 (3–6 days). Only farms 1 and 3 had multiple genotypes. Genotype did not affect (P>0.14) DE on either farm, but the EOI of genotype B was 4 h shorter (P<0.05) than genotype C on farm 1. On each farm, DE decreased linearly (P<0.01) as lactation length increased from ≤13 to ≥20 days. In general, factors that affected EOI also affected (P<0.05) the percentage of inseminations that occurred within 24 h pre- to 3 h post-ovulation. These data indicate that factors other than weaning-to-estrus interval, such as season and parity, can significantly alter DE and EOI. However, the effects of season and weaning-to-estrus interval on DE and EOI can be inconsistent among different farms.}, number={3-4}, journal={ANIMAL REPRODUCTION SCIENCE}, author={Belstra, BA and Flowers, WL and See, MT}, year={2004}, month={Sep}, pages={377–394} }
 @article{talbott_see_ahmedna_fennell_gunthorp_willis_2004, title={Potential for small-scale farmers to produce niche market pork using alternative diets, breeds and rearing environments: Observations from North Carolina}, volume={19}, ISSN={["1742-1713"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-5444229350&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1079/RAFS200364}, abstractNote={Abstract With the extensive focus on lean conformation in the finished hog over the past 25 years, there is some indication that pork quality has suffered and taste has been bred out of today's pork. Similar to the Certified Angus Beef program (a breed noted for intramuscular fat), small-scale farmers can promote a different ‘upscale’ pork by using breeds that will focus on pork taste exclusively, and feeding diets (possibly apart from corn and soybeans) to enhance flavor. Two experiments were devised to examine the influence of breed, rearing environment and diet on fresh pork quality and flavor. In Trial 1, three sow breed groups (Tamworth, Tamworth×Landrace, or Hampshire×Landrace) were mated to Duroc boars. Littermates (91 pigs total) were assigned randomly at weaning to one of three treatments: (1) confinement, (2) dry-lot and (3) pasture. All pigs were full fed a 16% crude protein (CP) grow-finish ration. Pasture pigs were allowed access to plots consisting of predominately white and crimson clovers with warm-season grasses (Bermuda grass and crab grass). Hampshire crosses had higher Minolta L* scores, indicating a paler, less desirable loin. Pork quality was similar across rearing environments except for lower initial pH levels observed in the pasture system and higher drip-loss percentage recorded in both outdoor systems. In Trial 2, 42 Tamworth×Duroc littermates were randomly assigned to one of two rearing environments (confinement or pasture) at 55 kg and full fed a 14% CP diet. Pigs finishing on pasture had access to standing, mature barley. Pork from the pasture system was darker than that from pigs reared in confinement. No differences were observed in sensory evaluation of the pork for the rearing environments examined. For both trials, intramuscular fat levels (<2%) and visual color scores were too low to be considered for ‘upscale’ markets. Alternative diets to produce niche-market pork are unlikely to influence flavor without adequate levels of marbling.}, number={3}, journal={RENEWABLE AGRICULTURE AND FOOD SYSTEMS}, author={Talbott, C and See, T and Ahmedna, M and Fennell, H and Gunthorp, G and Willis, P}, year={2004}, month={Sep}, pages={135–140} }
 @article{frederick_heugten_see_2004, title={Timing of magnesium supplementation administered through drinking water to improve fresh and stored pork quality}, volume={82}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-2442473252&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.2527/2004.8251454x}, abstractNote={Thirty-two pigs were used to determine the timing effect of magnesium (Mg) supplementation given through drinking water on pork quality. Pigs (16 barrows and 16 gilts) were individually penned, provided 2.7 kg of feed (0.12% Mg) daily (as-fed basis), and allowed free access to water via a nipple waterer for the duration of the study. After 5 d of adjustment, pigs (120 +/- 0.8 kg BW) were allotted randomly by weight and sex to 900 mg/L of supplemental Mg from magnesium sulfate heptahydrate in drinking water for -6, -4, -2, or 0 d relative to slaughter. The LM and semimembranosus (SM) muscles were removed 24 h postmortem. Retail display storage was simulated for 8 d, and the LM was