@article{tanaka_collins_polkoff_fellner_2024, title={Inhibiting methanogenesis by targeting thermodynamics and enzymatic reactions in mixed cultures of rumen microbes <i>in vitro</i>}, volume={15}, ISSN={["1664-302X"]}, DOI={10.3389/fmicb.2024.1322207}, abstractNote={Mitigation of enteric methane (CH 4 ) emissions from ruminant livestock represents an opportunity to improve the sustainability, productivity, and profitability of beef and dairy production. Ruminal methanogenesis can be mitigated via two primary strategies: (1) alternative electron acceptors and (2) enzymatic inhibition of methanogenic pathways. The former utilizes the thermodynamic favorability of certain reactions such as nitrate/nitrite reduction to ammonia (NH 3 ) while the latter targets specific enzymes using structural analogs of CH 4 and methanogenic cofactors such as bromochloromethane (BCM). In this study, we investigated the effects of four additives and their combinations on CH 4 production by rumen microbes in batch culture. Sodium nitrate (NaNO 3 ), sodium sulfate (Na 2 SO 4 ), and 3-nitro-1-propionate (3NPA) were included as thermodynamic inhibitors, whereas BCM was included as a enzymatic inhibitor. Individual additives were evaluated at three levels of inclusion in experiments 1 and 2. Highest level of each additive was used to determine the combined effect of NaNO 3 + Na 2 SO 4 (NS), NS + 3NPA (NSP), and NSP + BCM (NSPB) in experiments 3 and 4. Experimental diets were high, medium, and low forage diets (HF, MF, and LF, respectively) and consisted of alfalfa hay and a concentrate mix formulated to obtain the following forage to concentrate ratios: 70:30, 50:50, and 30:70, respectively. Diets with additives were placed in fermentation culture bottles and incubated in a water bath (39°C) for 6, 12, or 24h. Microbial DNA was extracted for 16S rRNA and ITS gene amplicon sequencing. In experiments 1 and 2, CH 4 concentrations in control cultures decreased in the order of LF, MF, and HF diets, whereas in experiments 3 and 4, CH 4 was highest in MF diet followed by HF and LF diets. Culture pH and NH 3 in the control decreased in the order of HF, MF, to LF as expected. NaNO 3 decreased ( p < 0.001) CH 4 and butyrate and increased acetate and propionate ( p < 0.03 and 0.003, respectively). Cultures receiving NaNO 3 had an enrichment of microorganisms capable of nitrate and nitrite reduction. 3NPA also decreased CH 4 at 6h with no further decrease at 24 h ( p < 0.001). BCM significantly inhibited methanogenesis regardless of inclusion levels as well as in the presence of the thermodynamic inhibitors ( p < 0.001) while enriching succinate producers and assimilators as well as propionate producers ( p adj < 0.05). However, individual inclusion of BCM decreased total short chain fatty acid (SCFA) concentrations ( p < 0.002). Inhibition of methanogenesis with BCM individually and in combination with the other additives increased gaseous H 2 concentrations ( p < 0.001 individually and 0.028 in combination) while decreasing acetate to propionate ratio ( p < 0.001). Only the cultures treated with BCM in combination with other additives significantly (p adj < 0.05) decreased the abundance of Methanobrevibacter expressed as log fold change. Overall, the combination of thermodynamic and enzymatic inhibitors presented a promising effect on ruminal fermentation in-vitro , inhibiting methanogenesis while optimizing the other fermentation parameters such as pH, NH 3 , and SCFAs. Here, we provide a proof of concept that the combination of an electron acceptor and a methane analog may be exploited to improve microbial efficiency via methanogenesis inhibition.}, journal={FRONTIERS IN MICROBIOLOGY}, author={Tanaka, Kairi and Collins, Scott and Polkoff, Kathryn and Fellner, Vivek}, year={2024}, month={Aug} }
 @article{boston_wang_lin_kim_fellner_scott_ziegler_van landeghem_blikslager_odle_2024, title={Prebiotic galactooligosaccharide improves piglet growth performance and intestinal health associated with alterations of the hindgut microbiota during the peri-weaning period}, volume={15}, ISSN={["2049-1891"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1186/s40104-024-01047-y}, DOI={10.1186/s40104-024-01047-y}, abstractNote={Abstract Background Weaning stress reduces growth performance and health of young pigs due in part to an abrupt change in diets from highly digestible milk to fibrous plant-based feedstuffs. This study investigated whether dietary galactooligosaccharide (GOS), supplemented both pre- and post-weaning, could improve growth performance and intestinal health via alterations in the hindgut microbial community. Methods Using a 3 × 2 factorial design, during farrowing 288 piglets from 24 litters received either no creep feed (FC), creep without GOS (FG–) or creep with 5% GOS (FG+) followed by a phase 1 nursery diet without (NG–) or with 3.8% GOS (NG+). Pigs were sampled pre- (D22) and post-weaning (D31) to assess intestinal measures. Results Creep fed pigs grew 19% faster than controls ( P < 0.01) prior to weaning, and by the end of the nursery phase (D58), pigs fed GOS pre-farrowing (FG+) were 1.85 kg heavier than controls ( P < 0.05). Furthermore, pigs fed GOS in phase 1 of the nursery grew 34% faster ( P < 0.04), with greater feed intake and efficiency. Cecal microbial communities clustered distinctly in pre- vs. post-weaned pigs, based on principal coordinate analysis ( P < 0.01). No effects of GOS were detected pre-weaning, but gruel creep feeding increased Chao1 α-diversity and altered several genera in the cecal microbiota ( P < 0.05). Post-weaning, GOS supplementation increased some genera such as Fusicatenibacter and Collinsella, whereas others decreased such as Campylobacter and Frisingicoccus ( P < 0.05). Changes were accompanied by higher molar proportions of butyrate in the cecum of GOS-fed pigs ( P < 0.05). Conclusions Gruel creep feeding effectively improves suckling pig growth regardless of GOS treatment. When supplemented post-weaning, prebiotic GOS improves piglet growth performance associated with changes in hindgut microbial composition.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY}, author={Boston, Timothy E. and Wang, Feng and Lin, Xi and Kim, Sung Woo and Fellner, Vivek and Scott, Mark F. and Ziegler, Amanda L. and Van Landeghem, Laurianne and Blikslager, Anthony T. and Odle, Jack}, year={2024}, month={Jun} }
 @article{gluck_fellner_mcleod_stuska_pratt-phillips_2023, title={An in-Vitro Model of the Equine Fecal Microbiome to Assess How Horse Population Affects Fermentation Following a Starch Challenge}, volume={101}, ISSN={["1525-3163"]}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skad068.048}, DOI={10.1093/jas/skad068.048}, abstractNote={Abstract
               The use of an in-vitro model of the equine microbiome is beneficial to assess how fermentation patterns differ based on a horse populations’ habitual diet. The purpose of this study was to determine the in-vitro fermentation patterns of the microbial community within different horse populations before and following a starch challenge. Fecal samples were taken from three different populations of horses: horses from the Shackleford Banks, a North Carolina feral horse population living on native grasses; horses from the NCSU Equine Educational Unit that are predominantly kept on cool season mixed pastures, though may be supplemented with hay and concentrates when warranted; and privately owned horses that were fed mixed diets consisting of grass hay, concentrates and some pasture. Horses were monitored and fecal samples were collected immediately following a void and were stored on dry ice and frozen until analysis. Fecal samples from individual horses were pooled to form a representative sample for each population and mixed with an anaerobic medium to prepare an inoculum. The inoculum was placed into bottles containing either a treatment substrate of alfalfa (A) or of alfalfa and starch (AS). Bottles were capped, purged with CO2 and placed in a water bath at 39°C to incubate for 0, 2, 4 or 24 hours. Culture samples were processed to measure methane and short chain fatty acids (SCFAs; acetate, propionate, butyrate and other isoacids) using gas chromatography. Results were analyzed using the Proc Mixed procedure in SAS to compare the effects of horse population, time and treatment. Methane was significantly greater after 24 hours within all populations with AS, as the inoculum compared with A alone (P = 0.03). Propionate was greater for AS (molar percentage, mean ± standard deviation; 2.21 ± 4.97%) versus the A treatment (11.95 ± 4.97%, P = 0.02). Acetate concentrations were significantly (P < 0.001) greater within the A treatment in the Shackleford and NCSU horses (60.31 ± 10.3% and 62.18 ± 11.47%, respectively) compared with the AS treatment (59.09 ± 11.21% and 59.77 ± 8.85%, respectively). Privately owned horses showed similar values of acetate concentration when comparing the treatment of A (63.42 ± 10.13%) versus AS (63.55 ± 10.77%). Butyrate concentrations were greater in the Shackleford Banks and NCSU horses (13.16 ± 1.92% and 2.64 ± 4.22%, respectively) compared with the privately owned horses (10.96 ± 2%). Isoacids were greater in the Shackleford Banks horses (10.19 ± 4.15%) than the NCSU horses (9.87 ± 3.98%) and the privately owned horses (9.52 ± 3.53%; P< 0.0001). It appears that fermentation of starch differs between these horse populations, likely due to their habitual diet.}, journal={JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE}, author={Gluck, Cassandra R. and Fellner, Vivek and McLeod, Sarah and Stuska, Sue and Pratt-Phillips, Shannon E.}, year={2023}, month={May} }
 @article{eudy_odle_lin_maltecca_walter_mcnulty_fellner_jacobi_2023, title={Dietary Prebiotic Oligosaccharides and Arachidonate Alter the Fecal Microbiota and Mucosal Lipid Composition of Suckling Pigs}, volume={153}, ISSN={["1541-6100"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tjnut.2023.06.019}, DOI={10.1016/j.tjnut.2023.06.019}, abstractNote={Early intestinal development is important to infant vitality, and optimal formula composition can promote gut health.The objectives were to evaluate the effects of arachidonate (ARA) and/or prebiotic oligosaccharide (PRE) supplementation in formula on the development of the microbial ecosystem and colonic health parameters.Newborn piglets were fed 4 formulas containing ARA [0.5 compared with 2.5% of dietary fatty acids (FAs)] and PRE (0 compared with 8 g/L, containing a 1:1 mixture of galactooligosaccharides and polydextrose) in a 2 x 2 factorial design for 22 d. Fecal samples were collected weekly and analyzed for relative microbial abundance. Intestinal samples were collected on day 22 and analyzed for mucosal FAs, pH, and short-chain FAs (SCFAs).PRE supplementation significantly increased genera within Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes, including Anaerostipes, Mitsuokella, Prevotella, Clostridium IV, and Bulleidia, and resulted in progressive separation from controls as determined by Principal Coordinates Analysis. Concentrations of SCFA increased from 70.98 to 87.37 mM, with an accompanying reduction in colonic pH. ARA supplementation increased the ARA content of the colonic mucosa from 2.35-5.34% of total FAs. PRE supplementation also altered mucosal FA composition, resulting in increased linoleic acid (11.52-16.33% of total FAs) and ARA (2.35-5.16% of total FAs).Prebiotic supplementation during the first 22 d of life altered the gut microbiota of piglets and increased the abundance of specific bacterial genera. These changes correlated with increased SCFA, which may benefit intestinal development. Although dietary ARA did not alter the microbiota, it increased the ARA content of the colonic mucosa, which may support intestinal development and epithelial repair. Prebiotic supplementation also increased unsaturation of FAs in the colonic mucosa. Although the mechanism requires further investigation, it may be related to altered microbial ecology or biohydrogenation of FA.}, number={8}, journal={JOURNAL OF NUTRITION}, author={Eudy, Brandon J. and Odle, Jack and Lin, Xi and Maltecca, Christian and Walter, Kathleen R. and McNulty, Nathan P. and Fellner, Vivek and Jacobi, Sheila K.}, year={2023}, month={Aug}, pages={2249–2262} }
 @article{boston_wang_xi_kim_fellner_scott_ziegler_van landeghem_blikslager_odle_2023, title={Effects of Prebiotic Galactooligosaccharide (GOS) on Hindgut Microbial Composition of Pigs During the Peri-Weaning Period}, volume={101}, ISSN={["1525-3163"]}, DOI={10.1093/jas/skad281.228}, abstractNote={Abstract
               Galactooligosaccharide (GOS) is a prebiotic containing beta-linked galactose oligomers of 2 to 8 units. Previously, GOS positively impacted post-weaning growth performance and altered jejunal morphology. In this study, GOS-enriched whey permeate (Milk Specialties Global, Eden Prairie MN) was supplemented to piglets in farrowing and nursery phases. To maximize pre-weaning GOS intake, novel gruel creep feeders were used. Piglets from 24 litters received either no creep feed (NC), creep without GOS (CG-) or creep with 5.0% GOS (CG+) followed by a phase 1 nursery diet without (NG-) or with 3.8% GOS (NG+). At d 22 (pre-weaning) and d 31 (post-weaning), 6 pigs per treatment were euthanized for sample collection. DNA was extracted from cecal and rectal swabs for downstream 16S rRNA sequencing via Illumina MiSeq (Zymo Research Corp, Irvine CA). An amplicon sequence variant (ASV) table was created using the DADA2 pipeline in R and taxonomy assignment was performed using the SILVA database. Average sequencing depth after filtering was 138,323 and low sequencing counts were discarded based on 20% prevalence. Data were analyzed using the lmer and adonis procedures in RStudio ver. 4.2.2. Analysis of 16S rRNA genes did not detect pre- or post-weaning GOS effects on Chao1, Simpson, or Shannon alpha diversity measures (P > 0.1). Similarly, no pre-weaning GOS effects were detected in Principal Coordinates Analysis (PCoA) beta diversity plots (P > 0.1); however, pigs fed GOS post-weaning segregated from controls (P < 0.01). The relative abundance of several genera including Fusicatenbacter and Collinsella increased by 2.0 and 1.3-fold, respectively, in the cecum of NG+ pigs, whereas, Bacteroides decreased by 3.8-fold (FDR, P < 0.05). In the rectum, relative abundance of Corprococcus decreased by 2.0-fold and Fusicatenbacter increased by 1.5-fold in NG+ pigs compared with NG- pigs (FDR, P < 0.05). Collectively, these genera in the cecum and rectum comprise of less than 3% of the total community. In contrast, lactobacillus in the cecum (33%) and rectum (21%) had a large relative abundance but was unaffected by treatment. We conclude that supplementation of GOS in the post-weaning phase 1 nursery diet alters the hindgut microbial community and may contribute to improvements in growth performance.}, journal={JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE}, author={Boston, Timothy E. and Wang, Feng and Xi, Lin and Kim, Sung Woo and Fellner, Vivek and Scott, Mark F. and Ziegler, Amanda L. and Van Landeghem, Laurianne and Blikslager, Anthony T. and Odle, Jack}, year={2023}, month={Nov}, pages={187–188} }
 @article{boston_wang_xi_kim_fellner_scott_ziegler_van landeghem_blikslager_odle_2023, title={Effects of Prebiotic Galactooligosaccharide (Gos) on Piglet Growth and Jejunal Morphology During the Peri-Weaning Period}, volume={101}, ISSN={["1525-3163"]}, DOI={10.1093/jas/skad341.313}, abstractNote={Abstract
               Galactooligosaccharide (GOS) is a specific prebiotic that is enzymatically synthesized from lactose to form beta-linked oligosaccharides containing 2-8 galactose units. In this study, GOS-enriched whey permeate (Milk Specialties Global, Eden Prairie MN) was supplemented to piglets in lactation and nursery phases. To maximize pre-weaning GOS intake, novel gruel creep feeders were utilized. Using a 3x2 factorial design, piglets from 24 litters received either no creep feed (NC), creep without GOS (CG-) or creep with 5% GOS (CG+) followed by a phase 1 nursery diet without (NG-) or with 3.8% GOS (NG+). After 1 week, pigs were fed common phase 2 and phase 3 diets. At d 22 (pre-weaning) and d 31 (post-weaning), 6 pigs per treatment were euthanized for intestinal measurements. Pre-weaning, creep fed pigs grew 19% faster than controls (P < 0.01) but GOS effects were not detected (P > 0.1). In contrast, pigs fed GOS in phase 1 grew 34 % faster than controls (P < 0.04), irrespective of creep treatment (interaction P > 0.1), and with corresponding greater intakes (P < 0.06). These GOS effects were sustained for overall nursery performance. Furthermore, overall ADG of CG+ piglets in the nursery tended to be greatest (P = 0.09), gaining 361g/d, followed by NC (324 g/d) and CG- (310 g/d) treatments (Table 1). No effects on jejunal morphology were detected at d 22, although there was an effect of age with decreased villi length, villus area, villi:crypt ratio and increased crypt depth at d 31 (P < 0.01). Supplementation of GOS in phase 1 increased villus length (36%) and area (51%) but only in pigs previously fed the control creep (CG-) diet (interaction, P < 0.01). Treatment effects on cecal pH and VFA concentrations were not detected, although there was an effect of age with a decrease in pH (P < 0.01) and increase in propionate and butyrate concentrations post-weaning (P < 0.01). We conclude that gruel creep feeding increases weight gain regardless of GOS treatment and that nursery growth and intestinal morphology are improved by post-weaning GOS supplementation. Funded in part by Milk Specialties Global, USDA-NIFA 2022-67015-37125 and Hatch 1016618.
