@article{olagbaju_troan_balko_2023, title={Investigation of Potassium Chloride for Euthanasia of Anesthetized African Clawed Frogs (<i>Xenopus laevis</i>)}, volume={62}, ISSN={["1559-6109"]}, DOI={10.30802/AALAS-JAALAS-22-000112}, abstractNote={Euthanasia is frequently performed in amphibians, but techniques are currently limited in number and variable in effectiveness. The current study examined the use of potassium chloride (KCl) for euthanasia of anesthetized African clawed frogs (Xenopus laevis). Twenty adult, female African
 clawed frogs were anesthetized by immersion in buffered tricaine methanesulfonate (MS-222) for 5 min beyond loss of righting reflex. Frogs were then randomly assigned to receive one of 4 treatments: KCl via intracardiac injection (10 mEq/kg; IC, n = 5), intracoelomic injection (100
 mEq/kg; ICe, n = 5), immersion (4,500 mEq/L; IMS, n = 5), or no treatment (C, n = 5). After treatment, serial heart rate was measured via Doppler device until either the loss of Doppler sounds, a 60-min endpoint (IC, ICe, IMS), or recovery (C). Times to loss of
 righting reflex, loss of Doppler sounds, and/or recovery were recorded. Plasma potassium concentrations were measured immediately after Doppler sound cessation in frogs in IC (n = 1), ICe (n = 2), and IMS (n = 5). Injection failure occurred in 1 IC frog, and 1 Ice frog regained
 spontaneous movement 4 min after treatment administration. Data from these 2 frogs were not included in statistical analysis. Doppler sound cessation occurred in 4 of 4, 4 of 4, 0 of 5, and 0 of 5 frogs in IC, ICe, IMS, and C, respectively. Median (range) times to Doppler sound cessation in
 IC and ICe were 6 (0 to 16) s and 18 (10 to 25) min, respectively. Plasma potassium concentration was greater than 9.0 mmol/L in sampled frogs. Intracardiac KCl at 10 mEq/kg and intracoelomic KCl at 100 mEq/kg were effective for euthanasia of anesthetized African clawed frogs.
 Return to MS-222 solution after KCl administration may be warranted to prevent unintended, premature anesthetic recovery prior to death.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR LABORATORY ANIMAL SCIENCE}, author={Olagbaju, Tolulope and Troan, Brigid V and Balko, Julie A.}, year={2023}, month={Jul}, pages={362–369} }
 @article{villasenor_olagbaju_parsley_meritet_2023, title={Proliferative parathyroid lesions in captive-bred American bullfrogs (Lithobates catesbeianus) with metabolic bone disease}, volume={203}, ISSN={["1532-3129"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcpa.2023.03.184}, DOI={10.1016/j.jcpa.2023.03.184}, abstractNote={Parathyroid gland lesions in anurans are infrequently reported and most often occur secondary to experimental interventions. Husbandry-related parathyroid changes have not been documented in this order of Amphibia. Three American bullfrogs (Lithobates catesbeianus) living in a captive colony were euthanized due to clinical concern for metabolic bone disease secondary to lack of consistent dietary supplementation with vitamin D3. Necropsy revealed cystic dilation and variable proliferation of unidentified structures within the cranial coelom corresponding to the anatomical location of anuran parathyroid glands. Histologically, the structures consisted of sheets and whorls of elongated cells. Immunohistochemistry for pan-cytokeratin revealed strong cytoplasmic staining and Grimelius staining identified neuroendocrine granules in the elongated cells of these structures, supportive of a parathyroid origin.}, journal={JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE PATHOLOGY}, author={Villasenor, Adriana and Olagbaju, Tolulope and Parsley, Ashley and Meritet, Danielle}, year={2023}, month={May}, pages={1–4} }