vacuum-packaged for 25 or 50 d at 4 degrees C. Magnesium did not affect the pH of the LM at either 45 min (P = 0.15) or 24 h postmortem (P = 0.23). However, the pH of the SM at 24 h postmortem tended to be greater (P = 0.08) for pigs consuming Mg for 2 d than for those not supplemented. Fluid loss after 8 d of storage was less (P < 0.05) in the LM of pigs supplemented with Mg for 6 d than in those without supplementation. Furthermore, fluid loss from the SM of pigs provided supplemental Mg for 2 d, but not for 4 or 6 d, was lower (P < 0.05) on each day of retail display than the SM of unsupplemented pigs. Minolta L*, a*, and b* color measurements of the LM during display storage were not (P > 0.10) affected by Mg supplementation. However, Mg supplementation for 2 or 4 d decreased paleness (lower L* value) after 25 d (P < 0.05), but not 50 d (P > 0.10) of vacuum-packaged storage. Magnesium addition for 2 d decreased the extent of oxidation (thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances) of the LM after 4 d of display storage compared with 0 d of Mg (P < 0.05). Oxidation of the SM during 8 d of display storage increased linearly (P < 0.05) as duration of supplementation increased from 2 to 6 d but did not differ (P = 0.22) from 0 d of Mg supplementation. Although the response to Mg supplementation was variable, supplementation for 2 d before slaughter was considered most efficacious because of the following: decreased fluid loss from the SM, and lower lipid oxidation formation in the LM during retail storage; a darker, more desirable LM color after 25 d of vacuum-packaged storage; and cost reductions compared with longer durations.}, number={5}, journal={Journal of Animal Science}, author={Frederick, B.R. and Heugten, Eric and See, M.T.}, year={2004}, pages={1454–1460} }
 @article{see_2004, title={U.S. purebred swine & U.S. swine genetics systems}, volume={46}, ISBN={0023-4850}, number={6}, journal={Krmiva}, author={See, M. T.}, year={2004}, pages={329} }
 @article{swine_2004, title={U.S. purebred swine & U.S. swine genetics systems}, volume={46}, url={https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=lah&AN=20053001121&site=ehost-live&scope=site}, note={Accessed February 7, 2022.}, number={6}, journal={Krmiva}, author={swine, See MT. U.S.}, year={2004}, month={Jun}, pages={329–337} }
 @article{moeser_see_heugten_morrow_kempen_2003, title={Diet and evaluators affect perception of swine waste odor: An educational demonstration}, volume={81}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-2142759654&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.2527/2003.81123211x}, abstractNote={An educational program was developed for extension agents, faculty, and graduate students to illustrate the effect of diet composition on odor from swine manure. Participants in this program first received a 2-h detailed review on odorous compounds in manure and the effect of diet on odor. For the second portion of the training, nine manure samples were used from pigs fed diets formulated with feed ingredients predicted to have different effects on odor emission or a nutritionally adequate corn-soybean meal diet. Participants were instructed to rate the odor from these samples for pleasantness, irritation, and intensity on a scale of 0 (best) to 8 (worst), using manure from the corn-soybean meal fed pig as the reference with a score defined as 4 for each variable. Results obtained were summarized and discussed before concluding the program. Participants were Cooperative Extension Agents (n = 13) with swine responsibilities and graduate students and faculty (n = 8). The manure from the diet with the worst odor scores (1% garlic) was rated at 70% more odorous across the three odor variables (P < 0.05) than the diet with the least odorous manure (purified diet). Even though a reference sample was used, individual participants differed in their perception of irritation across samples (P < 0.05), ranging in average score across diets from 2.4 (moderately better than reference) to 5.0 (slightly worse than reference). With extension agents, a 1 to 7 scale (very interesting to not at all interesting) was used for evaluation of the training session. Participants found the material to be interesting (mean = 1.7, SD = 0.7) and the training exercise to be well organized and coherent in its presentation (mean = 1.8, SD = 0.7). Participants enjoyed this training and learned that differences in odor are achievable through altering diet composition, and that the response to swine odor depends on individual odor perception.}, number={12}, journal={Journal of Animal Science}, author={Moeser, A.J. and See, M.T. and Heugten, Eric and Morrow, W.E.M. and Kempen, T.A.T.G. Van}, year={2003}, pages={3211–3215} }