               }, journal={JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE}, author={Boston, Timothy E. and Wang, Feng and Xi, Lin and Kim, Sung Woo and Fellner, Vivek and Scott, Mark F. and Ziegler, Amanda L. and Van Landeghem, Laurianne and Blikslager, Anthony T. and Odle, Jack}, year={2023}, month={Oct}, pages={276–277} }
 @article{martinez_longstaff_fellner_coffey_2023, title={Factors Influencing the Selection of Medium for Evaluating Drug Solubility and Dissolution in Bovine Milk}, volume={30}, ISSN={["2376-869X"]}, DOI={10.14227/DT300323P134}, abstractNote={Milk or milk-containing beverages can be used as vehicles for drug product administration and as a component of human fed-state simulated gastric fluids.Unprocessed bovine milk is also the matrix within which drugs must be solubilized or released when formulations are administered into the bovine mammary gland.Therefore, an appreciation of factors impacting the effect of milk on drug solubility and product dissolution is necessary.Although an off-the-shelf container of cow milk may be adequate for evaluating drug solubility, the composition of milk varies as a function of fat content (e.g., differences in fat content).Differences can occur between bovine breeds, diet, environment, and suppliers.Importantly, it is unclear how to quantify differences in drug solubility across types of milk products versus when the drug is infused directly into the bovine udder.To address these concerns, a two-tiered approach was employed.The first tier involved comparing drug solubility across a range of milk products, including raw (unprocessed) bovine milk obtained from healthy cattle and an aqueous buffer.The second tier, which is the subject of this review, explores publicly available information on the composition of bovine milk and the potential variability of its constituents.The goal of this work is to provide the basis for inclusion of milk as one of the biologically relevant media described in the United States Pharmacopeia general chapter on solubility testing.}, number={3}, journal={DISSOLUTION TECHNOLOGIES}, author={Martinez, Marilyn N. and Longstaff, David and Fellner, Vivek and Coffey, Martin}, year={2023}, month={Aug}, pages={134–142} }
 @article{newsome_poore_harmon_shaeffer_talbott_fellner_griffith_2023, title={The Effects of Varying Levels of Cotton Gin Byproduct and Wet brewers' Grains on Growth Performance of Growing and Finishing Steers}, volume={101}, ISSN={["1525-3163"]}, DOI={10.1093/jas/skad281.345}, abstractNote={Abstract
               The abundance of craft breweries provides widespread availability of wet brewers grains (WBG) to be used by beef cattle producers as a potential feedstuff. Cotton gin byproduct (CGB) is a feedstuff typically reserved for mature beef cows due to its low and variable feed value. Both WBG and CGB have high cost of transportation but are sometimes used by producers near supply centers due to their low price. The objective of this study was to analyze animal performance of growing Angus steers fed total mixed rations with varying amounts of CGB and WBG. Sixty-four Angus steers (365 ± 26 kg) were allotted and blocked by initial body weight (BW) in a randomized complete block design to 8 dietary treatments and fed in 2 phases, growing phase (GP) and finishing phase (FP) (84-d and 69-d, respectively). Dietary treatments were arranged in a 2 x 4 factorial with two levels of CGB (0 or 25% of DM) and 4 levels of WBG (0, 10, 20 or 30% of DM). The control and base of all treatments were corn, corn silage and soybean meal. Body weights were recorded on two consecutive days at the beginning and end of GP and FP. Feed samples were collected, and refusals were weighed weekly. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS 9.4 with main effects of CGB, WBG, and the interaction. The linear, quadratic, and cubic effects of increasing levels of WBG and CGB were tested with polynomial contrasts. Average daily gain (ADG) did not differ among dietary treatments (0, 25% CGB and 0, 10, 20, 30% WBG) for GP, (1.67, 1.61, and 1.67, 1.57, 1.74, and 1.60 kg/d, respectively) (P > 0.3031), FP (1.53, 1.61 and 1.56, 1.53, 1.61, and 1.58 kg/d) or the overall trial (1.61, 1.62 and 1.62, 1.55, 1.68, and 1.60 kg/d). The addition of CGB increased GP dry matter intake (DMI; 11.06 vs 11.99 kg/d; P = 0.0011), while the addition of WBG linearly decreased GP DMI (11.81, 11.69. 11.81, and 10.81 kg/d; P = 0.0292). There was an interaction between CGB and WBG (P = 0.0206), with increasing levels of WBG at 0% CGB exhibiting a cubic effect (P = 0.0127), but no effect at 25% CGB. Inclusion of CGB decreased feed efficiency (FE) in the GP (6.77 vs. 7.69; P = 0.0008) but had no carry-over effect in the FP. There was no effect of WBG on FE in GP or FP. In conclusion, CGB increased DMI, reduced FE, and maintained ADG. Increasing quantities of WBG did not reduce ADG or FE, but decreased DMI with increasing feeding level. Therefore, WBG and CGB can be considered viable options for cattle producers seeking to lower input costs.}, journal={JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE}, author={Newsome, Madeline and Poore, Matt H. and Harmon, Deidre D. and Shaeffer, April D. and Talbott, Charlotte L. and Fellner, Vivek and Griffith, Emily H.}, year={2023}, month={Nov}, pages={289–290} }
 @article{boston_wang_lin_leonard_kim_mckilligan_fellner_odle_2022, title={Gruel Creep Feeding Accelerates Growth and Alters Intestinal Health of Young Pigs}, volume={12}, ISSN={["2076-2615"]}, url={https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/12/18/2408}, DOI={10.3390/ani12182408}, abstractNote={To combat the stress of weaning, we utilized novel gruel creep feeders to supplement suckling pigs with divergent soluble (n = 6 litters) versus insoluble (n = 6) diets compared with un-supplemented controls (n = 6). Post-weaning, pigs were fed a common phase 1 diet. Average daily weight gains of pigs fed soluble and insoluble creep diets were 53% and 17% greater than control pigs, respectively (p < 0.01). Creep intake was higher (82%) for pigs fed the soluble diet, and the accompanying weight increase was sustained post-weaning (p < 0.02). Villus measures were prematurely altered in soluble-creep-fed pigs (p < 0.01), with decreases in villi length, crypt depth, and villus area pre-weaning. No effects of treatment were detected for VFA concentrations and pH in the cecum. There was an interaction between treatment and age for several pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines (p < 0.01), where soluble-creep-fed pigs had increased cytokine levels with age, whereas cytokine levels in the insoluble and control groups decreased over time. We conclude that a soluble creep diet fed in a gruel state during the pre-weaning period has a positive impact on weaning weight that is sustained post-weaning, and is accompanied by alterations in the intestinal health of young pigs.}, number={18}, journal={ANIMALS}, author={Boston, Timothy E. and Wang, Feng and Lin, Xi and Leonard, Suzanne and Kim, Sung Woo and McKilligan, Denny and Fellner, Vivek and Odle, Jack}, year={2022}, month={Sep} }
 @inproceedings{tanaka_fellner_2022, title={Inhibition of methanogenesis by exploring hydrogen destination}, author={Tanaka, K. and Fellner, V.}, year={2022} }
 @article{wood_morgan_ange-van heugten_serrano_minter_fellner_stoskopf_2022, title={Observable Metabolites and Metabolomic Sampling Protocols for Managed African Savanna Elephant (Loxodonta africana) Whole Blood Using H-NMR Spectroscopy}, volume={12}, ISSN={["2218-1989"]}, url={https://www.mdpi.com/2218-1989/12/5/400}, DOI={10.3390/metabo12050400}, abstractNote={We used nuclear magnetic spectroscopy (NMR) to evaluate the metabolomics of heparinized whole blood drawn from six African savanna elephants (Loxodonta africana) maintained on a well characterized diet. Whole blood samples obtained under behavioral restraint, then quickly frozen in liquid nitrogen, were stored at −80 °C until analysis. Frozen samples were thawed under controlled conditions and extracted with methanol and chloroform to separate the polar and non-polar metabolites. We identified 18 polar metabolites and 14 non-polar lipids using one-dimensional (1D) and two-dimensional (2D) NMR spectra. Despite unexpected rouleaux formation in the thawed frozen samples, spectra were consistent among animals and did not vary dramatically with age or the sex of the animal.}, number={5}, journal={Metabolites}, author={Wood, J. and Morgan, D.R. and Ange-van Heugten, K. and Serrano, M. and Minter, L.J. and Fellner, V. and Stoskopf, M.K.}, year={2022}, pages={400} }
 @inproceedings{tanaka_fellner_2021, title={Altering metabolic hydrogen disposal as an alternative to reducing methanogenesis, improving animal health and feed efficiency}, author={Tanaka, K. and Fellner, V.}, year={2021} }
 @article{wood_minter_bibus_stoskopf_fellner_ange-van heugten_2021, title={Comparison of African savanna elephant (Loxodonta africana) fatty acid profiles in whole blood, whole blood dried on blood spot cards, serum, and plasma}, volume={9}, ISSN={2167-8359}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.12650}, DOI={10.7717/peerj.12650}, abstractNote={
               Background
               African elephants in managed care have presented differences in the balance between omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids, a situation primarily thought to be due to dietary differences between the managed animals and their free-ranging counterparts. Because of this, circulating fatty acid status is included in routine monitoring of elephant health. A method of blood collection that requires only a few drops of whole blood, dried on filter paper (DBS) and can be used for analyzing full fatty acid profiles offers advantages in clinical application.
            
            
               Methods
               This study compared the use of whole blood, and whole blood DBS, serum or plasma for use in evaluating circulating fatty acid composition in African savannah elephants. Samples from six African elephants (two males and four females) were collected during the same week at the NC Zoo, Asheboro, NC.
            
            
               Results
               Results found only 2 of 36 individual fatty acids and none of the 10 fatty acid groupings were different when comparing the four blood fraction sample types to each other with Mann-Whitney U-Test pairwise comparisons. Myristic acid (14:0) was lower in the DBS samples than in whole blood, serum, and plasma and pentadecaenoic acid (15:1) was slightly more concentrated in DBS and whole blood.
            
            
               Discussion
               Results indicate that fatty acid profile of serum, plasma, whole blood, and DBS are comparable in African elephants. The DBS method offers advantages in acquisition and handling and may be preferable to other methods in both routine health assessment of captive animals and field research on free ranging animals.
            }, journal={PeerJ}, publisher={PeerJ}, author={Wood, Jordan and Minter, Larry J. and Bibus, Doug and Stoskopf, Michael K. and Fellner, Vivek and Ange-van Heugten, Kimberly}, year={2021}, month={Dec}, pages={e12650} }
 @article{fellner_durosoy_kromm_spears_2021, title={Effects of supplemental zinc on ruminal fermentation in continuous cultures}, volume={37}, ISSN={2590-2865}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.15232/aas.2020-02104}, DOI={10.15232/aas.2020-02104}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT Objective Our objective was to determine the effect of dietary Zn supplementation on microbial fermentation. Materials and Methods Five dual-flow continuous culture fermentors were offered 15 g of DM/d of a corn silage–based diet that supplied 64 mg of Zn/kg of diet DM. The source of supplemental Zn (30 and 120 mg/kg) was either analytical grade zinc oxide (ZnO) or a greater-purity potentiated zinc oxide (HiZox; Animine, Annecy, France). A total of 5 diets were fermented: (1) control (no supplemental Zn); (2) 30 mg/kg supplemental Zn from ZnO; (3) 120 mg/kg supplemental Zn from ZnO; (4) 30 mg/kg supplemental Zn from HiZox, and (5) 120 mg/kg supplemental Zn from HiZox. Diets were replicated (n = 3), and each replication lasted 8 d with 4 d for adjustment to diets followed by 4 d of data collection. Results and Discussion Rumen soluble Zn (as-is basis) increased with supplemental Zn, and the increase tended to be greater with HiZox compared with ZnO. Total VFA concentrations were not affected by treatment. Molar percentage of acetate increased and propionate decreased with HiZox compared with ZnO; the effects were primarily due to the 120 mg/kg concentration. Zinc oxide decreased branched-chain fatty acids, isobutyrate and isovalerate, when compared with HiZox. Supplemental Zn increased culture pH before and after feeding compared with control; the increase was greatest with 30 mg/kg HiZox. Methane was similar between control and HiZox but significantly reduced with ZnO. Zinc supplementation reduced ammonia-N concentration when compared with control; the decrease was due primarily to ZnO, which resulted in much lower ammonia-N compared with HiZox. Implications and Applications Both supplemental Zn sources increased rumen-soluble Zn (as-is basis), but their effect on fermentation was not similar. The divalent Zn2+ is known to combine with Cl− to form various Zn-Cl complexes (ZnCl+, ZnCl2, ZnCl3−), which may exert differing toxicities and explain the disparate effect on microbial fermentation.}, number={1}, journal={Applied Animal Science}, publisher={American Registry of Professional Animal Scientists}, author={Fellner, V. and Durosoy, S. and Kromm, V. and Spears, J.W.}, year={2021}, month={Feb}, pages={27–32} }
 @inproceedings{farricker_grant_darrah_fellner_2021, title={Fiber: the prebiotic alternative to antimicrobials}, author={Farricker, M. and Grant, R. and Darrah, J. and Fellner, V.}, year={2021} }
 @article{wood_minter_stoskopf_bibus_ange_tollefson_fellner_ange-van heugten_2021, title={Investigation of Dried Blood Spot Cards for Fatty Acid Analysis Using Porcine Blood}, volume={2021}, ISSN={2042-0048 2090-8113}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6624751}, DOI={10.1155/2021/6624751}, abstractNote={Fatty acids, especially omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids, are important for reproductive and cardiovascular health in animals. While monitoring fatty acids is traditionally conducted using frozen blood fractions such as serum and plasma, advancements in analytical technology have developed a method of collecting microsamples of dried whole blood on Ahlstrom 226 grade filter paper that can provide information on long-term fatty acid status of animals. Blood samples were collected from five male pigs in both the traditional frozen method and on dried blood spot cards (DBS). The DBS samples were collected with untreated syringes and tubes, and approximately 320 μL of blood was placed on each card with approximately 80 μL per spot (4 spots). Statistical analysis was performed to compare the two sample groups to each other using the Mann–Whitney U-test and determine if DBS samples were similar to traditional whole blood samples. Of the 30 fatty acids and fatty acid groups with measurable concentrations, only four individual fatty acids, behenic acid, omega-3 docosapentaenoic acid, nervonic acid, and adrenic acid, had statistical differences. Most of these differences were minor and could be due to analytical errors or contamination. Comparisons between sample types found similar concentrations of key omega fatty acids and PUFAs and support the use of DBS collection as a less invasive method of blood collection and fatty acid analysis.}, journal={Veterinary Medicine International}, publisher={Hindawi Limited}, author={Wood, Jordan and Minter, Larry J. and Stoskopf, Michael K. and Bibus, Doug and Ange, Dempsy and Tollefson, Troy N. and Fellner, Vivek and Ange-van Heugten, Kimberly}, editor={Hikasa, YoshiakiEditor}, year={2021}, month={Aug}, pages={1–4} }
 @article{padilla_jha_fellner_van heugten_2021, title={PSIII-12 In vitro Evaluation of Purified Fiber Sources for Production of Short-chain Fatty Acids Using Pig Cecal Content as an Inoculum}, volume={99}, ISSN={0021-8812 1525-3163}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skab054.299}, DOI={10.1093/jas/skab054.299}, abstractNote={Abstract
               This study evaluated short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production from purified fiber sources when fermented in vitro using pig cecal contents as an inoculum. Fiber sources of interest were inulin from chicory root (native and long-chain inulin with 90 and 98% fiber, respectively), pectin from citrus peel (high methoxyl pectin), resistant starch (native starch), potato starch (commercial grade), and β-glucan (β-1,3;β-1,6 yeast-derived). Cellulose and cornstarch were used as indigestible and highly digestible carbohydrates, respectively. Triplicate samples of substrates (2 g) were subjected to enzymatic hydrolysis with pepsin and pancreatin for 6 h. Subsequently, hydrolyzed residues (200 mg) were incubated under anaerobic conditions at 39°C with 30 mL solution of cecal inoculum collected from 3 sows fed a standard commercial diet and buffered mineral solution. After 48 h of incubation, solutions from fermented samples were analyzed for pH, SCFA, and branched-chain fatty acids (BCFA) using gas-liquid chromatography. Enzymatic hydrolysis had no effect on digestion of β-glucan, but total SCFA concentration after fermentation was highest (26.13 mmol/g) followed by resistant starch (22.61 mmol/g) and potato starch (22.20 mmol/g) and was lowest for cellulose (13.91 mmol/g). In contrast, native inulin was highly digested during enzymatic hydrolysis, resulting in the lowest substrate available for fermentation (11.84% DM) and the highest pH (5.98). Enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation of resistant starch increased (P< 0.001) concentrations of acetate (0.60 mg/g), whereas potato starch and β-glucan yielded more butyrate (0.60 and 0.54 mg/g respectively), and β-glucan resulted in greater (P< 0.001) propionate concentrations (0.69 mg/g). Pectin resulted in the highest fermentation (82.38% DM disappearance) and the lowest pH (4.03) compared to the other fiber sources (P< 0.001) and yielded the lowest BCFA concentration (1.89 mM, P< 0.001). Results suggest that fermentation of resistant starch, potato starch, and β-glucan produced higher SCFA concentrations, while pectin resulted in a decreased pH of fermentation solution.}, number={Supplement_1}, journal={Journal of Animal Science}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Padilla, Gabriela E Martinez and Jha, Rajesh and Fellner, Vivek and van Heugten, Eric}, year={2021}, month={May}, pages={177–177} }
