@misc{wogalter_conzola_smith-jackson_2002, title={Research-based guidelines for warning design and evaluation}, volume={33}, ISSN={["1872-9126"]}, DOI={10.1016/S0003-6870(02)00009-1}, abstractNote={During the past two decades, the body of empirical research on warning design and evaluation has grown. Consequently, there are now basic principles and guidelines addressing warning design (e.g., signal words, color, symbols, and text/content), placement (e.g., location within product instructions), and how to enhance the usability of designs by considering factors internal to the user (e.g., beliefs, perceptions of risk, stress). Similarly, evaluation methods have been developed that can be used to measure the effectiveness of warnings such as the degree to which warnings are communicated to recipients and the degree to which they encourage or influence behavioral compliance. An overview of the empirical literature on warning guidelines and evaluation approaches is provided. Researchers, practitioners, and manufacturers can use these guidelines in various contexts to reduce the likelihood that injury and product damage from exposure to a hazard will occur.}, number={3}, journal={APPLIED ERGONOMICS}, author={Wogalter, MS and Conzola, VC and Smith-Jackson, TL}, year={2002}, month={May}, pages={219–230} }
 @article{wogalter_conzola_2002, title={Using technology to facilitate the design and delivery of warnings}, volume={33}, ISSN={["1464-5319"]}, DOI={10.1080/00207720210133651}, abstractNote={This paper describes several ways in which new technologies can assist in the design and delivery of warnings. There are four discussion points: (1) current product information can be delivered via the Internet; (2) computer software and hardware are available to assist in the design, construction, and production of visual and auditory warnings; (3) various detection devices can be used to recognize instances in which warnings might be delivered; and (4) a warning presentation can be modified to fit conditions and persons. Implications, example applications and future prospects of these points are described.}, number={6}, journal={INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SYSTEMS SCIENCE}, author={Wogalter, MS and Conzola, VC}, year={2002}, month={May}, pages={461–466} }
 @article{conzola_wogalter_1999, title={Using voice and print directives and warnings to supplement product manual instructions}, volume={23}, ISSN={["0169-8141"]}, DOI={10.1016/S0169-8141(98)00018-3}, abstractNote={The present research investigated the effect of supplemental messages on compliance with and recall of product manual instructions. During the unpacking of a computer disk drive supplemental messages were presented that concerned procedures to prevent product damage during installation. The supplemental messages were either presented by digitized voice (auditory) or by printed placard (visual). Two types of message were presented. Either the message gave specific warning instructions or directed users to a specific location in the product manual where the instructions were printed. Results show that the supplemental voice and print messages increased compliance behavior compared to the manual only. The voice message produced the greatest recall compared to print or no supplement. There was no effect of the warning vs directive manipulation. The results support the use of supplemental messages to communicate particularly important information. Implications for the delivery of warning instructions in product manuals are discussed. Relevance to industry Manufacturers are responsible for warning users about hazards associated with foreseeable use or misuse of their products. The present study shows that a supplemental print or voice message combined with a typical product manual produces significantly higher compliance than the manual alone.}, number={5-6}, journal={INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL ERGONOMICS}, author={Conzola, VC and Wogalter, MS}, year={1999}, month={Mar}, pages={549–556} }
 @article{conzola_wogalter_1998, title={Consumer product warnings: effects of injury statistics on recall and subjective evaluations}, volume={42}, DOI={10.1177/154193129804200608}, abstractNote={ Research has shown that explicitly worded warnings are judged to be more effective than similar warnings lacking explicitness. One possible way of increasing warning explicitness is to include injury outcome statistics in the warning statement. The heuristic processing model of persuasion would postulate that the impact of persuasive messages, like warnings, is influenced by heuristic cues such as the number and length of arguments and the presence of statistics. This research investigated the effect of embedding injury outcome statistics in the safety instructions for electric power tools. Warning statement recall and various rating judgments were measured. Results showed that the presence of statistics led to greater recall and higher ratings of warning importance, vividness, and explicitness. Implications for the design of consumer product warnings are discussed. }, number={1998}, journal={Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting}, author={Conzola, V. C. and Wogalter, M. S.}, year={1998}, pages={559–563} }