 @article{gatlin_see_hansen_odle_2003, title={Hydrogenated dietary fat improves pork quality of pigs from two lean genotypes}, volume={81}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0642279211&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.2527/2003.8181989x}, abstractNote={Pork quality is influenced by nutrition, genetics, management, and pork-processing procedures. Pigs of lean genotype fed diets high in unsaturated fat may have thinner, lower-quality bellies with a soft fat composition. Therefore, we investigated the effects of supplementing 5% choice white grease that had been chemically hydrogenated to iodine values of 80, 60, 40, or 20 on pork quality. Diets were fed to barrows and gilts of two genotypes (NPD [Ham-line x Manor hybrid] and PIC [406, 419, or 420 x C22]; n = 240) in a 4 x 2 x 2 factorial design. Pigs (76.8 kg of mean initial weight) were placed on test at a common age and were fed dietary treatments for 52 d. Pigs of PIC genotype were heavier at trial initiation, had higher feed intake and feed conversion ratio (F/G; P < 0.05), and greater backfat (26.3 vs. 24.0 mm; P < 0.001) and loin depth (59.0 vs. 55.3 mm; P < 0.001) compared with the NPD genotype pigs. As the iodine value of dietary fat was reduced, belly thickness increased (P < 0.05) and length decreased linearly (P < 0.05). Congruently, belly fat iodine value decreased from 73.9 to 67.4 (linear effect; P < 0.001) and belly fat C18:2 concentration declined from 20.6 to 16.3% (linear and quadratic effect; P < 0.001). The belly mono- and polyunsaturated fat ratio increased 29% as diet iodine value declined from 80 to 20 (linear and quadratic effect; P < 0.001). Further, there was a linear increase (P < 0.001) in saturated fatty acid concentration of belly fat (C14:0, C16:0, and C18:0) as dietary fat iodine value declined. Quadratic (P < 0.005) effects were detected in the level of C18:1trans as iodine value decreased from 80 to 20, paralleling dietary content. Dietary fat iodine value did not affect fat digestibility, ADFI, or F/G. Pork belly quality was improved as defined by reduced iodine value, C18:2 content, increased saturated fatty acid content, increased thickness, and decreased length as dietary iodine value decreased. Results indicate that reduction of dietary fat iodine value by chemical hydrogenation has the desirable effect of improving pork quality and does not alter growth performance.}, number={8}, journal={Journal of Animal Science}, author={Gatlin, L. Averette and See, M.T. and Hansen, J.A. and Odle, Jack}, year={2003}, pages={1989–1997} }
 @article{averette gatlin_see_hansen_odle_2003, title={Hydrogenated dietary fat improves pork quality of pigs from two lean genotypes}, volume={81}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0642279211&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, number={8}, journal={Journal of Animal Science}, author={Averette Gatlin, L. and See, M.T. and Hansen, J.A. and Odle, J.}, year={2003}, pages={1989–1997} }
 @article{heugten_hasty_see_larick_2003, title={Storage stability of pork from Berkshire and Hampshire sired pigs following dietary supplementation with vitamin E}, volume={14}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0037353707&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1111/j.1745-4573.2003.tb00346.x}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Muscle Foods}, author={Heugten, Eric and Hasty, J.L. and See, M.T. and Larick, D.K.}, year={2003}, pages={67–80} }