 @article{cox-o’neill_fellner_franluebbers_harmon_poore_eisemann_pickworth_2021, title={PSXIII-2 Effect of varying proportions of cereal rye and turnip on ruminal fermentation and methane output through in vitro batch culture}, volume={99}, ISSN={0021-8812 1525-3163}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skab235.818}, DOI={10.1093/jas/skab235.818}, abstractNote={Abstract
               Ruminant animal performance has been variable in studies grazing annual cool-season grass and brassica monocultures and mixtures. There is little understanding of the fermentation mechanisms causing variation. The aim of this study was to determine apparent dry matter (DM) digestibility, methane, and volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentration from different proportions of cereal rye (Secale cereal; R) and turnip (Brassica rapa L.; T) (0R:100T, 40R:60T, 60R:40T, and 100R:0T) via in vitro batch fermentation. Freeze-dried forage samples from an integrated crop-livestock study was assembled into the four treatments with a 50:50 leaf to root ratio for turnip. Measurements were made following a 48 hr fermentation with 2:1 buffer and ruminal fluid inoculum. Data were analyzed using Mixed Procedure of SAS with batch (replicate) and treatment (main effect) in the model; differences were declared at P ≤ 0.05, with tendencies declared at > 0.05 but < 0.10. Rumen apparent DM digestibility (26.8%; overall mean) was not different among treatments. Methane production was less (P < 0.01) with inclusion of turnip ranging from 774 nmol/ml for 0R:100T to 1416 nmol/ml for 100R:0T. Total VFA production, acetate to propionate ratio, acetate, and valerate were not affected by forage treatments (117 mM, 1.45, 39.84 mol/100 mol, and 7.86 mol/100 mol, respectively; overall mean). Propionate, isobutyrate, and isovalerate concentrations were greater and butyrate concentration less with greater (P < 0.01) proportions of rye in the mixture. No effect of R:T ratio on digestibility or total VFA production along with the observed differences in individual VFA concentration do not explain variable response in grazing animals. Additionally, methane production results indicate that grazing turnips could potentially reduce methane production and thus reduce ruminant livestock’s contribution to greenhouse gas emissions.}, number={Supplement_3}, journal={Journal of Animal Science}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Cox-O’Neill, Jordan L and Fellner, Vivek and Franluebbers, Alan J and Harmon, Deidre D and Poore, Matt H and Eisemann, Joan and Pickworth, Carrie L}, year={2021}, month={Oct}, pages={461–461} }
 @inproceedings{tanaka_fellner_2021, title={Reduction of ruminal methanogenesis by alternative metabolic hydrogen sinks (nitrate, sulfate, and 3-nitro-1-propionate) and methane analog (bromochloromethane): investigation into hydrogen metabolism via treatments and dietary energy level manipulations}, author={Tanaka, K. and Fellner, V.}, year={2021} }
 @misc{fellner_2020, title={Cattle Nutrition, Microbes and Health}, author={Fellner, V.}, year={2020} }
 @misc{fellner_2020, title={Ruminant Nutrition: Cows, Microbes & Milk}, author={Fellner, V.}, year={2020} }
 @inproceedings{kromm_roméo_spears_fellner_2019, title={Source and level of zinc supplementation can alter fermentation by rumen microbes}, author={Kromm, V. and Roméo, A. and Spears, J.W. and Fellner, V.}, year={2019} }
 @article{florendo_sharma-shivappa_fellner_2018, title={Cattle rumen microorganisms hydrolysis for switchgrass saccharification, volatile fatty acids and methane production}, volume={14}, number={1}, journal={International Journal of Agricultural Technology}, author={Florendo, P.D.C. and Sharma-Shivappa, R. and Fellner, V.}, year={2018}, pages={31–43} }
 @inproceedings{fellner_spears_kromm_2018, title={Comparative assessment of supplemental zinc on solubility and rumen fermentation}, author={Fellner, V. and Spears, J. and Kromm, V.}, year={2018} }
 @inproceedings{fellner_2018, title={Dairy Cattle Management and Advanced Ruminant Nutrition}, author={Fellner, V.}, year={2018} }
 @misc{fellner_2018, title={Dairy Nutrition in North Carolina. Peru-Ecuador}, author={Fellner, V.}, year={2018} }
 @article{gawad_fellner_2019, title={Evaluation of glycerol encapsulated with alginate and alginate-chitosan polymers in gut environment and its resistance to rumen microbial degradation}, volume={32}, ISSN={["1976-5517"]}, DOI={10.5713/ajas.18.0110}, abstractNote={Objective To determine the effect of gut pH and rumen microbial fermentation on glycerol encapsulated in alginate and alginate-chitosan polymers. Methods Glycerol was encapsulated at 2.5%, 5%, 7.5%, or 10% (w/w) with sodium alginate (A) and alginate-chitosan (AC) polymers. Surface morphology and chemical modifications of the beads were evaluated using scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra. Encapsulation efficiency was determined at the 5% glycerol inclusion level in two experiments. In experiment 1, 0.5 g of alginate-glycerol (AG) and alginate-chitosan glycerol (ACG) beads were incubated for 2 h at 39°C in pH 2 buffer followed by 24 h in pH 8 buffer to simulate gastric and intestinal conditions, respectively. In experiment 2, 0.5 g of AG and ACG beads were incubated in pH 6 buffer at 39°C for 8 h to simulate rumen conditions. All incubations were replicated four times. Free glycerol content was determined using a spectrophotometer and used to assess loading capacity and encapsulation efficiency. An in vitro experiment with mixed cultures of rumen microbes was conducted to determine effect of encapsulation on microbial fermentation. Data were analyzed according to a complete block design using the MIXED procedure of SAS (SAS Institute, Cary, NC, USA). Results For AG and ACG, loading capacity and efficiency were 64.7%, 74.7%, 70.3%, and 78.1%, respectively. Based on the FTIR spectra and scanning electron microscopy, ACG treatment demonstrated more intense and stronger ionic bonds. At pH 6, 36.1% and 29.7% of glycerol was released from AG and ACG, respectively. At pH 2 minimal glycerol was released but pH 8 resulted in 95.7% and 93.9% of glycerol released from AG and ACG, respectively. In vitro microbial data show reduced (p<0.05) fermentation of encapsulated glycerol after 24 h of incubation. Conclusion The AC polymer provided greater protection in acidic pH with a gradual release of intact glycerol when exposed to an alkaline pH.}, number={1}, journal={ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES}, author={Gawad, Ramadan and Fellner, Vivek}, year={2019}, month={Jan}, pages={72–81} }
 @inproceedings{fellner_2018, title={Introduction to the Dairy Industry in the US}, author={Fellner, V.q}, year={2018} }
 @inproceedings{ulus_chizonda_fellner_allen_2018, title={Lower methane and greater glucogenic volatile fatty acid is produced from Moringa oleifera than alfalfa during in vitro fermentation in rumen fluid}, number={E17-06}, author={Ulus, H.Z. and Chizonda, S. and Fellner, V. and Allen, J.C.}, year={2018} }
 @inproceedings{fallon_denning_hu_fellner_lorenzen_dunn_watson_2018, title={Mixing the Message: Can Homogenizing Substrates Confound Scientific Results?}, author={Fallon, F. and Denning, S. and Hu, S. and Fellner, V. and Lorenzen, M. and Dunn, R. and Watson, W.}, year={2018} }
 @article{apley_crist_fellner_gonzalez_hunter_martinez_messenheimer_modric_papich_parr_et al._2017, title={Determination of Thermodynamic Solubility of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients for Veterinary Species: A New USP General Chapter}, volume={24}, ISSN={1521-298X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.14227/DT240117P36}, DOI={10.14227/dt240117p36}, abstractNote={This Stimuli article discusses the approach for the development of a new general chapter on solubility determination for veterinary drug products. Possible procedures are discussed, with emphasis on the shake-flask method. Recommendations are included on the test conditions for products to treat dogs and cattle. The Expert Panel welcomes comments from the public and stakeholders. dx.doi.org/10.14227/DT240117P36}, number={1}, journal={Dissolution Technologies}, publisher={Dissolution Technologies}, author={Apley, Mike and Crist, Bryan and Fellner, Vivek and Gonzalez, Mario and Hunter, Robert and Martinez, Marilyn and Messenheimer, Janis and Modric, Sanja and Papich, Mark and Parr, Alan and et al.}, year={2017}, pages={36–39} }
 @article{taylor_lemenager_fellner_stewart_2017, title={Effect of dried distiller's grains plus solubles in postpartum diets of beef cows on reproductive performance of dam and heifer progeny}, volume={95}, ISSN={0021-8812 1525-3163}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.2527/jas2017.1637}, DOI={10.2527/jas2017.1637}, abstractNote={Forty-eight primiparous and multiparous cows were fed a silage-based total mixed ration (TMR; CON), a TMR with 2.5 kg/d DM dried distiller's grains plus solubles (DDGS; MID), or a TMR with 4.7 kg/d DM DDGS (HIGH) from 8.5 ± 4 to 116 ± 4 d postpartum (DPP). All diets were formulated to be isocaloric for a postpartum ADG targeted at 0.22 kg, whereas CP exceeded requirements in both diets containing DDGS. Blood samples were collected from dams at 7- and 21-d intervals for progesterone concentration (resumption of cyclicity) and plasma urea nitrogen, respectively. A weigh-suckle-weigh procedure was used to measure milk production, and samples were collected for milk composition and fatty acid profile. A 5-d Co-Synch + controlled internal drug release (CIDR) protocol was used, and cows were bred (97 ± 4 DPP) by timed AI (TAI). Ultrasonography was used for measurement of the largest antral follicle at TAI and pregnancy diagnosis. Nineteen days after TAI, cow and calf pairs were managed as a single group until weaning and exposed to natural mating for a total of a 60-d breeding season. Starting at weaning, blood samples were collected from heifer offspring at 7-d intervals for progesterone concentration used as an indicator of puberty. A 5-d Co-Synch + CIDR protocol was used, and heifers were bred by TAI. Transrectal ultrasonography was used for measurement of the largest antral follicle at TAI and antral follicle count (AFC) at CIDR device insertion as well as pregnancy diagnosis. There were no differences in dam ADG ( = 0.364); however, DMI decreased with increasing DDGS ( < 0.0001), resulting in an increased feed efficiency ( = 0.042). Milk fat and lactose tended to increase with the addition of DDGS in the diet ( ≤ 0.055), and milk urea nitrogen increased ( < 0.001). There were no differences in resumption of cyclicity ( = 1.00) or diameter of the largest antral follicle ( ≥ 0.372). Timed AI pregnancy rates were not different with the addition of DDGS in the diet ( ≥ 0.174). Heifer ADG was reduced with DDGS during late lactation ( = 0.031). Heifer AFC had a tendency to increase with increasing DDGS ( = 0.081), with no impacts on dominant follicle diameter at TAI ( = 0.161). Heifer TAI pregnancy rate also was not different among treatments ( = 0.508). Overall, feeding 4.7 kg/d DM of DDGS to dams during early lactation increases feed efficiency of the dam, with minor statistically significant effects on dam or heifer offspring reproduction.}, number={10}, journal={Journal of Animal Science}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Taylor, E. G. and Lemenager, R. P. and Fellner, V. and Stewart, K. R.}, year={2017}, month={Oct}, pages={4543–4553} }
 @article{shen_fellner_yoon_kim_2017, title={Effects of dietary supplementation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation product to sows and their offspring on growth and meat quality}, volume={1}, ISSN={2573-2102}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.2527/tas2016.0005}, DOI={10.2527/tas2016.0005}, abstractNote={Abstract
               This study evaluated the effects of long term dietary supplementation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation product (SCFP) in the diets for sows and offspring on growth performance, intestinal morphology, volatile fatty acid production, and carcass characteristics of offspring. Newly weaned pigs (n = 256) were allotted to 4 treatments based on a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. Each treatment had 8 pens with 8 pigs per pen. First factor was maternal dietary effects (no SCFP, or SCFP at 12.0 and 15.0 g/d through gestation and lactation, respectively) and the second factor was dietary supplementation of SCFP to offspring (no SCFP, or SCFP at 0.2 and 0.1% for nursery and finisher, respectively). Pigs were on a 6-phase feeding program with assigned diets from nursery to slaughter. Body weights (BW) and feeder weights were measured at the end of each phase. On d 5 after weaning, 1 pig per pen was euthanized to evaluate intestinal morphology and volatile fatty acid production. At 115 kg of BW, 1 pig from each pen was slaughtered to measure carcass characteristics. Feeding diets with SCFP to sows or to their offspring had no effect on BW, overall average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), and gain-to-feed (G:F) ratio during the nursery or finisher period. Feeding SCFP to sows tended to increase (P = 0.098) cecal butyric acid production in their offspring. Pigs with SCFP tended to have a greater (P = 0.084) concentration of acetic acid but a reduced (P = 0.054) propionic acid in colon digesta than pigs without SCFP regardless of maternal feeding regimen. Loin marbling scores were greater (P = 0.043) in pigs with SCFP than those without SCFP regardless of maternal feeding regimen. Overall, supplementation of SCFP in sow diets did not affect growth performance or intestinal morphology of their offspring. Supplementation of SCFP in diets of offspring from nursery to slaughter had little effect on growth performance. However, inclusion of SCFP from nursery to slaughter improved marbling score possibly by increased acetic acid and butyric acid production in the large intestine.}, number={1}, journal={Translational Animal Science}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Shen, Y. B. and Fellner, V. and Yoon, I. and Kim, S. W.}, year={2017}, month={Jan}, pages={45–53} }
 @article{fellner_rice_boersig_2017, title={Fresh grocery produce as a supplement for livestock feed: Nutrient composition and aerobic stability}, volume={33}, ISSN={1080-7446}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.15232/pas.2016-01563}, DOI={10.15232/pas.2016-01563}, abstractNote={Nutrient content and aerobic stability of fresh grocery produce was assessed in March (Exp. 1) and September (Exp. 2) of 2015 from retail stores located in the Raleigh, North Carolina, area. Five stores were sampled at each time. Nutrient content data were analyzed using Univariate procedures of SAS, and aerobic stability data were analyzed using the Mixed procedure of SAS. Fresh grocery produce had a high moisture concentration (DM = 9.1 ± 1.35%) and a TDN of 76.1 ± 5.94%. The CP, sugar, and starch concentrations averaged 17.2 ± 3.76%, 35.8 ± 6.44%, and 2.3 ± 0.91%, respectively. Total fat averaged 4.7 ± 2.9% and was composed mainly of linoleic and oleic fatty acids. Neutral detergent fiber and ADF averaged 16.8 ± 1.75% and 13.6 ± 1.96%, respectively. Glutamic and aspartic acids comprised the largest amino acid fraction (2.0 ± 0.09% and 1.7 ± 0.08%, respectively). In Exp. 2, the CP (13%) and sugar (12.9%) concentrations were less and the DM (11.4%) and starch (21.7%) concentrations greater when compared with Exp. 1. Aerobic storage, ensiling, of fresh grocery produce reduced pH and increased lactic acid but not significantly (P > 0.10). Acetate increased (P < 0.01) by d 5 but decreased (P < 0.01) by d 12 of aerobic storage. Fresh grocery produce can be a good source of nutrients for livestock; however, the inherent variability in nutrients and the high moisture concentration are factors that require further consideration for it to be a viable option for farmers to include as a feed supplement.}, number={2}, journal={The Professional Animal Scientist}, publisher={American Registry of Professional Animal Scientists}, author={Fellner, V. and Rice, J.M. and Boersig, M.}, year={2017}, month={Apr}, pages={151–159} }
 @article{chizonda_fellner_allen_2017, title={In vitro fermentation of Moringa Oleifera leaves in mixed cultures of ruminal microorganisms}, volume={100}, number={e-supplement}, journal={Journal of Dairy Science}, author={Chizonda, S. and Fellner, V. and Allen, J.}, year={2017} }
 @misc{fellner_2017, title={Microbes & Cows: In Sickness & In Health}, author={Fellner, V.}, year={2017} }
 @article{foltz_liu_li_everett_fellner_parker_2017, title={The Effect of HTST and Holder Pasteurization on Bacterial Agglutination by Breast Milk}, volume={13}, ISSN={1573-4013}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1573401312666160922101230}, DOI={10.2174/1573401312666160922101230}, abstractNote={

Background: Not only do infant formulas lack nutritional components supplied in breast
milk, they lack a variety of maternal immune components normally transferred through breast milk,
including microbial agglutinins. Bacterial aggregation by these agglutinins potentially reduces the
likelihood of infection and is a critical step in the formation of the normal ecosystem of the infant’s
gut, which is vital to proper immune system development.




Objective: Given the need for better sources of breast milk for children who cannot receive their own
mother’s milk, the effect of High Temperature, Short Time (HTST) pasteurization and Holder pasteurization
methods on agglutinins in human breast milk was assessed.




Methods: For this purpose, a small scale HTST pasteurization apparatus and protocol was created
and validated. Bacterial aggregation was assessed indirectly by measuring initial changes in CFUs
following post-pasteurization addition of exogenous bacteria, with less increase in CFUs being indicative
of aggregation.




Results: Raw milk and Holder pasteurized milk resulted in the fewest CFUs, with no difference observed
between the two preparations. Interestingly, HTST pasteurized breast milk did not result in
fewer CFUs than Holder pasteurized milk (p = 0.03), suggesting that the Holder method of pasteurization
is at least as effective as HTST pasteurization at preserving bacterial agglutinins in human
breast milk.




Conclusion: Although more CFUs were observed in the assay using boiled human breast milk than
any other milk preparation, the most CFUs were observed with infant formula, suggesting a propensity
for that material to support uncontrolled planktonic bacterial growth.




}, number={1}, journal={Current Nutrition & Food Science}, publisher={Bentham Science Publishers Ltd.}, author={Foltz, Emily and Liu, Daniel and Li, Becky and Everett, Mary Lou and Fellner, Vivek and Parker, William}, year={2017}, month={Jan}, pages={29–36} }
 @article{moran_de lange_ferket_fellner_wilcock_van heugten_2016, title={Enzyme supplementation to improve the nutritional value of fibrous feed ingredients in swine diets fed in dry or liquid form}, volume={94}, ISSN={0021-8812 1525-3163}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.2527/jas.2015-9855}, DOI={10.2527/jas.2015-9855}, abstractNote={This study evaluated the effect of xylanase supplementation (with or without), feeding method (dry or liquid), and feedstuff (corn distiller's dried grains with solubles [DDGS] or wheat middlings) on apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) and apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of GE and nutrients, intestinal morphology, ileal and cecal pH, and VFA concentrations. Sixty-four growing pigs (25.87 ± 0.38kg initial BW) were blocked by BW and sex and randomly assigned to 8 dietary treatments. Within each feedstuff, diets were fed either liquid or dry, without or with xylanase (24,000 birch xylan units/kg feed), for 16 d. Diets contained 3.32 and 3.19 Mcal/kg ME for DDGS- and wheat middlings-based diets, respectively. Pigs were fed restricted at 3 times maintenance ME requirements. Liquid diets were prepared by steeping DDGS or wheat middlings with water (1:3, wt/vol) with or without xylanase for 24 h followed by mixing with a basal ingredient mixture and water to achieve a final ratio of 1:2.5 (wt/vol). During steeping of wheat middlings, some fiber degradation occurred. When xylanase was added in dry wheat middlings diets, AID of GE ( < 0.10) and NDF ( < 0.05) increased compared with dry wheat middlings diets without xylanase (64.50 vs. 54.67% and 52.88 vs. 31.69%, respectively), but supplementation of xylanase did not impact AID of GE and NDF when liquid wheat middlings diets were fed. Xylanase in liquid DDGS diets increased ( < 0.05) the AID of NDF compared with liquid DDGS diets without xylanase, but xylanase did not affect AID of NDF in dry DDGS diets. Xylanase in wheat middlings diets improved ( < 0.05) ATTD of GE and N compared with wheat middlings diets without xylanase (80.37 vs. 78.07% and 80.23 vs. 77.94%, respectively). However, there was no effect of xylanase in DDGS diets. Pigs fed DDGS diets had greater concentrations of butyrate in the cecum ( = 0.001) than pigs fed wheat middlings diets (27.6 vs. 20.4 mmol/L). Pigs fed DDGS diets with xylanase had deeper crypts ( < 0.05) in the jejunum than pigs fed DDGS diets without xylanase (98.20 vs. 86.16 μm), but xylanase had no effect in pigs fed wheat middlings diets. Results suggest that liquid feeding and xylanase supplementation had limited potential to enhance nutrient digestibility in pigs fed DDGS-based diets. However, xylanase supplementation in dry wheat middlings-based diets improved the AID of NDF and ATTD of GE and N, but liquid feeding as pretreatment did not further enhance the nutritional value of wheat middlings-based diets.}, number={3}, journal={Journal of Animal Science}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Moran, K. and de Lange, C. F. M. and Ferket, P. and Fellner, V. and Wilcock, P. and van Heugten, E.}, year={2016}, month={Mar}, pages={1031–1040} }
 @misc{fellner_2016, title={Rumen and Drug Interactions}, author={Fellner, V.}, year={2016} }
 @article{black_grimes_fellner_young_2016, title={The effect of direct-fed microbial (PrimaLac) on performance and AMEn in turkey poults}, volume={95}, number={e-supplement 1}, journal={Poultry Science}, author={Black, S. and Grimes, J. and Fellner, V. and Young, M.}, year={2016}, pages={298} }
 @article{apley_crist_fellner_gonzalez_hunter_martinez_messenheimer_modric_papich_parr_et al._2015, title={Determination of Thermodynamic Solubility of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients for Veterinary Species: A New USP General Chapter}, volume={41}, number={3}, journal={US Pharmacopeial Forum}, author={Apley, M. and Crist, G.B. and Fellner, V. and Gonzalez, M.A. and Hunter, R.P. and Martinez, M.N. and Messenheimer, J.R. and Modric, S. and Papich, M.G. and Parr, A.F. and et al.}, year={2015} }
 @article{moriel_artioli_poore_fellner_2015, title={Effects of replacing ground corn with wet brewers grains on growth performance and concentrations of liver trace minerals and plasma fatty acids of preconditioning beef heifers fed medium-quality fescue hay}, volume={31}, ISSN={1080-7446}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.15232/pas.2015-01421}, DOI={10.15232/pas.2015-01421}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT Our goal was to evaluate growth performance and concentrations of liver trace minerals and plasma fatty acids of beef heifers supplemented with wet brewers grains (WBG) replacing ground corn (CN). On d 0, 27 Angus beef heifers (218 ± 3 kg; 225 ± 23 d of age) were randomly assigned into 1 of 9 drylot pens (3 heifers per pen). Treatments were randomly assigned to pens (3 pens per treatment) and consisted of heifers receiving a 42-d period of daily supple- mentation 'with 100% CN, 100% WBG, or a 50:50 mixture of CN and WBG (CNWBG). Supplements provided equal daily supplemental TDN (0.7% of BW). Average daily gain from d 0 to 42 was similar (P = 0.65) between CNWBG and WBG, and tended (P ≤ 0.08) to be least for CN. Hay and total DMI were less (P ≤ 0.05) for heifers fed WBG versus CN and CNWBG supplements in 3 of 6 wk. Thus, G:F was similar (P = 0.63) between CNWBG and WBG but least (P ≤ 0.004) for CN heifers. Intake of S, Cu, Se, and Zn increased (P ≤ 0.05) as WBG replaced corn. Yet, liver concentrations of trace minerals did not differ among treatments (P ≥ 0.16). Intake of supplemental fat and total fat increased (P ≤ 0.02) as WBG replaced corn. Plasma 18:1 trans-11 and 18:1 cis-9 concentrations were less for WBG versus CN and CNWNG heifers (P ≤ 0.04). Therefore, replacing ground corn with WBG enhanced growth performance but not concentrations of plasma fatty acids and liver trace mineral in beef heifers.}, number={5}, journal={The Professional Animal Scientist}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Moriel, P. and Artioli, L.F.A. and Poore, M.H. and Fellner, V.}, year={2015}, month={Oct}, pages={425–433} }
 @article{rosero_odle_mendoza_boyd_fellner_heugten_2015, title={Impact of dietary lipids on sow milk composition and balance of essential fatty acids during lactation in prolific sows}, volume={93}, ISSN={["1525-3163"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84965094122&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.2527/jas.2014-8529}, abstractNote={Two studies were designed to determine the effects of supplementing diets with lipid sources of EFA (linoleic and α-linolenic acid) on sow milk composition to estimate the balance of EFA for sows nursing large litters. In Exp. 1, 30 sows, equally balanced by parity (1 and 3 to 5) and nursing 12 pigs, were fed diets supplemented with 6% animal-vegetable blend (A-V), 6% choice white grease (CWG), or a control diet without added lipid. Diets were corn-soybean meal based with 8% corn distiller dried grains with solubles and 6% wheat middlings and contained 3.25 g standardized ileal digestible Lys/Mcal ME. Sows fed lipid-supplemented diets secreted greater amounts of fat (P = 0.082; 499 and 559 g/d for control and lipid-added diets, respectively) than sows fed the control diet. The balance of EFA was computed as apparent ileal digestible intake of EFA minus the outflow of EFA in milk. For sows fed the control diet, the amount of linoleic acid secreted in milk was greater than the amount consumed, throughout lactation. This resulted in a pronounced negative balance of linoleic acid (-22.4, -38.0, and -14.1 g/d for d 3, 10, and 17 of lactation, respectively). In Exp. 2, 50 sows, equally balanced by parity and nursing 12 pigs, were randomly assigned to a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of diets plus a control diet without added lipids. Factors included linoleic acid (2.1% and 3.3%) and α-linolenic acid (0.15% and 0.45%). The different concentrations of EFA were obtained by adding 4% of different mixtures of canola, corn, and flaxseed oils to diets. The n-6 to n-3 fatty acid ratios in the diets ranged from 5 to 22. Increasing supplemental EFA increased (P < 0.001) milk concentrations of linoleic (16.7% and 20.8%, for 2.1% and 3.3% linoleic acid, respectively) and α-linolenic acid (P < 0.001; 1.1 and 1.9% for 0.15 and 0.45% α-linolenic acid, respectively). Increasing supplemental EFA increased the estimated balance of α-linolenic acid (P < 0.001; -0.2 and 5.3 g/d for 0.15% and 0.45% α-linolenic acid, respectively), but not linoleic acid (P = 0.14; -3.4 and 10.0 g/d for 2.1% and 3.3% linoleic acid, respectively). In conclusion, lipid supplementation to sow lactation diets improved milk fat secretion. The fatty acid composition of milk fat reflected the dietary supplementation of EFA. The net effect of supplemental EFA was to create a positive balance during lactation, which may prove to be beneficial for the development of nursing piglets and the subsequent reproduction of sows.}, number={6}, journal={JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE}, author={Rosero, D. S. and Odle, J. and Mendoza, S. M. and Boyd, R. D. and Fellner, V. and Heugten, E.}, year={2015}, month={Jun}, pages={2935–2947} }
 @article{zhao_weaver_fellner_payne_kim_2014, title={Amino acid fortified diets for weanling pigs replacing fish meal and whey protein concentrate: Effects on growth, immune status, and gut health}, volume={5}, ISSN={["2049-1891"]}, url={https://publons.com/wos-op/publon/38685441/}, DOI={10.1186/2049-1891-5-57}, abstractNote={Limited availability of fish meal and whey protein concentrate increases overall feed costs. Availability of increased number of supplemental amino acids including Lys, Met, Thr, Trp, Val, and Ile allows replacing expensive protein supplements to reduce feed costs. This study was to evaluate the effect of replacing fish meal and/or whey protein concentrate in nursery diets with 6 supplemental amino acids on growth performance and gut health of post-weaning pigs. Treatments were 1) FM-WPC: diet with fish meal (FM) and whey protein concentrate (WPC); 2) FM-AA: diet with FM and crystalline amino acids (L-Lys, L-Thr, L-Trp, DL-Met, L-Val, and L-Ile); 3) WPC-AA: diet with WPC and crystalline amino acid; and 4) AA: diet with crystalline amino acid. Pigs in FM-AA, WPC-AA, and AA had greater (P < 0.05) ADG and gain:feed than pigs in FM-WPC during wk 1 (phase 1). Plasma insulin concentration of pigs in AA tended to be greater (P = 0.064) than that of FM-WPC at the end of wk 1(phase 1). Plasma concentrations of IgG in AA was lower (P < 0.05) compared with WPC-AA and FW, and FM-AA had lower (P < 0.05) IgG concentration than WPC-AA at the end of wk 1 (phase 1). Concentration of acetate in cecum digesta in FM-AA tended to be greater (P = 0.054) than that of FM-WPC and WPC-AA. Concentration of isovalerate in cecum digesta of pigs in FM-AA was greater (P < 0.05) than that of FW and WPC-AA. This study indicates that use of 6 supplemental amino acids can replace fish meal and/or whey protein concentrate without adverse effects on growth performance, immune status, and gut health of pigs at d 21 to 49 of age. Positive response with the use of 6 supplemental amino acids in growth during the first week of post-weaning may due to increased plasma insulin potentially improving uptake of nutrients for protein synthesis and energy utilization. The replacement of fish meal and/or whey protein concentrate with 6 supplemental amino acids could decrease the crude protein level in nursery diets, and potentially lead to substantial cost savings in expensive nursery diets.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY}, publisher={BioMed Central}, author={Zhao, Yan and Weaver, Alexandra C. and Fellner, Vivek and Payne, Robert L. and Kim, Sung Woo}, year={2014}, month={Dec} }
 @article{lambert_fellner_mckenney_hartstone-rose_2014, title={Binturong (Arctictis binturong) and Kinkajou (Potos flavus) Digestive Strategy: Implications for Interpreting Frugivory in Carnivora and Primates}, volume={9}, ISSN={1932-6203}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0105415}, DOI={10.1371/journal.pone.0105415}, abstractNote={Exclusive frugivory is rare. As a food resource, fruit is temporally and spatially patchy, low in protein, and variable in terms of energy yield from different carbohydrate types. Here, we evaluate the digestive physiology of two frugivorous Carnivora species (Potos flavus, Arctictis binturong) that converge with primates in a diversity of ecological and anatomical traits related to fruit consumption. We conducted feeding trials to determine mean digestive retention times (MRT) on captive animals at the Carnivore Preservation Trust (now Carolina Tiger Rescue), Pittsboro, NC. Fecal samples were collected on study subjects for in vitro analysis to determine methane, pH, and short chain fatty acid profiles; fiber was assayed using standard neutral detergent (NDF) and acid detergent (ADF) fiber methods. Results indicate that both carnivoran species have rapid digestive passage for mammals that consume a predominantly plant-based diet: A. binturong MRT = 6.5 hrs (0.3); P. flavus MRT = 2.5 hrs (1.6). In vitro experiments revealed no fermentation of structural polysaccharides – methane levels did not shift from 0 h to either 24 or 48 hours and no short chain fatty acids were detected. In both species, however, pH declined from one incubation period to another suggesting acidification and bacterial activity of microbes using soluble carbohydrates. A comparison with primates indicates that the study species are most similar in digestive retention times to Ateles – the most frugivorous anthropoid primate taxon.}, number={8}, journal={PLoS ONE}, publisher={Public Library of Science (PLoS)}, author={Lambert, Joanna E. and Fellner, Vivek and McKenney, Erin and Hartstone-Rose, Adam}, editor={Taylor, Andrea B.Editor}, year={2014}, month={Aug}, pages={e105415} }
 @article{christensen_eun_fellner_young_macadam_2014, title={Comparison of milk fatty acid profiles of dairy cows grazing cool-season perennial ryegrass or birdsfoot trefoil pasture on a commercial organic dairy farm}, volume={92}, number={e-supplement 2}, journal={Journal of Animal Science}, author={Christensen, R.G. and Eun, J.-S. and Fellner, V. and Young, A.J. and MacAdam, J.W.}, year={2014}, pages={532} }
 @article{mckenney_ashwell_lambert_fellner_2014, title={Fecal microbial diversity and putative function in captive western lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla), common chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), Hamadryas baboons (Papio hamadryas) and binturongs (Arctictis binturong)}, volume={9}, ISSN={["1749-4869"]}, DOI={10.1111/1749-4877.12112}, abstractNote={AbstractMicrobial populations in the gastrointestinal tract contribute to host health and nutrition. Although gut microbial ecology is well studied in livestock and domestic animals, little is known of the endogenous populations inhabiting primates or carnivora. We characterized microbial populations in fecal cultures from gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla), common chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), Hamadryas baboons (Papio hamadryas) and binturongs (Arctictis binturong) to compare the microbiomes associated with different gastrointestinal morphologies and different omnivorous feeding strategies. Each species was fed a distinct standardized diet for 2 weeks prior to fecal collection. All diets were formulated to reflect the species' feeding strategies in situ. Fresh fecal samples were pooled within species and used to inoculate in vitro batch cultures. Acetate, propionate, butyrate and valerate were measured after 24 h of incubation. Eubacterial DNA was extracted from individual fecal samples, pooled, and the cpn60 gene region was amplified and then sequenced to identify the major eubacterial constituents associated with each host species. Short chain fatty acids (P < 0.001) and methane (P < 0.001) were significantly different across species. Eubacterial profiles were consistent with fermentation data and suggest an increase in diversity with dietary fiber.}, number={5}, journal={INTEGRATIVE ZOOLOGY}, publisher={Wiley-Blackwell}, author={McKenney, Erin A. and Ashwell, Melissa and Lambert, Joanna E. and Fellner, Vivek}, year={2014}, month={Nov}, pages={557–569} }
 @article{fellner_zering_2014, title={Global Exchange: Sustainable Livestock Production Practices, Biofuels and Health: Lessons with India}, volume={128}, journal={International Innovation}, author={Fellner, V. and Zering, K.}, year={2014}, pages={26} }
 @misc{fellner_2014, title={Manipulating rumen microbes to improve dairy production and mitigate greenhouse gas emissions}, author={Fellner, V.}, year={2014} }
 @inproceedings{fellner_2014, title={Microbial Fermentation: A Dynamic Ecology Shaping Nutritional Energetics}, author={Fellner, V.}, year={2014} }
 @inproceedings{fellner_2014, title={Microbial Interactions: A Dynamic Ecology Shaping Nutrition and Global Energy}, author={Fellner, V.}, year={2014} }
 @article{cartiff_fellner_eisemann_2013, title={Eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids increase insulin sensitivity in growing steers}, volume={91}, ISSN={["1525-3163"]}, DOI={10.2527/jas.2012-5694}, abstractNote={An experiment was conducted to determine the effect of dietary n-3 long chain PUFA on insulin sensitivity in growing steers. Steers (n = 12, initial BW = 336.3 kg, SEM = 7.7) were adapted to a basal diet that was 70% concentrate mix and 30% orchardgrass hay. Steers were fed a daily amount of 0.26 Mcal ME per kg BW (0.75). After 3 wk steers were transitioned to 1 of 2 treatment (Trt) diets (n = 6 per diet) containing added Ca salts of fatty acids at 4% of DM using a source of fat that was enriched in n-3 fatty acids, including eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid (FOFA), or a source of fat without n-3 fatty acids and a greater percentage of C16:0 and C18:1 (LCFA). Three intravenous (i.v.) glucose tolerance tests (IVGTT) were conducted, 1 during the basal diet, and 2 after transition to treatment diets at time 1 (T1; d 4 Trt) and time 2 (T2; d 39 Trt). Three i.v. insulin challenge tests (IC) were conducted the day after each IVGTT. Measurements on the basal diet were used as covariates. For IVGTT, there was a diet by time interaction (P < 0.05) for glucose area under the response curve (AUC). The AUC50 (mM glucose × 50 min) at T1 was less (P = 0.02) for LCFA (126.2) than FOFA (151.8), AUC50 at T2 tended to be greater (P = 0.07) for LCFA (165.9) than FOFA (146.0). Preinfusion insulin concentration was greater (P < 0.001) before the IVGTT and IC for steers fed LCFA (40.4 and 40.2 µIU/mL) than for steers fed FOFA (23.7 and 27.1 µIU/mL), respectively. Glucose clearance did not differ between treatments. For IC, minimum glucose concentration was greater (P = 0.02) and glucose AUC150 was less (P < 0.01) for steers fed LCFA than for steers fed FOFA. Values for glucose concentration were 1.8 mM and 1.5 mM and for AUC150 (mM glucose × 150 min) were 203.1 and 263.6 for steers fed LCFA and FOFA, respectively. Insulin clearance (fraction/min) was greater (P < 0.01) for steers fed LCFA (0.121) than FOFA (0.101). The insulin AUC60 (µIU/mL × 60 min) postinfusion was less for LCFA (17,674) than FOFA (19,997), and tended to be greater (P = 0.06) at T1 (19,552) than T2 (18,119). Plasma NEFA concentrations at T2 during IVGTT were greater (P < 0.05) in steers fed FOFA than in steers fed LCFA. The results indicated that supplementing with long-chain n-3 PUFA (FOFA) increased insulin sensitivity in growing steers compared with feeding a supplement with greater concentration of SFA (LCFA).}, number={5}, journal={JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE}, author={Cartiff, S. E. and Fellner, V. and Eisemann, J. H.}, year={2013}, month={May}, pages={2332–2342} }