 @article{gatlin_see_larick_lin_odle_2002, title={Conjugated Linoleic Acid in Combination with Supplemental Dietary Fat Alters Pork Fat Quality}, volume={132}, ISSN={0022-3166 1541-6100}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jn/131.10.3105}, DOI={10.1093/jn/131.10.3105}, abstractNote={Interest in fortification of human foods, including pork, with conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) is growing and may provide benefits as a neutraceutical based on research evaluating CLA as an anticarcinogen, immune modulator, antiatherogenic agent and a body composition modulator. This study evaluated the combined effects of dietary CLA and supplemental fat source on growth, fatty acid composition and belly quality of lean genotype gilts (n = 144). Pigs (49.3 kg) were randomly assigned to six diets (3 x 2 factorial) varying in supplemental fat (none, 4 g/100 g yellow grease or 4 g/100 g tallow) and linoleic acid [1 g/100 g corn oil (CO) or 1 g/100 g CLA (CLA-60)] for 47 d. Both the cis-9, trans-11 and the trans-10, cis-12 isomers of CLA were increased in belly and longissimus fat depots from pigs fed CLA, and that increase was up to 92% greater when CLA was fed with 4 g/100 g supplemental fat (fat source x linoleic acid interaction, P < 0.05). Pigs fed CLA had a greater concentration of 18:0 and less 18:1 cis-9 (P < 0.01) in various fat depots, suggesting a reduction in Delta(9) desaturase activity. The iodine value of belly fat from pigs consuming tallow and CLA combined was reduced to 62.0 from an initial value of 70.4. CLA supplementation also increased belly weights (P < 0.05). CLA did not affect longissimus muscle area, backfat depth and the percentage of fat-free lean (P > 0.10), but it increased the subjective intramuscular fat score by 18.8% (P < 0.01). In conclusion, CLA enrichment of pork products may be enhanced when combined with additional supplemental dietary fat, and together with tallow can be used to increase the saturated fatty acid content of pork.}, number={10}, journal={The Journal of Nutrition}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Gatlin, L. Averette and See, M. T. and Larick, D. K. and Lin, X. and Odle, J.}, year={2002}, month={Oct}, pages={3105–3112} }
 @article{averette gatlin_see_larick_lin_odle_2002, title={Conjugated linoleic acid in combination with supplemental dietary fat alters pork fat quality}, volume={132}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0036790041&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, number={10}, journal={Journal of Nutrition}, author={Averette Gatlin, L. and See, M.T. and Larick, D.K. and Lin, X. and Odle, J.}, year={2002}, pages={3105–3112} }
 @article{eisemann_morrow_see_davies_zering_2002, title={Effect of feed withdrawal prior to slaughter on prevalence of gastric ulcers in pigs}, volume={220}, ISSN={["0003-1488"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0037085335&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.2460/javma.2002.220.503}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION}, author={Eisemann, JH and Morrow, WEM and See, MT and Davies, PR and Zering, K}, year={2002}, month={Feb}, pages={503–506} }
 @article{hasty_heugten_see_larick_2002, title={Effect of vitamin E on improving fresh pork quality in Berkshire-and Hampshire-sired pigs}, volume={80}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0038179609&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.2527/2002.80123230x}, abstractNote={This study was designed to evaluate the effects of vitamin E supplementation on pork quality of two genotypes with distinct differences in pork quality traits. Pigs (n = 240; BW = 87 +/- 0.35 kg) were allotted by weight to one of 20 treatments (4 pens/treatment, 3 pigs/pen) in a 2 x 2 x 5 factorial randomized complete block design. Factors included 1) genotype (Berkshire or Hampshire sired), 2) sex (gilts or barrows), and 3) vitamin E level (12.1, 54.7, 98.8, 174.0, and 350.6 IU of vitamin E/kg diet). Hampshire-sired pigs had greater average daily gain (1.05 vs 0.98 kg) and gain:feed (0.30 vs 0.27) and less average daily feed intake (ADFI) (3.46 vs 3.62 kg) than Berkshire-sired pigs (P < 0.001) for the 6-wk study. Hampshire-sired barrows consumed more feed (3.54 vs 3.38 kg/d) and were less efficient (0.29 vs 0.31) than Hampshire-sired gilts (P < 0.05), but this sex difference was not observed in Berkshire-sired pigs (interaction, P < 0.05). Berkshire-sired pigs had greater backfat (34.1 vs 21.1 mm; P < 0.001), reduced longissimus muscle area (37.6 vs 46.3 cm2; P < 0.001), reduced lean percentage (53.0 vs 55.8; P < 0.001), and a greater head-on yield (79.8 vs 79.2; P < 0.05). Vitamin E increased (P < 0.05) ADFI linearly (P < 0.05), but had no effects on carcass composition. Loin chops from Hampshire-sired pigs had reduced ultimate pH (5.64 vs 5.91), greater drip loss (92.2 vs 66.3 mg), and increased Minolta L* (52.6 vs 48.6), a* (8.9 vs 7.5), and b* (6.9 vs 5.2) values compared to Berkshire-sired pigs (P < 0.001). Vitamin E had no effect on pH, temperature, drip loss, and