 @misc{fellner_2013, title={Microbes, Forages and Animal Agriculture}, author={Fellner, V.}, year={2013} }
 @misc{fellner_2013, title={Rumen microbiology and dairy production}, author={Fellner, V.}, year={2013} }
 @article{herfel_jacobi_lin_van heugten_fellner_odle_2013, title={Stabilized rice bran improves weaning pig performance via a prebiotic mechanism}, volume={91}, ISSN={0021-8812 1525-3163}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.2527/jas.2012-5287}, DOI={10.2527/jas.2012-5287}, abstractNote={Stabilized rice bran (SRB) is classified as a "functional food" because of its prebiotic characteristics. With increasing grain prices and the pressure to remove antibiotics from swine diets because of concern over antibiotic resistance, SRB was investigated as a nursery diet ingredient with and without the addition of antibiotics (ANT). Two hundred pigs were weaned at 21 d of age, blocked by BW, and allotted to diets containing 0 or 10% SRB ± ANT according to a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. Five animals were housed per pen throughout a 28-d growth period. At the end of the trial, 1 pig from each pen was euthanized for measurement of intestinal morphology. Antibiotic supplementation improved ADG by 6.4% during Phase 2 (d 14 to 28; P = 0.02), but other production variables were unaffected by ANT. During Phase 2 and cumulatively (d 0 to 28), the supplementation of SRB improved G:F by 10% in ANT-free pigs but not in pigs fed ANT (ANT × SRB, P < 0.03). Ileal histology revealed an increase in crypt depth of pigs fed the diet containing ANT plus SRB and corresponding decreases in villi:crypt associated with both ANT and SRB supplementation (P < 0.05). Intraepithelial lymphocytes were increased by 15% in pigs fed SRB without ANT, but were unaffected by SRB in pigs fed ANT (ANT x SRB, P = 0.003). Colonic bifidobacteria tended to increase with SRB supplementation (P < 0.10). Differences in ileal and cecal digesta short-chain fatty acid concentrations were not detected. In summary, SRB improved the efficiency of nutrient utilization in nursery diets lacking antibiotics and tended to increase intestinal bifidobacteria concentrations, indicating that SRB may exert beneficial prebiotic effects in weanling pigs.}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Animal Science}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Herfel, T. and Jacobi, S. and Lin, X. and Van Heugten, E. and Fellner, V. and Odle, J.}, year={2013}, month={Feb}, pages={907–913} }
 @misc{fellner_2013, title={Sustainable livestock production practices, biofuels and health: Lessons in India}, author={Fellner, V.}, year={2013} }
 @misc{fellner_2012, title={Dairy Nutrition Research at NC State}, author={Fellner, V.}, year={2012} }
 @article{dolecheck_vera_young_smith_fellner_eun_2012, title={Effects of supplementing Propionibacteria in lactation dairy diets on ruminal fermentation in continuous cultures}, volume={90}, number={e-supplement 3}, journal={Journal of Animal Science}, author={Dolecheck, K.A. and Vera, J.M. and Young, A.J. and Smith, A.H. and Fellner, V. and Eun, J.-S.}, year={2012}, pages={215} }
 @article{donadeo_fellner_2012, place={Raleigh, NC}, title={In vitro microbial fermentation of different browse species fed to captive giraffes (Giraffa camelopardalis) at the North Carolina Zoo}, journal={Ink – Undergraduate Research Journal}, publisher={North Carolina State University}, author={Donadeo, B.C. and Fellner, V.}, year={2012}, pages={70} }
 @inproceedings{ellis_whisnant_fellner_koutsos_devoe_ange-van heugten_2012, title={The Potential effects of diet and environmental stressors on cortisol response in the captive southern white rhinoceros (ceratotherium simum simum) at the North Carolina Asheboro Zoo}, booktitle={Proceedings of the Seventh Crissey Zoological Nutrition Symposium}, author={Ellis, K.B. and Whisnant, S. and Fellner, V. and Koutsos, E. and DeVoe, R. and Ange-van Heugten, K.}, year={2012}, pages={13} }
 @inproceedings{mckenney_ashwell_lambert_fellner_2011, title={A comparison of the gastrointestinal microbiota associated with primate and carnivore species}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 125th Sigma Xi Annual Meeting and International Research Conference}, author={McKenney, E. and Ashwell, M. and Lambert, J. and Fellner, V.}, year={2011}, pages={157} }
 @article{king_dschaak_eun_fellner_young_2011, title={Assessment of ruminal fermentation characteristics under normal or high fermentative temperature in continuous cultures}, volume={89}, number={e-supplement 1}, journal={Journal of Animal Science}, author={King, C.C. and Dschaak, C.M. and Eun, J.-S. and Fellner, V. and Young, A.J.}, year={2011}, pages={212} }
 @article{sharlette_hewitt_mcleod_fellner_siciliano_pearson_pratt-phillips_2011, title={Effect of pasture consumption on blood insulin, glucose and volatile fatty acid concentrations in horses}, volume={31}, ISSN={0737-0806}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jevs.2011.03.126}, DOI={10.1016/j.jevs.2011.03.126}, number={5-6}, journal={Journal of Equine Veterinary Science}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Sharlette, J. and Hewitt, K. and McLeod, S.J. and Fellner, V. and Siciliano, P. and Pearson, A. and Pratt-Phillips, S.}, year={2011}, month={May}, pages={298–299} }
 @article{pearson_siciliano_mcleod_fellner_2011, title={Effect of turn-out time on pasture NSC intake and hindgut fermentation characteristics}, volume={31}, ISSN={0737-0806}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jevs.2011.03.125}, DOI={10.1016/j.jevs.2011.03.125}, number={5-6}, journal={Journal of Equine Veterinary Science}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Pearson, A.C. and Siciliano, P.D. and McLeod, S.J. and Fellner, V.}, year={2011}, month={May}, pages={297–298} }
 @article{williams_eun_macadam_young_fellner_min_2011, title={Effects of forage legumes containing condensed tannins on methane and ammonia production in continuous cultures of mixed ruminal microorganisms}, volume={166-67}, ISSN={["0377-8401"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2011.04.025}, abstractNote={It has been reported that some condensed tannin (CT) containing forage legumes may reduce ruminal CH4 emissions as a result of direct and/or indirect inhibition of methanogens. Dual flow continuous fermentors (working volume of 700 ml) were used to determine effects of CT containing legume hays in dairy total mixed rations (TMR) on ruminal fermentation, with an emphasis on CH4 and ammonia N production. Fermentors were inoculated with filtered rumen contents and allowed to adapt to experimental diets for 6 d, followed by 3 d of sampling and data collection. All dietary treatments were formulated for lactating dairy cows in early lactation. Five TMR were evaluated being: (1) alfalfa (AFT), (2) cicer milkvetch (CMVT), (3) Norcen birdsfoot trefoil (NBFTT), (4) Oberhaunstadter birdsfoot trefoil (OBFTT) and (5) sainfoin (SFT). The experiment was a 5 × 5 Latin square design. Compared to AFT, culture pH was not influenced by most forages, but was increased (P<0.01) by feeding SFT. Compared to AFT, the molar proportion of propionate increased (P=0.03) with CMVT, but decreased (P=0.05) with SFT. Feeding CMVT decreased (P<0.01) the molar proportion of butyrate relative to AFT. Acetate to propionate ratio decreased with CMVT (P<0.01) and OBFTT (1.65; P=0.01), but increased with SFT (P<0.01) compared to AFT. Apparent digestibility of dry matter or neutral detergent fiber (aNDF) was not influenced by forage source. Compared to AFT, CH4 production decreased with other treatments (P<0.01), whereas CH4 production (expressed as mM/g aNDF digested) was only reduced (P<0.05) by CMVT and OBFTT. NH3–N concentration was lower (P<0.01) with CMVT and SFT, but not affected by NBFTT or OBFTT compared to AFT. Legume forages eliciting reductions in CH4 and NH3–N production may offer advantages in lactating dairy diets to improve nutrient utilization and environmental sustainability of dairy cattle production. This paper is part of the special issue entitled: Greenhouse Gases in Animal Agriculture – Finding a Balance between Food and Emissions, Guest Edited by T.A. McAllister, Section Guest Editors: K.A. Beauchemin, X. Hao, S. McGinn and Editor for Animal Feed Science and Technology, P.H. Robinson.}, journal={ANIMAL FEED SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY}, author={Williams, C. M. and Eun, J. -S. and MacAdam, J. W. and Young, A. J. and Fellner, V. and Min, B. R.}, year={2011}, month={Jun}, pages={364–372} }
 @article{rosero_van heughten_odle_fellner_boyd_2011, title={Impact of dietary fat on milk composition, milk output and apparent digestibility is fat source dependent in lactating sows}, volume={89}, number={e-supplement 1}, journal={Journal of Animal Science}, author={Rosero, D.S. and van Heughten, E. and Odle, J. and Fellner, V. and Boyd, R.D.}, year={2011}, pages={756} }
 @article{lambert_fellner_2012, title={In Vitro Fermentation of Dietary Carbohydrates Consumed by African Apes and Monkeys: Preliminary Results for Interpreting Microbial and Digestive Strategy}, volume={33}, ISSN={["1573-8604"]}, DOI={10.1007/s10764-011-9559-y}, number={1}, journal={INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PRIMATOLOGY}, author={Lambert, Joanna E. and Fellner, Vivek}, year={2012}, month={Feb}, pages={263–281} }
 @inproceedings{mckenney_o’nan_mcleod_ashwell_lambert_fellner_2011, title={Microbial fermentation and ecology in Primate and Carnivore species}, booktitle={Proceedings of the Sixth Annual NC State University Graduate Student Research Symposium}, author={McKenney, E. and O’Nan, A. and McLeod, S.J. and Ashwell, M. and Lambert, J. and Fellner, V.}, year={2011}, pages={8} }
 @article{herfel_jacobi_lin_fellner_walker_jouni_odle_2011, title={Polydextrose Enrichment of Infant Formula Demonstrates Prebiotic Characteristics by Altering Intestinal Microbiota, Organic Acid Concentrations, and Cytokine Expression in Suckling Piglets}, volume={141}, ISSN={0022-3166 1541-6100}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3945/jn.111.143727}, DOI={10.3945/jn.111.143727}, abstractNote={Oligosaccharides, the 3rd-most abundant component in human milk, are virtually absent from infant formulas and from the cow milk on which most are based. In breast-fed infants, human milk oligosaccharides (HMO) act as both receptor analogs, interfering with pathogen adhesion, and as prebiotics, stimulating the growth of certain commensal bacteria (e.g. bifidobacteria) and supporting the innate immunity. To further align the functional properties of infant formula with those of human milk, polydextrose (PDX) is proposed as a substitute for HMO. To determine the prebiotic functionality of PDX, 1-d-old pigs were fed a cow milk-based formula supplemented with increasing concentrations of PDX (0, 1.7, 4.3, 8.5, or 17 g/L) for 18 d (n = 13). Additional reference groups included pigs sampled at d 0 and sow-reared pigs sampled at d 18 (n = 12). Ileal Lactobacilli CFU, but not Bifidobacteria, increased linearly with increasing PDX (P = 0.02). The propionic acid concentration in digesta linearly increased with the PDX level (P = 0.045) and lactic acid increased linearly by 5-fold with increasing PDX (P = 0.001). Accordingly, digesta pH decreased linearly (P < 0.05) as PDX increased, with a maximal reduction approaching 0.5 pH units in pigs fed 17 g/L. Expression of TNFα, IL-1β, and IL-8 showed a negative quadratic pattern in response to PDX supplementation, declining at intermediate concentrations and rebounding at higher concentrations of PDX. In summary, PDX enrichment of infant formula resulted in a prebiotic effect by increasing ileal lactobacilli and propionic and lactic acid concentrations and decreasing pH with associated alterations in ileal cytokine expression.}, number={12}, journal={The Journal of Nutrition}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Herfel, Tina M. and Jacobi, Sheila K. and Lin, Xi and Fellner, Vivek and Walker, D. Carey and Jouni, Zeina E. and Odle, Jack}, year={2011}, month={Oct}, pages={2139–2145} }
 @article{king_dschaak_eun_fellner_young_2011, title={Quantitative analysis of microbial fermentation under normal or high ruminal temperature in continuous cultures}, volume={27}, ISSN={1080-7446}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.15232/s1080-7446(15)30495-2}, DOI={10.15232/s1080-7446(15)30495-2}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT A dual-flow, continuous-culture system was used to investigate effects of ruminal temperature and forage-to-concentrate ratio in lactation dairy diets on in vitro fermentation characteristics. The experiment was performed in a 2 × 2 factorial design (n = 4). Diets were formulated to maintain different forage-to-concentrate ratios (60:40 or 40:60, DM basis) in the high-forage (HF) or the low-forage (LF) diet, respectively. Four treatments were tested: HF under normal ruminal temperature (NRT; 39°C), LF under NRT, HF under high ruminal temperature (HRT; 41°C), and LF under HRT. Each independent run lasted 11 d (8 d of treatment adaptation and 3 d of data and sample collection). The temperature of the HRT treatment was chosen to mimic ruminal fermentative environment when cows are under heat stress. The HRT increased (P}, number={4}, journal={The Professional Animal Scientist}, publisher={American Registry of Professional Animal Scientists}, author={King, C.C. and Dschaak, C.M. and Eun, J.-S. and Fellner, V. and Young, A.J.}, year={2011}, month={Aug}, pages={319–327} }
 @article{dschaak_noviandi_eun_fellner_young_zobell_israelsen_2011, title={Ruminal fermentation characteristics and lactational performance of Holstein dairy cows fed whole safflower seeds}, volume={89}, number={e-supplement 1}, journal={Journal of Animal Science}, author={Dschaak, C.M. and Noviandi, C.T. and Eun, J.-S. and Fellner, V. and Young, A.J. and ZoBell, D.R. and Israelsen, C.E.}, year={2011}, pages={178} }
 @article{dschaak_noviandi_eun_fellner_young_zobell_israelsen_2011, title={Ruminal fermentation, milk fatty acid profiles, and productive performance of Holstein dairy cows fed 2 different safflower seeds}, volume={94}, ISSN={["1525-3198"]}, DOI={10.3168/jds.2011-4541}, abstractNote={A lactation trial was conducted to determine the effects of supplementing whole safflower seeds (SS) on ruminal fermentation, lactational performance, and milk fatty acid (FA) profiles. Nine multiparous Holstein cows (days in milk = 110 ± 20) were used in a replicated 3 × 3 Latin square design. Each period lasted 21 d, with 14 d of adaptation and 7 d of data collection. Within square, cows were randomly assigned to a sequence of 3 dietary treatments as follows: cottonseed total mixed ration (TMR; CST), conventional SS (variety S-208) TMR (CSST), and NutraSaff SS (Safflower Technologies International, Sidney, MT) TMR (NSST). Diets contained approximately 63% forage (36% alfalfa hay, 4% grass hay, and 23% corn silage) and 37% concentrate supplemented with 2% cottonseed to the CST and 3% conventional or NutraSaff SS to the CSST or the NSST, respectively. Intake of dry matter (DM) averaged 21.8 kg/d and did not differ across diets, but feeding the NSST decreased intake of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) due to lower dietary concentration of NDF in the NSST. Digestibilities of DM and nutrients were similar among treatments. No differences in yields of milk or milk components were observed in response to supplementing SS. Dietary treatments did not affect ruminal pH, total or molar proportions of ruminal volatile FA, and ammonia-N. However, cows fed SS had a higher molar proportion of isobutyrate than those fed the CST diet. Ruminal C16:0 FA concentration increased with the CST, whereas C18:1 cis-9 and C18:2 n-6 tended to increase with SS supplementation, indicating that conventional and NutraSaff SS were partially protected from microbial biohydrogenation. Supplementing SS decreased milk C16:0 concentration, whereas it increased C18:1 cis-9 and C18:1 trans-9. Milk FA C18:1 trans-11 and cis-9, trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid increased and tended to increase with feeding the NSST, respectively, but not the CSST diet. In conclusion, supplementing diets with whole SS at 3% of dietary DM can be an effective strategy of fat supplementation to lactating dairy cows without negative effects on lactational performance and milk FA profiles.}, number={10}, journal={JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE}, author={Dschaak, C. M. and Noviandi, C. T. and Eun, J. -S. and Fellner, V. and Young, A. J. and ZoBell, D. R. and Israelsen, C. E.}, year={2011}, month={Oct}, pages={5138–5150} }
 @misc{fellner_2011, title={Sustainable Livestock Production: Adjusting to the Paradigm}, author={Fellner, V.}, year={2011} }
 @inproceedings{fellner_gilmartin_luginbuhl_moog_morais_de los reyes_sills_2011, title={TEACHING at TERI: NC State Faculty Contribute to MA in Sustainable Development Practice in India}, author={Fellner, V. and Gilmartin, D. and Luginbuhl, G. and Moog, R. and Morais, D. and de los Reyes, F. and Sills, E.}, year={2011} }
 @inproceedings{tull_fellner_hergeth_calt_2011, title={Technical Assessment of Industrial Biotechnology for Treatment of Organic Waste Streams}, author={Tull, H.G. and Fellner, V. and Hergeth, H.H. and Calt, E.A.}, year={2011} }
 @inproceedings{fellner_2010, title={A comparative assessment of fermentation and microbes in herbivores and omnivores}, author={Fellner, V.}, year={2010} }
 @inproceedings{fellner_2010, title={Amino Acid Nutrition: An Advanced Step in Profitable Dairy Farming}, author={Fellner, V.}, year={2010} }
 @article{lambert_hartstone-rose_fellner_mckenney_2010, title={Digestive physiology and use of carbohydrates by arboreal, frugivorous Carnivora (Arctictis binturong, Potos flavus): a test of convergent evolution with the primate pattern}, volume={141}, number={supplement 50}, journal={American Journal of Physical Anthropology}, author={Lambert, J.E. and Hartstone-Rose, A and Fellner, V and McKenney, E.}, year={2010}, pages={150–151} }
 @article{vibart_burns_fellner_2010, title={Effect of Replacing Total Mixed Ration with Pasture on Ruminal Fermentation}, volume={26}, ISSN={1080-7446}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.15232/s1080-7446(15)30625-2}, DOI={10.15232/s1080-7446(15)30625-2}, abstractNote={Mixed cultures of ruminal microorganisms were used to examine the fermentation profile of diets (DM basis) consisting of 1) 100% TMR, 2) 85:15 TMR:pasture, 3) 70:30 TMR:pasture, and 4) 55:45 TMR:pasture. The pasture portion of the diets consisted of annual ryegrass harvested at a height (5 to 7 cm) that simulated animal grazing. The proportion of forage (silage in TMR plus pasture) to concentrate ranged from 40:60 (100% TMR) to 67:33 (55:45 TMR:pasture). Increasing the proportion of dietary pasture increased total dietary soluble protein, forage, and total diet digestibility (P < 0.01) and decreased (P < 0.001) ruminal methane. Increased forage from pasture improved ruminal fermentation in a manner consistent with enhanced feed nutrient utilization. Data from this study support the enhanced lactational performance observed with cows fed similar diets in a concurrent study.}, number={4}, journal={The Professional Animal Scientist}, publisher={American Registry of Professional Animal Scientists}, author={Vibart, R.E. and Burns, J.C. and Fellner, V.}, year={2010}, month={Aug}, pages={435–442} }
 @article{pearson_siciliano_mcleod_fellner_2010, title={Effect of grazing fall pasture on indicators of hindgut pH and fermentation characteristics in horses}, volume={93}, number={e-supplement 1}, journal={Journal of Dairy Science}, author={Pearson, A.C. and Siciliano, P.D. and McLeod, S.J. and Fellner, V.}, year={2010}, pages={639} }
 @inproceedings{lloyd_spears_mcleod_krafka_lamptey_fellner_2010, title={Effects of supplementing dairy cows with chromium propionate on milk and tissue Cr concentrations}, author={Lloyd, K.E. and Spears, J.W. and McLeod, S. and Krafka, K. and Lamptey, A. and Fellner, V.}, year={2010} }
 @article{lloyd_fellner_mcleod_fry_krafka_lamptey_spears_2010, title={Effects of supplementing dairy cows with chromium propionate on milk and tissue chromium concentrations}, volume={93}, ISSN={["1525-3198"]}, DOI={10.3168/jds.2010-3198}, abstractNote={Eight primiparous and 8 multiparous Holstein cows were used to determine the effects of Cr supplementation, in the form of Cr propionate (Cr Prop), on milk and tissue Cr concentrations. Cows were randomly assigned by parity to one of 2 diets: 1) control diet or 2) 2 mg of supplemental Cr/kg of DM. The level of Cr Prop supplemented exceeded by 4-fold the concentration of 0.5 mg of Cr/kg permitted by the FDA. Experimental diets were fed from approximately 30 d prepartum until at least 91 d postpartum, resulting in a minimum of 121 d of exposure to supplemental Cr. The control prepartum and postpartum diets analyzed 0.48 and 0.38 mg of Cr/kg of DM, respectively. Milk samples were obtained from the a.m. milking on d 0 (colostrum), 7, 14, 21, 28, 42, 56, 77, and 90 and on the final day of the study for Cr analysis. Cows were harvested after lactating for a minimum of 91 d and samples of liver, kidney, semitendinosus muscle, and fat were obtained for Cr analysis. Chromium was measured using electrothermal atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Milk Cr concentration averaged 1.7 ng/mL and was affected by day of lactation but not by Cr or a Cr × day interaction. Supplementation of 2 mg of Cr/kg of DM increased kidney Cr by approximately 3-fold and liver Cr concentrations by approximately 2-fold. Chromium concentrations in muscle and fat were not affected by Cr supplementation. In summary, supplementation of Cr Prop at a level of 2 mg of Cr/kg of DM did not affect Cr concentration in milk, muscle, or fat, the major bovine products consumed by humans.}, number={10}, journal={JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE}, author={Lloyd, K. E. and Fellner, V. and McLeod, S. J. and Fry, R. S. and Krafka, K. and Lamptey, A. and Spears, J. W.}, year={2010}, month={Oct}, pages={4774–4780} }
 @inproceedings{mckenney_o'nan_fellner_ashwell_2010, title={Evaluating the QIAamp DNA Stool Kit for metagenomic studies in binturong (Arctictis binturong)}, booktitle={Proceedings of the Eighth Comparative Nutrition Society Symposium}, author={McKenney, E.A. and O'Nan, A. and Fellner, V. and Ashwell, M.}, year={2010}, pages={126–130} }
 @inproceedings{lambert_hartstone-rose_fellner_bovard_mckenney_2010, title={Frugivory and digestive physiology in arboreal, tropical Carnivora (Arctictis binturong, Potos flavus)}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 5th International Symposium on Frugivores and Seed Dispersal, Le Corum/Montpellier, CEFE-CNRS}, author={Lambert, J.E. and Hartstone-Rose, A. and Fellner, V. and Bovard, B. and McKenney, E.}, year={2010}, pages={35} }
 @inproceedings{fellner_2010, title={Managing reproduction and milk production in dairy cows}, author={Fellner, V.}, year={2010} }
 @article{bulfin_burns_mcleod_fellner_2010, place={Raleigh, NC}, title={Methane Emissions detected from respiring C3 and C4 plant varieties}, journal={Ink - Undergraduate Research Journal}, publisher={North Carolina State University}, author={Bulfin, M.P. and Burns, J.C. and McLeod, S.J. and Fellner, V.}, year={2010}, pages={6} }
 @inproceedings{williams_eun_macadam_young_fellner_min_2010, place={Banff, Canada}, title={Tannin-free and tanniniferous legumes in lactating dairy diets affect in vitro ruminal fermentation characteristics and methane production by mixed ruminal microbiota in continuous cultures}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Greenhouse Gases and Animal Agriculture}, publisher={Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada}, author={Williams, C.M. and Eun, J.-S. and MacAdam, J.W. and Young, A.J. and Fellner, V. and Min, B.R.}, year={2010}, pages={159} }
 @inproceedings{mckenney_ashwell_o'nan_mcleod_fellner_lambert_2010, place={Raleigh, NC}, title={The effect of diet on fermentation and microbial strategies in primate and carnivore species}, booktitle={Proceedings of the Sixth Crissey Zoological Nutrition Symposium}, publisher={Environmental Medical Consortium}, author={McKenney, E. and Ashwell, M. and O'Nan, A. and McLeod, S. and Fellner, V. and Lambert, J.}, year={2010}, pages={41–42} }
 @article{cartiff_fellner_eisemann_2009, title={Degree of dietary fatty acid saturation affects plasma glucose kinetics in growing beef steers}, volume={87}, number={supplement 2}, journal={Journal of Animal Science}, author={Cartiff, S.E. and Fellner, V. and Eisemann, J.H.}, year={2009}, pages={464} }
 @article{johnson_devine_ellis_grunden_fellner_2009, title={Effects of antibiotics and oil on microbial profiles and fermentation in mixed cultures of ruminal microorganisms}, volume={92}, ISSN={["1525-3198"]}, DOI={10.3168/jds.2008-1841}, abstractNote={Ionophores and supplemental fat are fed to lactating cows to improve feed efficiency. Their effect on rumen fermentation is similar, but less is known about their impact on rumen microbes. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of monensin (M), bacitracin (B), and soybean oil (O) on microbial populations. Mixed cultures of rumen microbes were incubated in 5 dual-flow continuous fermentors and fed 13.8 g of alfalfa hay pellets daily (DM basis) for 16 d. All fermentors were allowed to stabilize for 4 d. From d 5 to 10, two fermentors received O (5% of diet DM), one fermentor received M (22 mg/kg), and one received B (22 mg/kg). From d 11 to 16, the 2 fermentors receiving O also received either M (OM) or B (OB) and O was included in the fermentors receiving M (MO) and B (BO). One fermentor served as the control and received 100% alfalfa pellets throughout the experiment. Each run was replicated 3 times. Samples were taken at 2 h after the morning feeding on d 4, 10, and 16 and were analyzed for bacterial populations using terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism. Volatile fatty acid concentration, methane production, and pH in the control cultures were not affected by time and remained similar during the entire experiment. The M and O treatments reduced molar concentration of acetate, increased concentration of propionate, and decreased methane production. Bacitracin did not alter acetate or propionate concentration, but reduced methane production. All 3 treatments (M, B, and O) altered the fragment patterns of microbial profiles. In contrast, treatments MO, OM, BO, and OB had little effect on culture fermentation despite differences in the patterns of microbial fragments. The terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism data suggest that microbial adaptation to the in vitro system in the control fermentor occurred within 4 d.}, number={9}, journal={JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE}, author={Johnson, M. C. and Devine, A. A. and Ellis, J. C. and Grunden, A. M. and Fellner, V.}, year={2009}, month={Sep}, pages={4467–4480} }
 @article{kim_vasquez_fellner_eckardt_yoon_2009, title={Effects of supplementation of yeast culture to diets of sows and offspring on growth and meat quality of offspring}, volume={87}, number={e-supplement 2}, journal={Journal of Animal Science}, author={Kim, S.W. and Vasquez, C. and Fellner, V. and Eckardt, G.R. and Yoon, I.}, year={2009} }
 @article{zhang_van heugten_van kempen_fellner_2009, title={Guar gum as a source of soluble non-starch polysaccharides for swine decreases nutrient digestibility and ammonia emission while increasing manure odor}, volume={87}, number={e-supplement 2}, journal={Journal of Animal Science}, author={Zhang, W. and van Heugten, E. and van Kempen, T. and Fellner, V.}, year={2009} }
 @inproceedings{fellner_2009, title={Reactions in the rumen: Limits and potential for improved animal production efficiency}, author={Fellner, V.}, year={2009} }
 @article{zhang_van heugten_van kempen_fellner_kai_2008, title={Dietary fiber decreases fecal nutrient digestibility and ammonia emission in growing swine, but increases odor emission and odor intensity in air}, volume={86}, number={e-supplement 2}, journal={Journal of Animal Science}, author={Zhang, W. and van Heugten, E. and van Kempen, T. and Fellner, V. and Kai, P.}, year={2008} }
 @inproceedings{johnson_fellner_grunden_2008, title={Do microbial populations shift in response to dietary additives?}, booktitle={57th Annual North Carolina Dairy Conference Proceedings}, author={Johnson, M. and Fellner, V. and Grunden, A.}, year={2008}, pages={30} }
 @article{fellner_burns_marshall_2008, title={Effect of feeding corn, hull-less or hulled barley on fermentation by mixed cultures of ruminal microorganisms}, volume={91}, ISSN={["0022-0302"]}, DOI={10.3168/jds.2007-0078}, abstractNote={Increased demands for corn grain warrant the evaluation of alternative grain types for ruminant production systems. This study was conducted to determine the effects of hulled and hull-less barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cultivars compared with corn (Zea mays L.) as an alternative grain type on fermentation in cultures of mixed ruminal microorganisms. Three continuous fermentors were fed 14 g of dry feed per day (divided equally between 2 feedings) consisting of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) hay pellets (40% of dry matter) and 1) ground corn, 2) hulled barley, or 3) hull-less barley concentrate (60% of dry matter) in each fermentor. Following an adaptation period of 5 d, culture samples were taken at 2 h after the morning feeding on d 6, 7, and 8 of each period for analysis. A second run of the fermentors followed the same treatment sequence to provide replication. Culture pH was reduced with corn (5.55) and did not differ between barley cultivars (average pH 5.89). Total volatile fatty acid concentration and acetate to propionate ratio were not different across grain type or barley cultivar with the exception of greater total volatile fatty acid concentrations with hull-less barley. Corn produced less methane (14.6 mmol/d) and ammonia-N (7.3 mg/100 mL) compared with barley (33.1 mmol/d and 22 mg/100 mL, respectively); methane was greater with hull-less barley but ammonia-N concentration was similar between the 2 barley cultivars. Hull-less barley had greater digestibility compared with hulled barley, and corn had reduced digestibility compared with barley. Concentrations of C18:0 were greater and those of C18:1 and C18:2 lesser in cultures fed hulled and hull-less barley compared with corn. Our data indicate that grain type and barley cultivar have an impact on ruminal fermentation. The lesser starch concentration of barley minimized the drop in culture pH and improved digestibility.}, number={5}, journal={JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE}, author={Fellner, V. and Burns, J. C. and Marshall, D. S.}, year={2008}, month={May}, pages={1936–1941} }
 @inproceedings{johnson_fellner_odle_2008, title={Enrichment of milk with long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids}, booktitle={57th Annual North Carolina Dairy Conference Proceedings}, author={Johnson, M. and Fellner, V. and Odle, J.}, year={2008}, pages={43} }
 @article{lambert_fellner_2008, title={In-Vitro Fermentation of Dietary Fiber in African Monkeys and Apes}, volume={135}, number={S46}, journal={American Journal of Physical Anthropology}, author={Lambert, J.E. and Fellner, V.}, year={2008}, pages={136} }
 @article{vibart_fellner_burns_huntington_green_2008, title={Performance of lactating dairy cows fed varying levels of total mixed ration and pasture}, volume={75}, ISSN={["1469-7629"]}, DOI={10.1017/S0022029908003361}, abstractNote={Two, 8-week experiments, each using 30 lactating Holstein cows, were conducted to examine performance of animals offered combinations of total mixed ration (TMR) and high-quality pasture. Experiment 1 was initiated in mid October 2004 and Experiment 2 was initiated in late March 2005. Cows were assigned to either a 100% TMR diet (100:00, no access to pasture) or one of the following three formulated partial mixed rations (PMR) targeted at (1) 85% TMR and 15% pasture, (2) 70% TMR and 30% pasture and (3) 55% TMR and 45% pasture. Based on actual TMR and pasture intake, the dietary TMR and pasture proportions of the three PMR in Experiment 1 were 79% TMR and 21% pasture (79:21), 68% TMR and 32% pasture (68:32), and 59% TMR and 41% pasture (59:41), respectively. Corresponding proportions in Experiment 2 were 89% TMR and 11% pasture (89:11), 79% TMR and 21% pasture (79:21) and 65% TMR and 35% pasture (65:35), respectively. Reducing the proportion of TMR in the diets increased pasture consumption of cows on all PMR, but reduced total dry matter intake compared with cows on 100:00. An increase in forage from pasture increased the concentration of conjugated linoleic acids and decreased the concentration of saturated fatty acids in milk. Although milk and milk protein yields from cows grazing spring pastures (Experiment 2) increased with increasing intakes of TMR, a partial mixed ration that was composed of 41% pasture grazed in the fall (Experiment 1) resulted in a similar overall lactation performance with increased feed efficiency compared to an all-TMR ration.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF DAIRY RESEARCH}, author={Vibart, Ronaldo E. and Fellner, Vivek and Burns, Joseph C. and Huntington, Gerald B. and Green, James T., Jr.}, year={2008}, month={Nov}, pages={471–480} }
 @article{davidson_hopkins_odle_brownie_fellner_whitlow_2008, title={Supplementing limited methionine diets with rumen-protected methionine, betaine, and choline in early lactation holstein cows}, volume={91}, ISSN={["1525-3198"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-42449121850&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.3168/jds.2007-0721}, abstractNote={Eighty lactating Holstein cows from 21 to 91 d in milk were fed a corn silage-based total mixed ration (TMR) formulated with the Met content limited (42 g/ d) to investigate the impact of supplementing rumen-protected (RP) forms of Met, betaine, and choline on performance and metabolism. One of 4 supplements was blended into the TMR to produce 4 dietary treatments: 1) control, 2) 20 g/d of RP-Met, 3) 45 g/d of RP-betaine, and 4) 40 g/d of RP-choline. Calcium salts of fatty acids were used to protect both RP-betaine and RP-choline supplements. A similar amount of Ca salts of fatty acids was included in both control and RP-Met supplements to provide equal amounts of fat to all treatments. Overall, no differences in intake, milk yield, or milk composition were observed in primiparous cows. Average dry matter intake, body weight, and body condition score were not different among treatments in multiparous cows. Milk yield was higher in multiparous cows fed RP-choline compared with the other treatments. Multiparous cows fed RP-choline had higher milk protein yield than cows fed control or RP-betaine but was not different from cows fed RP-Met. Multiparous cows fed RP-choline had higher milk fat yield than cows fed RP-Met but was not different from cows fed control or RP-betaine. There were no beneficial effects of RP-betaine supplementation to a Met-limited TMR.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE}, author={Davidson, S. and Hopkins, B. A. and Odle, J. and Brownie, C. and Fellner, V. and Whitlow, L. W.}, year={2008}, month={Apr}, pages={1552–1559} }
 @article{fellner_2008, title={The role of rumen function in efficiency of feed utilization}, volume={86}, number={e-supplement 3}, journal={Journal of Animal Science}, author={Fellner, V.}, year={2008} }
 @misc{fellner_2008, title={The role of rumen function in efficiency of feed utilization: Genetic Control of Feed Utilization}, author={Fellner, V.}, year={2008} }
 @inproceedings{johnson_grunden_fellner_2007, title={A bug's perspective: How monensin and oil affect microbial ecology}, author={Johnson, M.C. and Grunden, A.M. and Fellner, V.}, year={2007} }
 @inproceedings{vibart_fellner_burns_2007, title={Alternatives to a total mixed ration for lactating cows}, booktitle={56th Annual North Carolina Dairy Conference Proceedings}, author={Vibart, R.E. and Fellner, V. and Burns, J.C.}, year={2007}, pages={46} }
 @article{vibart_fellner_mcleod_2007, title={Continuous culture fermentation of a corn silage-based total mixed ration with additional forage from pasture}, volume={90}, number={supplement 1}, journal={Journal of Dairy Science}, author={Vibart, R.E. and Fellner, V. and McLeod, S.J.}, year={2007}, pages={346} }
 @inproceedings{fellner_burns_marshall_2007, title={Effect of Grain Source and Variety on Rumen Fermentation}, booktitle={56th Annual North Carolina Dairy Conference Proceedings}, author={Fellner, V. and Burns, J.C. and Marshall, D.S.}, year={2007}, pages={53} }
 @article{vibart_fellner_burns_huntington_green_2007, title={Partial mixed rations (PMR) as alternative feeding systems for lactating dairy cows in southeastern U.S}, volume={90}, number={supplement 1}, journal={Journal of Dairy Science}, author={Vibart, R.E. and Fellner, V. and Burns, J.C. and Huntington, G.B. and Green, J.T.}, year={2007}, pages={346} }
 @inproceedings{vibart_fellner_burns_2007, title={Rumen factors affected by feeding increasing levels of forage with a corn silage-based total mixed ration}, booktitle={56th Annual North Carolina Dairy Conference Proceedings}, author={Vibart, R.E. and Fellner, V. and Burns, J.C.}, year={2007}, pages={51} }
 @misc{fellner_2007, title={The role of ionophores in improving utilization of forage and forage-based diets}, author={Fellner, V.}, year={2007} }
 @article{fellner_2007, title={The role of ionophores in improving utilization of forage and forage-based diets}, volume={85}, number={supplement 1}, journal={Journal of Animal Science}, author={Fellner, V.}, year={2007} }
 @book{fellner_yocum_2006, place={Raleigh, NC}, title={Dose response of an enzyme feed supplement on equine cecal microbial fermentation}, institution={Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University}, author={Fellner, V. and Yocum, P.M.}, year={2006} }