L* or a* values, but tended (P < 0.07) to increase b* values linearly (P < 0.06). Oxidation as indicated by thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) was greatest in Hampshire-sired gilts at the lowest level of vitamin E, and decreased linearly (P < 0.001) with additional vitamin E. However, TBARS responded in a cubic fashion (P < 0.05) to vitamin E in Hampshire-sired barrows and were not affected in Berkshire-sired gilts or barrows (three-way interaction, P < 0.02). Hampshire-sired pigs had greater TBARS than Berkshire-sired pigs (0.053 vs 0.047 mg malondialdehyde equivalents/kg). Vitamin E supplementation increased serum concentrations of vitamin E on d 21 (1.06 to 4.79 microg/mL) and d 42 (1.02 to 2.82 microg/mL) and increased tissue concentrations of vitamin E (1.99 to 4.83 microg/g) linearly (P < 0.001). Vitamin E supplementation was not effective in improving fresh meat quality in genotypes with poor or superior meat quality traits.}, number={12}, journal={Journal of Animal Science}, author={Hasty, J.L. and Heugten, Eric and See, M.T. and Larick, D.K.}, year={2002}, pages={3230–3237} }
 @article{morrow_see_eisemann_davies_zering_2002, title={Effect of withdrawing feed from swine on meat quality and prevalence of Salmonella colonization at slaughter}, volume={220}, ISSN={["0003-1488"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0037085491&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.2460/javma.2002.220.497}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION}, author={Morrow, WEM and See, MT and Eisemann, JH and Davies, PR and Zering, K}, year={2002}, month={Feb}, pages={497–502} }
 @article{gatlin_see_hansen_sutton_odle_2002, title={The effects of dietary fat sources, levels, and feeding intervals on pork fatty acid composition}, volume={80}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0036593115&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.2527/2002.8061606x}, abstractNote={Two experiments investigated the quantitative relationship between dietary fat and fatty acid composition of pork. Experiment 1 was designed to establish the rate of decline for linoleic acid and iodine value of pork fat during the late fattening phase following a dietary reduction. Gilts (n = 288) were fed diets varying in linoleic acid content from 4.11 to 1.56% for 4, 6, or 8 wk prior to slaughter. The maximum rate of decline was 2% 18:2 per week and 2.5 iodine value units per week. Experiment 2 evaluated the effects of dietary fat source and level on carcass fatty acid composition and on pork quality characteristics. Barrows (n = 147) and gilts (n = 147) were allocated to seven dietary treatments for the last 6 wk of the finishing phase. Diets contained 0, 2.5, or 5% dietary fat comprised of 100, 50, or 0% beef tallow. The balance was provided by animal-vegetable blended fat. As the level of tallow increased there was a linear decrease (P < 0.05) in 18:2 content and iodine value of carcass fat. Conversely, 16:1 and 18:1 increased linearly (P < 0.05) as tallow increased. However, 16:1 decreased linearly (P < 0.05) as level of fat increased. As the level of tallow was increased a greater reduction in 18:2 and iodine value was observed in diets with 5% dietary fat compared to diets with 2.5% fat (P < 0.05). These results indicate that reduction of dietary PUFA content had the desired effect of lowering 18:2 content and iodine value of pork fat and that significant alterations could be elicited in as little as 6 to 8 wk of feeding.}, number={6}, journal={Journal of Animal Science}, author={Gatlin, L.A. and See, M.T. and Hansen, J.A. and Sutton, D. and Odle, Jack}, year={2002}, pages={1606–1615} }
 @article{armstrong_spears_engle_see_2001, title={Effect of pharmacological concentrations of dietary copper on lipid and cholesterol metabolism in pigs}, volume={21}, ISSN={["0271-5317"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0034754358&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1016/s0271-5317(01)00332-3}, abstractNote={An experiment was conducted to determine if pharmacological concentrations of copper (Cu) affect lipid and cholesterol metabolism in Cu-adequate pigs. Treatments consisted of: control (10 ppm Cu as cupric sulfate, CuSO4); control + 66 or 225 ppm Cu as CuSO4; control + 33, 66, or 100 ppm Cu as cupric citrate (CuCit). Pigs were fed their respective diets throughout the nursery (35 d) and growing-finishing (GF; 103 d) phases. Copper