 @article{tiffany_fellner_spears_2006, title={Influence of cobalt concentration on vitamin B-12 production and fermentation of mixed ruminal microorganisms grown in continuous culture flow-through fermentors}, volume={84}, ISSN={["1525-3163"]}, DOI={10.2527/2006.843635x}, abstractNote={An experiment was conducted to determine the effects of dietary concentrations of Co on vitamin B12 production and fermentation of mixed ruminal microbes grown in continuous culture fermentors. Four fermentors were fed 14 g of DM/d. The DM consisted of a corn and cottonseed hull-based diet with Co supplemented as CoCO3. Dietary treatments were 1) control (containing 0.05 mg of Co/kg of DM), 2) 0.05 mg of supplemental Co/kg of DM, 3) 0.10 mg of supplemental Co/kg of DM, and 4) 1.0 mg of supplemental Co/kg of DM. After a 3-d adjustment period, fermentors were sampled over a 3-d sampling period. This process was repeated 2 additional times for a total of 3 runs. Ruminal fluid vitamin B12 concentrations were affected by Co supplementation (P < 0.01), and there was a treatment x day interaction (P < 0.01). By sampling d 3, cultures fed the basal diet supplemented with 0.10 mg of Co/kg had greater (P < 0.05) vitamin B12 concentrations than those supplemented with 0.05 mg of Co/kg of DM, and increasing supplemental Co from 0.10 to 1.0 mg/kg of DM increased (P < 0.01) ruminal fluid vitamin B12 concentration. Ruminal fluid succinate also was affected (P < 0.10) by a treatment x day interaction. Cobalt supplementation to the control diet greatly decreased (P < 0.05) succinate in ruminal cultures on sampling d 3 but not on d 1 or 2. Molar proportions of acetate, propionate, and isobutyrate, and acetate:propionate were not affected by the addition of supplemental Co to the basal diet. However, molar proportions of butyrate, valerate, and isovalerate increased (P < 0.05) in response to supplemental Co. The majority of long-chain fatty acids observed in this study were not affected by Co supplementation. However, percentages of C18:0 fatty acids in ruminal cultures tended (P < 0.10) to be greater for Co-supplemented diets relative to the control. Methane, ammonia, and pH were not greatly affected by Co supplementation. The results indicate that a total (diet plus supplemental) Co concentration of 0.10 to 0.15 mg/kg of dietary DM resulted in adequate vitamin B12 production to meet the requirements of ruminal microorganisms fed a high-concentrate diet in continuous-flow fermentors.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE}, author={Tiffany, ME and Fellner, V and Spears, JW}, year={2006}, month={Mar}, pages={635–640} }
 @inproceedings{vibart_fellner_burns_green_gumpertz_2006, title={Intakes, Milk Yield and Milk Composition of Lactating Dairy Cows Fed Varying Proportions of Total Mixed Rations and Pasture.}, booktitle={55th Annual North Carolina Dairy Conference Proceedings}, author={Vibart, R. E. and Fellner, V. and Burns, J.C. and Green, J., Jr. and Gumpertz, M.}, year={2006}, pages={62} }
 @inproceedings{fellner_2006, title={Milk – New Perspectives on an Ancient Food}, booktitle={56th Annual North Carolina Dairy Conference Proceedings}, author={Fellner, V.}, year={2006}, pages={32} }
 @book{eun_burns_gumpertz_fellner_2006, place={Raleigh, NC}, title={Nutritional Value of Eastern Gamagrass Conserved as Hay or Silage}, institution={Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University}, author={Eun, J.-S. and Burns, J.C. and Gumpertz, M.L. and Fellner, V.}, year={2006} }
 @inproceedings{vibart_fellner_burns_green_gumpertz_2006, title={Partial Mixed Rations (PMR) as Alternative Feeding Systems for Lactating Dairy Cows in Southeastern United States}, author={Vibart, R.E. and Fellner, V. and Burns, J.C. and Green, J.T., Jr. and Gumpertz, M.}, year={2006} }
 @article{vibart_washburn_fellner_poore_green_brownie_2007, title={Varying endophyte status and energy supplementation of fresh tall fescue in continuous culture}, volume={132}, ISSN={["0377-8401"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2006.03.002}, abstractNote={Eight dual-flow continuous culture vessels (700 ml) were used to compare in vitro effects of toxic, endophyte-infected (E+), endophyte-free (E−), and non-toxic, endophyte-infected (EN) Jesup tall fescue (vegetative stage) on ruminal fermentation at 4 levels (0, 150, 300, and 450 g kg−1 DM) of concentrate supplementation (ground corn) for a total of 12 experimental diets in a randomized incomplete block design with 2 replicates. Each culture vessel was offered a total of 15 g DM d−1. Forage was fed in four equal portions (fed at 03:00, 09:00, 15:00, and 21:00 h); and corn was fed in two equal portions (fed at 09:00 and 21:00 h). Headspace gas and liquid samples were analyzed for methane, ruminal culture pH, ammonia–N, and volatile fatty acid production. Ammonia–N output (g d−1) varied by grass; EN had lower values compared to those of E+ and E−. Increasing the level of grain linearly decreased ruminal culture pH, ammonia–N, acetate production, and the acetate-to-propionate ratio, whereas propionate and butyrate production increased with higher grain supplementation. Ruminal fermentation was minimally altered by the presence of the endophyte; however, for the highest level of grain fed (450 g kg−1 DM fed) the methane production pattern for all three grasses was altered. In addition to having the lowest ruminal ammonia–N accumulation, the non-toxic, endophyte-infected fescue resulted in the lowest methane production measured.}, number={1-2}, journal={ANIMAL FEED SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY}, author={Vibart, R. E. and Washburn, S. P. and Fellner, V. and Poore, M. H. and Green, J. T., Jr. and Brownie, C.}, year={2007}, month={Jan}, pages={123–136} }
 @inproceedings{yocum_fellner_mcleod_schuler_2005, title={Fermentation in equine cecal cultures fed low and high starch diets with or without an enzyme supplement}, volume={83}, number={Supplement 1}, booktitle={Journal of Animal Science}, author={Yocum, P.M. and Fellner, V. and McLeod, S.J. and Schuler, M.}, year={2005} }
 @article{vibart_fellner_burns_gumpertz_2005, title={Performance of lactating dairy cows fed varying levels of total mixed rations and pasture}, volume={83}, number={Supplement 1}, journal={Journal of Animal Science}, author={Vibart, R. and Fellner, V. and Burns, J. and Gumpertz, M.}, year={2005} }
 @inproceedings{daves_fellner_spears_2004, title={Comparative assessment of calcium salts of fatty acids on milk production and milk composition}, booktitle={53rd Annual North Carolina Dairy Conference Proceedings}, author={Daves, M.G. and Fellner, V. and Spears, J.W.}, year={2004}, pages={47} }
 @article{baird_fellner_mcleod_spears_valdez_2004, title={Effect of calcium source on ruminal soluble calcium and microbial fermentation}, volume={87}, number={Supplement 1}, journal={Journal of Dairy Science}, author={Baird, E.J. and Fellner, V. and McLeod, S.J. and Spears, J.W. and Valdez, F.R.}, year={2004}, pages={185} }
 @article{eun_fellner_burns_gumpertz_2004, title={Fermentation of eastern gamagrass (Tripsacum dactyloides [L.] L.) by mixed cultures of ruminal microorganisms with or without supplemental corn}, volume={82}, DOI={10.2527/2004.821170x}, abstractNote={Five dual-flow fermentors (700 mL) were used to determine the effects of eastern gamagrass (Tripsacum dactyloides [L.] L.) diets on microbial metabolism by mixed rumen cultures. Fermentors were incubated with filtered ruminal contents and allowed to adapt for 4 d to diets followed by 3 d of sample collection. Five dietary treatments were tested: 1) gamagrass hay (GH) + no corn (GHNC), 2) gama grass silage (GS) + no corn (GSNC), 3) GS + low corn (GSLC), 4) GS + medium corn (GSMC); and 5) GS + high corn (GSHC). The experiment was conducted as a randomized complete block design with five treatments and three replications. Total VFA concentrations were not affected by diets. Corn addition linearly decreased (P < 0.001) molar proportion of acetate. In contrast, molar proportion of propionate was reduced in GSLC (cubic effect, P < 0.001) but remained similar across other diets. Corn supplementation linearly increased molar proportion of butyrate (P < 0.001). The acetate + butyrate-to-propionate ratio was highest in cultures offered GSLC (cubic effect, P < 0.001) but similar across other diets. Feeding GSNC resulted in a higher ruminal pH compared with GHNC (P < 0.03). Increasing the level of corn supplementation in GS linearly decreased culture pH (P < 0.001). All diets resulted in similar methane production, with the exception of GSMC, which lowered methane output (quadratic effect, P < 0.004). Total substrate fermented to VFA and gas tended to be greater with GHNC than with GSNC (P < 0.06) and linearly increased with the addition of corn (P < 0.004). Neutral detergent fiber digestibility was similar between GH and GS and was not affected by supplemental corn. Microbial N flow increased in cultures offered GSHC (quadratic effect, P < 0.02). Corn supplementation at the medium and high level linearly decreased C 18:0 (P < 0.02) and increased trans-C18:1 (P < 0.004). Including corn at the high level with GS did not have a detrimental effect on fermentation in dual-flow fermentors.}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Animal Science}, author={Eun, J. S. and Fellner, Vivek and Burns, J. C. and Gumpertz, M. L.}, year={2004}, pages={170–178} }
 @article{eun_fellner_gumpertz_2004, title={Methane production by mixed ruminal cultures incubated in dual-flow fermentors}, volume={87}, ISSN={["1525-3198"]}, DOI={10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(04)73148-3}, abstractNote={This study evaluated the effects of dilution rate and forage-to-concentrate ratio on gas production by rumen microbes. Continuous cultures were used to monitor methane production at three liquid dilution rates (3.2, 6.3, or 12.5%/h) and three forage-to-concentrate ratios (70:30, 50:50, or 30:70). Filtered ruminal contents were allowed 6 d of adaptation to diets followed by 7 d of data collection. Forage consisted of pelleted alfalfa and the concentrate mix included ground corn, soybean meal, and a mineral and vitamin premix. The experiment was replicated in a split-plot design. Total volatile fatty acid production averaged 58.0 mmol/d and was not affected by treatment. Molar proportion of acetate increased with increasing forage-to-concentrate ratio. Molar proportion of propionate tended to decrease at dilution rate of 12.5%/h and increased with the medium and low forage-to-concentrate ratio. Culture pH tended to be greater at a dilution rate of 12.5%/h. Methane production that was calculated from stoichiometric equations was not affected by treatments. However, methane production based on methane concentration in fermentor headspace resulted in an interaction effect of treatments. Stoichiometric equations underestimated methane output at higher dilution rates and with high forage diets. Total diet fermentability was lowest at dilution rate of 3.2%/h. Increasing dilution rates increased microbial yield; increasing the proportion of concentrate improved microbial efficiency. Dilution rate and forage-to-concentrate ratio altered the partition of substrate by microbes. Methane production based on actual concentrations differed from values estimated using stoichiometry of end-product appearance.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE}, author={Eun, JS and Fellner, V and Gumpertz, ML}, year={2004}, month={Jan}, pages={112–121} }
 @inproceedings{eun_burns_gumpertz_fellner_2004, place={Madison, WI}, title={Nutritional value of eastern gamagrass conserved as hay or silage}, booktitle={Proceedings of the Third Eastern Native Grass Symposium. The North Carolina Botanical Garden}, publisher={Omnipress}, author={Eun, J.-S. and Burns, J.C. and Gumpertz, M.L. and Fellner, V.}, editor={Randall, Johnny and Burns, Joseph C.Editors}, year={2004}, pages={223–228} }
 @inproceedings{lynch_fellner_rommel_reynolds_2004, place={Galveston, Texas}, title={The In vitro effects of simulated cold stress syndrome on the gut microflora of the florida manatee, trichechus manatus latirostris}, booktitle={International Association for Aquatic Animal Medicine Proceedings}, author={Lynch, H.A. and Fellner, V. and Rommel, S.A. and Reynolds, J., III}, year={2004}, pages={87–88} }
 @inproceedings{vibart_washburn_fellner_green_2003, title={Continuous culture fermentation of three fescue varieties supplemented at four energy levels}, booktitle={52nd Annual North Carolina Dairy Conference Proceedings}, author={Vibart, R.E. and Washburn, S.P. and Fellner, V. and Green, J.T.}, year={2003}, pages={28} }
 @article{vibart_washburn_fellner_green_2003, title={Continuous culture fermentation of three fescue varieties supplemented at four energy levels}, volume={86}, number={Supplement 1}, journal={Journal of Dairy Science}, author={Vibart, R.E. and Washburn, S.P. and Fellner, V. and Green, J.T.}, year={2003}, pages={335} }
 @article{eun_fellner_burns_gumpertz_2003, title={Eastern gamagrass evaluated as hay or silage for lactating dairy cows}, volume={19}, ISBN={1080-7446}, DOI={10.15232/s1080-7446(15)31442-x}, abstractNote={Twenty lactating Holstein cows were used to determine the nutritional value of eastern gamagrass. Dietary treatments consisted of 1) gamagrass hay and no corn (HNC), 2) gamagrass silage (S) and no corn (SNC), 3) S and low corn (SLC), 4) S and medium corn (SMC), and 5) S and high corn (SHC). Gamagrass fed as hay or silage did not change (P>0.10) milk yield, but corn inclusion tended to increase (P<0.08) milk yield. Yields of milk protein (0.69 vs 0.80 kg/d), lactose (1.23 vs 1.44 kg/d), and solids-not-fat (2.12 vs 2.48 kg/d) tended to be greater for SNC than for HNC (P<0.08). Corn inclusion increased milk yields compared with SNC. Gamagrass fed as silage resulted in a greater feed conversion efficiency than did gamagrass fed as hay (2.16 vs 1.88; P<0.01). Adding corn to S reduced feed efficiency. Conversion of feed N to milk N was greater (P<0.01) for gamagrass fed as silage than for hay. Milk urea N (MUN) concentration was greater (P<0.01) for cows fed HNC than for cows on all other treatments. Feeding S significantly lessened MUN concentration. Including corn at the medium and high levels further reduced MUN concentration (P<0.05). Increased energy from corn at the high level increased milk yield and tended to increase conversion of feed N into milk protein. Gamagrass fed as silage without or with corn improved the N status of the cows, as indicated by lesser MUN concentrations.}, number={5}, journal={Professional Animal Scientists}, author={Eun, J. S. and Fellner, Vivek and Burns, J. C. and Gumpertz, M. L.}, year={2003}, pages={362} }
 @article{daves_fellner_2003, title={Effect of the sequence of fat and antibiotic-ionophores on ruminal fermentation and microbial lipids}, volume={86}, number={Supplement 1}, journal={Journal of Dairy Science}, author={Daves, M.G. and Fellner, V.}, year={2003}, pages={151} }
 @article{davidson_hopkins_diaz_bolt_brownie_fellner_whitlow_2003, title={Effects of amounts and degradability of dietary protein on lactation, nitrogen utilization, and excretion in early lactation Holstein cows}, volume={86}, ISSN={["0022-0302"]}, DOI={10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(03)73754-0}, abstractNote={Five treatment diets varying in crude protein (CP) and rumen undegradable protein (RUP) were calculated to supply a postruminal lysine to methionine ratio of about 3:1. Diets were fed as a total mixed ration to 65 Holstein cows that were either primiparous (n = 28) or multiparous (n = 37) from 21 to 120 d in milk to determine effects on lactation and nitrogen utilization. Crude protein % and calculated RUP (% of CP) of diets [on a dry matter (DM) basis] were: 1) 19.4, 40 (HPMU), 2) 16.5, 34 (LPLU), 3) 16.8, 40 (LPMU), 4) 16.8, 46 (LPHU), 5) 17.2, 43 (LPHU + UREA), which is the result of adding 0.4% of the diet DM as urea to LPHU. The corn silage-based treatment diets contained an average of 24% acid detergent fiber and 1.6 Mcal/kg net energy of lactation. Milk urea nitrogen (MUN) concentrations and body weights (BW) were used to calculate predicted amounts of urinary nitrogen (N) using the relationship: urinary N (g/d) = 0.0259 x BW (kg) x MUN (mg/dl). Cows fed HPMU had greater CP and RUP intakes, which resulted in higher concentrations of plasma urea nitrogen, rumen ammonia, MUN, and predicted urinary N. Milk yield, fat yield, fat percent, protein yield, and protein percent were not significantly different among treatments. Parity primarily affected parameters that were related to body size and not measurements of N utilization. The interaction of treatment and parity was not significant for any measurements taken. In this study, cows fed LPHU had significantly lower MUN and predicted urinary N without limiting production. These results demonstrate the potential to optimize milk production while minimizing N excretion in lactating dairy cattle.}, number={5}, journal={JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE}, author={Davidson, S and Hopkins, BA and Diaz, DE and Bolt, SM and Brownie, C and Fellner, V and Whitlow, LW}, year={2003}, month={May}, pages={1681–1689} }
 @inproceedings{eun_fellner_burns_gumpertz_2003, title={Fermentation of eastern gamagrass by mixed cultures of ruminal microorganisms without or with supplemental corn}, booktitle={52nd Annual North Carolina Dairy Conference Proceedings}, author={Eun, J.-S. and Fellner, V. and Burns, J.C. and Gumpertz, M.L.}, year={2003}, pages={16} }
 @article{jenkins_fellner_mcguffey_2003, title={Monensin by fat interactions on trans fatty acids in cultures of mixed ruminal microorganisms grown in continuous fermentors fed corn or barley}, volume={86}, ISSN={["1525-3198"]}, DOI={10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(03)73609-1}, abstractNote={In previous studies, monensin (M) and unsaturated plant oils independently increased trans fatty acid concentrations in cultures of mixed ruminal microorganisms. This study was conducted to determine if combining M with plant oil yielded interactions on trans fatty acid concentrations in cultures of mixed ruminal microorganisms or their effects were additive. Four continuous fermentors were fed 14 g of dry feed per day (divided equally between two feedings), consisting of alfalfa hay pellets (30% of DM) and either a high corn (HC) or a high barley (BB) concentrate (70% of DM) in each of two fermentors. Within each grain type, one fermentor was supplemented with M (25 ppm), and the other fermentor was supplemented with 5% soybean oil (SBO) during d 5 to 8. Monensin and SBO were added together in all fermentors during d 9 to 12. Samples were taken at 2 h after the morning feeding on the last day of each period and analyzed for fatty acids by gas-liquid chromatography. A second run of the fermentors followed the same treatment sequence to give additional replication. Average pH across all treatments was 6.15, which was reduced by M but not affected by SBO. Monensin reduced the ratio of acetate to propionate (A:P), which averaged 2.03 across all treatments; fat decreased A:P in cultures not receiving M but increased it in the presence of M. Monensin and SBO altered the concentration of several trans fatty acids, but the only interaction was a grain x M x SBO interaction for trans-10 C18:1. The increase in trans-10 C18:1 by the M and SBO combination exceeded the sum of increases in trans-10 C18:1 for each individual feed additive, but only for KB. For the HC diet, M increased trans-10 C18:1 more than fat alone and more than the M and SBO combination. The results of this study show that M and SBO effects are additive for all trans FA except for trans-10 C18:1. In the case of trans-10 C18:1, M and SBO interacted to give higher trans-10 C18:1 concentrations in ruminal contents than would be expected simply by adding their individual effects, but only for HB. Because some trans fatty acid isomers have been associated with milk fat depression in dairy cows, these results suggest more severe depressions in milk fat content when cows are fed M along with unsaturated plant oils.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE}, author={Jenkins, TC and Fellner, V and McGuffey, RK}, year={2003}, month={Jan}, pages={324–330} }