increased (P < .05) serum cholesterol during the nursery phase, but 100 ppm CuCit decreased (P < .05) serum cholesterol relative to the control on d 42 of the GF phase. Serum triglycerides were increased (P < .05) by 225 ppm CuSO4 relative to the control on d 42 of the GF phase. Percent lipid and cholesterol concentrations of the semitendinosus muscle were not affected by Cu. Lipid percentage of the longissimus muscle was decreased (P < .06) by 225 ppm CuSO4 compared to the control, but Cu did not affect cholesterol concentration or fatty acid profile. These results indicate that pharmacological concentrations of Cu have little effect on cholesterol and lipid metabolism in the Cu-adequate pig.}, number={9}, journal={NUTRITION RESEARCH}, author={Armstrong, TA and Spears, JW and Engle, TE and See, MT}, year={2001}, month={Sep}, pages={1299–1308} }
 @article{see_1998, title={Evaluating machine and technician effects on ultrasonic measures of backfat and longissimus muscle depth in swine}, volume={6}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-3142637382&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Swine Health and Production}, author={See, M.T.}, year={1998}, pages={61–66} }
 @article{see_1998, title={Heterogeneity of (Co)Variance among Herds for Backfat Measures of Swine}, volume={76}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0032175132&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.2527/1998.76102568x}, abstractNote={Within-herd variation for the trait of backfat was examined in swine. Backfat depth data (n=21,877) from 11 herds that had each recorded over 1,000 measures were evaluated using univariate animal model procedures in analyses for individual herds and all herds together. Variance components were estimated by a derivative-free REML algorithm, and significance tests for variance components were carried out as likelihood ratio tests. Adjustment for heterogeneous variance by correction for within-herd phenotypic SD was also evaluated. Additive genetic and residual variances were heterogeneous across herds and ranged from 1.39 to 9.78 mm2 and from .88 to 7.05 mm2, respectively. Eleven parameter estimates from individual herd analyses were significantly different (P < .05) from the analysis for all herds together. However, only small differences were observed between estimates of heritability, which ranged from .37 to .73. Scaling data to a constant within-herd SD resulted in more homogeneous variance. For additive genetic variance, only one herd differed significantly (P < .01) from the analysis for all herds together. However, five estimates of residual variance were found to be significantly different (P < .05) from the analysis for all herds together. The rank correlation between EPD predicted from the analyses with all herds together, homogeneous variance, and scaled to a constant within-herd SD was .97 (P < .01). Effects of heterogeneous variance may need to be accounted for in genetic evaluation procedures for swine.}, number={10}, journal={Journal of Animal Science}, author={See, M.T.}, year={1998}, pages={2568–2574} }
 @article{see_1997, title={North Carolina Swine Evaluation Station: Adapting to meet the needs of a rapidly changing industry}, volume={35}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-3042624968&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, number={6}, journal={Journal of Extension}, author={See, M.T.}, year={1997}, pages={63–66} }
 @article{woodward_mabry_see_bertrand_benyshek_1993, title={Development of an animal model for across-herd genetic evaluation of number born alive in swine.}, volume={71}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0027647918&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.2527/1993.7182040x}, abstractNote={An animal model and computer software were developed to conduct across-herd genetic evaluations using data from producers participating in the Sow Productivity Index program of the American Yorkshire Club. The final data set consisted of 61,596 litter records from 1986 to early 1990. The animal model included fixed contemporary group effects and random additive direct, service sire, permanent environmental, and residual effects. Additive genetic relationships among animals were included. A separate relationship matrix for service sires and their sires was also included. A data set similar to the Yorkshire field data was simulated to use in testing the animal model. The simulated data set consisted of 40 herds, each with 120 reproducing dams and either four or five sires. Six generations of simulated data were produced, resulting in 20,605 litter records. These records were then evaluated using the animal model for number of pigs born alive. Finally, correlations between the true breeding values from the simulation and the predicted breeding values were computed. The correlation between the 918 true and predicted sire breeding values was considerably lower for the animal model without a service sire effect than when it was included (.53 vs .74, respectively). However, the difference was cut in half (.66 vs .77) when only sires with greater than five daughter records were included. The high accuracy of the animal model with a random service sire effect indicates that the proposed model adequately accounts for the variation found in records for number of pigs born alive.}, number={8}, journal={Journal of animal science}, author={Woodward, B.W. and Mabry, J.W. and See, M.T. and Bertrand, J.K. and Benyshek, L.L.}, year={1993}, pages={2040–2046} }
 @article{see_mabry_bertrand_1993, title={Restricted maximum likelihood estimation of variance components from field data for number of pigs born alive.}, volume={71}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0027691183&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.2527/1993.71112905x}, abstractNote={Variance components for number of pigs born alive (NBA) were estimated from sow productivity field records collected by purebred breed associations. Data sets analyzed were as follows: Hampshire (n = 13,537), Landrace (n = 10,822), and Spotted (n = 3,949). Variance components for service sire, sire of sow, dam of sow, and residual effects on NBA (adjusted for parity) were estimated. The single-trait model included relationships between service sires, sires of sows, and dams of sows. The model was implemented using an expectation maximization (EM) REML algorithm. A sparse-matrix solver was also used. Heritability estimates for NBA were .13, .13, and .12 for Hampshire, Spotted, and Landrace, respectively. Estimates of maternal genetic (co)variances (m2) expressed as a proportion of the phenotypic variance were .05, .01, and .03 for Hampshire, Spotted, and Landrace, respectively. Results indicated that service sires account for 1 to 2% of the total variation for NBA. Genetic effects influencing NBA seem to be small in these data sets, but selection for increased NBA should be effective.}, number={11}, journal={Journal of animal science}, author={See, M.T. and Mabry, J.W. and Bertrand, J.K.}, year={1993}, pages={2905–2909} }
 @article{mabry_see_1990, title={Selection with the Animal Model Versus Selection Within Contemporary Groups for Swine}, volume={73}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0005383397&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(90)78951-5}, abstractNote={Abstract Selection response for decreased days to 104.5 kg was compared in four sets of simulated pig populations. The four selection programs compared were: within-herd selection, one-half of boars tested, selection on phenotype within contemporary group (S1); within-herd selection, one-half of boars and all gilts tested, both selected on phenotype within contemporary group (S2); within-herd selection, one-half of boars and all gilts tested, selection on within-herd BLUP breeding value estimate (S3); and across-herd selection and AI, one-half of boars and all gilts tested, selection on across-herd BLUP breeding value estimates (S4). Selection was practiced for five generations in 10 herds with three farrowing groups of 20 sows each. With heritability = .35, after five generations, S1 resulted in a response of –14.9 d. The S2 program (testing gilts in addition to testing one-half the boars) increased this response by 39.6%; S3 (using within-herd BLUP instead of contemporary group deviations) increased the response by another 16.3%; and S4 (using across-herd BLUP with AI) further increased the response to selection by another 37.6%. It appears then that testing of gilts, use of animal model estimates of genetic merit, and across-herd AI will result in a cumulative increase in genetic progress when compared with selection on phenotype within contemporary groups for swine.}, number={9}, journal={Journal of Dairy Science}, author={Mabry, J.W. and See, M.T.}, year={1990}, pages={2657–2665} }