 @inproceedings{lynch_fellner_rommel_reynolds_2003, title={The effects of cold stress syndrome and diet on the gut microflora and long term survivability of the Florida manatee, Trichechus manatus latorostris}, booktitle={Crissey Zoological Nutritonal Symposium}, author={Lynch, H.A. and Fellner, V. and Rommel, S.A. and Reynolds, J.E., III}, year={2003}, pages={65} }
 @inproceedings{fellner_mcleod_2002, title={Assessment of dried and wet fermentation solubles on ruminal fermentation in dual-flow continuous cultures}, booktitle={51st Annual North Carolina Dairy Conference Proceedings}, author={Fellner, V. and McLeod, S.J.H.}, year={2002}, pages={70} }
 @article{eun_fellner_burns_gumpertz_2002, title={Assessment of gamagrass based diets without and with corn supplementation on ruminal fermentation in continuous cultures}, volume={85}, number={supplement 1}, journal={Journal of Dairy Science}, author={Eun, J.-S. and Fellner, V. and Burns, J.C. and Gumpertz, M.L.}, year={2002}, pages={332} }
 @inproceedings{fellner_spears_gumpertz_mcleod_2002, title={Assessment of phosphorus availability from different sources for ruminal fermentation}, booktitle={51st Annual North Carolina Dairy Conference Proceedings}, author={Fellner, V. and Spears, J.W. and Gumpertz, M. and McLeod, S.J.H.}, year={2002}, pages={82} }
 @article{spears_fellner_valdez_2002, title={Comparative metabolism of calcium from calcium carbonate and calcium propionate in growing steers}, volume={80}, number={Supplement 1}, journal={Journal of Animal Science}, author={Spears, J.W. and Fellner, V. and Valdez, F.R.}, year={2002}, pages={366} }
 @inproceedings{eun_fellner_burns_2002, title={Effects of Feeding Eastern Gamagrass with or without Corn Supplementation on Lactation Performance of Holstein Cows}, booktitle={51st Annual North Carolina Dairy Conference Proceedings}, author={Eun, J.-S. and Fellner, V. and Burns, J.C.}, year={2002}, pages={87} }
 @article{fellner_2002, title={Effects of feeding corn silage that was allowed to spoil for five days with or without yeast cell walls on performance parameters in early lactation Holstein cows}, volume={85}, number={Supplement 1}, journal={Journal of Dairy Science}, author={Fellner, V.}, year={2002}, pages={361} }
 @article{bolt_diaz_davidson_hill_brownie_fellner_hopkins_whitlow_2002, title={Effects of feeding corn silage that was allowed to spoil for five days with or without yeast cell walls on performance parameters in early lactation Holstein cows}, volume={85}, number={Supplement 1}, journal={Journal of Dairy Science}, author={Bolt, S.M. and Diaz, D.E. and Davidson, S. and Hill, S.R. and Brownie, C. and Fellner, V. and Hopkins, B.A. and Whitlow, L.W.}, year={2002}, pages={361} }
 @inproceedings{fellner_spears_2002, title={Evaluation of different fat sources on ruminal fermentation by microbial populations in dual-flow fermentors}, booktitle={51st Annual North Carolina Dairy Conference Proceedings}, author={Fellner, V. and Spears, J.W.}, year={2002}, pages={76} }
 @inproceedings{mohney_fellner_2002, title={Interactions of Carbohydrate and Protein Metabolism by Rumen Bacteria}, booktitle={51st Annual North Carolina Dairy Conference Proceedings}, author={Mohney, K. and Fellner, V.}, year={2002}, pages={92} }
 @inproceedings{croucher_fellner_2002, title={Mechanism of ionophore action on microbial populations in the rumen}, booktitle={13th Annual Institute of Nutrition Research Symposium}, author={Croucher, M. and Fellner, V.}, year={2002}, pages={11} }
 @book{croucher_mcleod_fellner_2002, place={Raleigh, NC}, title={Microbial Fermentation in Continuous Cultures Receiving Fat Before or After the Addition of an Ionophore}, institution={Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University}, author={Croucher, M. and McLeod, S.J.H. and Fellner, V.}, year={2002} }
 @inproceedings{fellner_jenkins_2002, title={Monensin and Fat Effects on Microbial Fermentation in Dual-Flow Continuous Cultures}, booktitle={51st Annual North Carolina Dairy Conference Proceedings}, author={Fellner, V. and Jenkins, T.C.}, year={2002}, pages={65} }
 @article{jenkins_fellner_mcguffey_2002, title={Monensin by fat interactions on trans fatty acid concentrations in cultures of mixed ruminal microbes grown in continuous fermenters fed corn or barley}, volume={85}, number={Supplement 1}, journal={Journal of Dairy Science}, author={Jenkins, T.C. and Fellner, V. and McGuffey, R.K.}, year={2002}, pages={399} }
 @inproceedings{eun_burns_gumpertz_fellner_2002, title={Nutritional Value of Eastern Gamagrass Conserved as Hay or Silage}, author={Eun, J.-S. and Burns, J.C. and Gumpertz, M.L. and Fellner, V.}, year={2002} }
 @article{eun_fellner_burns_gumpertz_2002, title={Performance of lactating dairy cows fed gamagrass as hay or silage}, volume={85}, number={Supplement 1}, journal={Journal of Dairy Science}, author={Eun, J.-S. and Fellner, V. and Burns, J.C. and Gumpertz, M.L.}, year={2002}, pages={22} }
 @misc{fellner_2002, place={San Obispo, California}, title={Rumen Microbes and Nutrient Management}, author={Fellner, V.}, year={2002} }
 @article{yocum_fellner_alston-mills_2002, title={The Effect of Kluyveromyces marxianus and Saccharomyces cerevisiae on fatty acid composition of equine milk}, volume={80}, number={Supplement 1}, journal={Journal of Animal Science}, author={Yocum, P.M. and Fellner, V. and Alston-Mills, B.}, year={2002}, pages={57} }
 @article{mohney_fellner_mueller_belyea_gumpertz_2002, title={Utilization of fermentable carbohydrate and protein by ruminal microbes in continuous cultures}, volume={85}, number={Supplement 1}, journal={Journal of Dairy Science}, author={Mohney, K. and Fellner, V. and Mueller, A. and Belyea, R. and Gumpertz, M.}, year={2002}, pages={399} }
 @book{fellner_2001, place={Reno, Nevada}, title={Annual Report for Regional Research Project W-181}, author={Fellner, V.}, year={2001} }
 @inproceedings{eun_fellner_2001, title={Assessment of fermentation by ruminal microorganisms with different diets and dilution rates in dual-flow continuous culture system}, booktitle={50th Annual North Carolina Dairy Conference Proceedings}, author={Eun, J.-S. and Fellner, V.}, year={2001}, pages={48} }
 @article{fellner_spears_mcleod_2001, title={Assessment of phosphorus availability from different sources for ruminal fermentation}, volume={84}, number={Supplement 1}, journal={Journal of Dairy Science}, author={Fellner, V. and Spears, J.W. and McLeod, S.J.}, year={2001}, pages={78} }
 @misc{fellner_2001, title={Conjugated Linoleic Acid — Multiple Isomers, Multiple Theories}, author={Fellner, V.}, year={2001} }
 @article{engle_fellner_spears_2001, title={Copper status, serum cholesterol, and milk fatty acid profile in Holstein cows fed varying concentrations of copper}, volume={84}, ISSN={["1525-3198"]}, DOI={10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(01)74678-4}, abstractNote={An experiment was conducted to determine the effects of dietary copper (Cu) on Cu status and lipid metabolism in Holstein cows. Three primiparous and 21 multiparous Holstein cows were utilized in this experiment. Groups of three cows similar in parity, days in milk, and milk yield were assigned randomly to one of the following three treatments: 1) control (no supplemental Cu), 2) 10 mg of Cu/kg of DM from Cu sulfate (CuSO4), and 3) 40 mg of Cu/kg of DM from CuSO4. Liver Cu concentrations were higher in Cu supplemented cows at the end of the 61-d study. Cows receiving 40 mg of Cu/kg of DM had higher liver Cu concentrations than cows receiving 10 mg of Cu. Plasma Cu concentrations were similar across treatments. Total serum cholesterol concentrations were higher in cows receiving supplemental Cu. Cows receiving 40 mg of Cu/kg of DM had higher serum cholesterol concentrations than cows receiving 10 mg of Cu. Dry matter intake, average daily milk production, and milk lipid, protein, and somatic cell numbers were similar across treatments. On d 61, milk fatty acids C18:1 trans and C18-conjugated dienes were lower in cows receiving supplemental Cu relative to the nonsupplemented controls. Cows receiving 40 mg of Cu/kg of DM had higher C12:0 and lower C18:2 and total polyunsaturated fatty acids in milk than cows receiving 10 mg of Cu/kg of DM. These results indicate that Cu supplementation alters lipid metabolism in high producing dairy cows and that Cu supplementation at 40 mg/kg of DM for 61 d can elevate liver Cu concentrations to levels considered to be marginally toxic in dairy cattle.}, number={10}, journal={JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE}, author={Engle, TE and Fellner, V and Spears, JW}, year={2001}, month={Oct}, pages={2308–2313} }
 @inproceedings{eun_fellner_whitlow_hopkins_2001, title={Effect of a dry yeast product on fermentation by rumen microorganisms in continuous cultures}, booktitle={12th Annual Institute of Nutrition Research Symposium}, author={Eun, J.-S. and Fellner, V. and Whitlow, L.W. and Hopkins, B.A.}, year={2001}, pages={17} }
 @inproceedings{croucher_mcleod_fellner_2001, title={Effect of supplemental fat and ionophore on ruminal fermentation}, booktitle={50th Annual North Carolina Dairy Conference Proceedings}, author={Croucher, M. and McLeod, S.J.M. and Fellner, V.}, year={2001}, pages={45} }
 @article{croucher_mcleod_fellner_2001, title={Effect of supplemental fat and monensin on ruminal fermentation in dual-flow continuous cultures}, volume={84}, number={Supplement 1}, journal={Journal of Dairy Science}, author={Croucher, M. and McLeod, S.J. and Fellner, V.}, year={2001}, pages={120} }
 @article{fellner_phillip_sebastian_idziak_2001, title={Effects of a bacterial inoculant and propionic acid on preservation of high-moisture ear corn, and on rumen fermentation, digestion and growth performance of beef cattle}, volume={81}, ISSN={0008-3984 1918-1825}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/a00-112}, DOI={10.4141/a00-112}, abstractNote={ Studies of aerobic stability, digestion and growth performance were conducted with steers to determine the mode of action of a bacterial inoculant in altering the feeding value of ensiled high-moisture ear corn (HMEC); a comparison was made with propionic acid (PA) treated HMEC (10 g kg–1 fresh matter). The inoculant consisted of Lactobacillus plantarumand Enterococcus faecium, and was applied as an aqueous solution to provide 104 colony-forming units (cfu) per gram of HMEC. Inoculation of HMEC was not as effective as PA in improving aerobic stability, as assessed by changes in populations of yeasts and moulds. However, steers fed inoculated HMEC gained 11% more weight (P < 0.05) than animals fed untreated HMEC, and 9% more (P < 0.10) than those fed PA-treated material. There were no effects of treatment on food intake or digestion of organic matter (OM). At 4 h after feeding, rumen pH and molar proportions of isovalerate were greater (P < 0.05) with inoculated than untreated or PA-treated HMEC. Treatment differences in aerobic stability of HMEC did not account for the responses in growth performance. It appears that improvements in growth rate of beef cattle fed inoculated HMEC may be related to pH and/or the production of iso-acids in the rumen. Key words: Beef cattle, high-moisture ear corn, inoculant, propionic acid, growth rate, rumen fermentation }, number={2}, journal={Canadian Journal of Animal Science}, publisher={Canadian Science Publishing}, author={Fellner, V. and Phillip, L. E. and Sebastian, S. and Idziak, E. S.}, year={2001}, month={Jun}, pages={273–280} }
 @inproceedings{croucher_fellner_2001, title={Microbial resistance to antibiotics - a probable mechanism}, booktitle={Sigma Xi, Research Symposium}, author={Croucher, M. and Fellner, V.}, year={2001}, pages={27} }
 @inproceedings{engle_fellner_spears_2000, title={Changes in liver copper concentration, serum cholesterol and milk fatty acids in dairy cows fed corn silage based diets supplemented with varying levels of copper}, booktitle={49th Annual North Carolina Dairy Conference Proceedings}, author={Engle, T.E. and Fellner, V. and Spears, J.W.}, year={2000}, pages={56} }
 @inproceedings{fellner_2000, title={Current Research Studies}, author={Fellner, V.}, year={2000} }
 @article{engle_fellner_spears_2000, title={Effect of supplemental copper on copper status, serum cholesterol and milk fatty acids in Holstein cows}, volume={78}, number={Supplement 1}, journal={Journal of Animal Science}, author={Engle, T.E. and Fellner, V. and Spears, J.W.}, year={2000}, pages={287} }
 @inproceedings{engle_fellner_spears_2000, title={Effect of supplemental copper on copper status, serum cholesterol and milk fatty acids in Holstein cows}, booktitle={11th Annual Institute of Nutrition Research Symposium}, author={Engle, T.E. and Fellner, V. and Spears, J.W.}, year={2000}, pages={19} }
 @article{engle_spears_fellner_odle_2000, title={Effects of soybean oil and dietary copper on ruminal and tissue lipid metabolism in finishing steers}, volume={78}, DOI={10.2527/2000.78102713x}, abstractNote={An experiment was conducted to determine the effects of Cu and soybean oil (SBO) supplementation on ruminal and tissue lipid metabolism and carcass characteristics in finishing steers. Sixty Angus steers (369.0 +/- 10.1 kg) were stratified by weight and randomly assigned to treatments in a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement, with factors being 0 or 20 mg of supplemental Cu/kg DM from Cu sulfate and 0 or 4% SBO. Steers were fed a high-concentrate basal diet that contained 5.3 mg Cu/kg DM. Average daily gain and feed intake were reduced (P < 0.01) by SBO but were not affected by Cu. Gain:feed ratio was not affected by treatment. Liver Cu concentrations were higher (P < 0.01) in steers receiving supplemental Cu and lower (P < 0.04) in SBO-supplemented steers. Copper supplementation tended to reduce (P < 0.12) and SBO supplementation tended to increase (P < 0.11) serum cholesterol concentrations. Backfat depth was reduced (P < 0.10) by Cu and SBO supplementation. Marbling scores and longissimus muscle lipid content were not affected by Cu supplementation; however, SBO supplementation reduced (P < 0.01) marbling scores. Longissimus muscle polyunsaturated fatty acids tended to be increased (P < 0.14) in Cu-supplemented steers. Longissimus muscle C18-conjugated dienes and the 18:1 trans isomer were increased (P < 0.05) in SBO-supplemented steers. Ruminal fluid 18:3 was increased (P < 0.05) and the 18:1 trans isomer was decreased (P < 0.05) in Cu-supplemented steers. These results indicate that as little as 20 mg of supplemental Cu/kg DM can reduce backfat and may alter lipid metabolism in steers fed high-concentrate diets.}, number={Supplement 1}, journal={Journal of Animal Science}, author={Engle, T.E. and Spears, J.W. and Fellner, V. and Odle, J.}, year={2000}, pages={287} }
 @article{eun_fellner_2000, title={Estimating digestibility from measurements of fermentation by rumen microorganisms in dual-flow continuous cultures}, volume={83}, number={Supplement 1}, journal={Journal of Dairy Science}, author={Eun, J.-S. and Fellner, V.}, year={2000}, pages={289} }
 @article{fellner_phillip_garino_2000, title={Evaluation of the potential protein-sparing effects of sodium bicarbonate when added to grass silage for growing steers}, volume={80}, ISSN={["0008-3984"]}, DOI={10.4141/A99-029}, abstractNote={ Six Hereford-cross steers were used to determine whether or not the addition of sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) to grass silage (GS) would reduce the need for supplemental protein from fish meal (FM). Grass silage (31% DM; pH 4.8) was either unsupplemented or supplemented with FM (10% of silage DM); NaHCO3 was added at 0, 2, or 4% of silage DM. Supplementation with FM increased N retention (P < 0.01) but had no effects (P > 0.10) on feed intake or digestibility of organic matter (OM). Urinary N excretion decreased (P < 0.05) linearly with the addition of NaHCO3 but due to an increase in fecal N there was no significant effect (P > 0.10) of NaHCO3 on N balance. Urinary excretion of bicarbonate (HCO3) increased linearly (P < 0.01) with NaHCO3 addition, but there was no effect (P > 0.10) on urine pH or measures of blood acid-base status. Addition of NaHCO3 increased silage pH to 6.5 but had no effect (P > 0.10) on voluntary feed intake, or digestibility of OM and ADF. The results indicate that the addition of NaHCO3 to grass silage did not spare dietary protein but led to a shift in the partition of N between urine and feces. Key words: Steers, grass silage, sodium bicarbonate, nitrogen retention }, number={1}, journal={CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE}, author={Fellner, V and Phillip, LE and Garino, H}, year={2000}, month={Mar}, pages={131–136} }
 @inproceedings{fellner_2000, title={In vitro versus in vivo estimates of ruminal fermentation}, booktitle={49th Annual North Carolina Dairy Conference Proceedings}, author={Fellner, V.}, year={2000}, pages={51} }
 @inproceedings{eun_fellner_whitlow_hopkins_2000, title={Influence of Yeast Culture on Fermentation by Ruminal Microorganisms in Continuous Culture}, booktitle={49th Annual North Carolina Dairy Conference Proceedings}, author={Eun, Jong-Su and Fellner, V. and Whitlow, L.W. and Hopkins, B.A.}, year={2000}, pages={53} }
 @inproceedings{croucher_fellner_2000, title={Microbial fermentation in continuous cultures receiving fat before or after the addition of an ionophore}, booktitle={25th Conference on Rumen Function}, author={Croucher, M. and Fellner, V.}, year={2000}, pages={27} }
 @inproceedings{hopkins_fellner_2000, title={Update on Research Trials}, author={Hopkins, B.A. and Fellner, V.}, year={2000} }
 @inproceedings{fellner_1999, title={Dairy teaching and research}, booktitle={48th Annual North Carolina Dairy Conference Proceedings}, author={Fellner, V.}, year={1999}, pages={39} }
 @inbook{fellner_sauer_kramer_1999, place={Champaign, ILL}, title={Effect of ionophores on conjugated linoleic acid in ruminal cultures and in the milk of dairy cows}, volume={1}, booktitle={Advances in Conjugated Linoleic Acid Research}, publisher={AOCS}, author={Fellner, V. and Sauer, F.D. and Kramer, J.K.G.}, editor={Yurawecz, M.P. and Mossoba, M.M. and Kramer, J.K.G. and Pariza, M.W. and Nelson, G.J.Editors}, year={1999}, pages={209–214} }
 @inproceedings{kramer_fellner_sauer_dugan_aalhus_sehat_mossoba_yurawecz_malin_1999, place={Ontario, Canada}, title={The presence of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) in milk and dairy products}, author={Kramer, J.K.G. and Fellner, V. and Sauer, F.D. and Dugan, M.E.R. and Aalhus, J.L. and Sehat, N. and Mossoba, M.M. and Yurawecz, M.P. and Malin, E.L.}, year={1999} }
 @book{fellner_1998, place={Raleigh, NC}, title={Dairy teaching and research}, number={248}, institution={North Carolina State University}, author={Fellner, V.}, year={1998} }
 @misc{fellner_1998, title={Effect of ionophores on production by lactating cows}, author={Fellner, V.}, year={1998} }
 @article{sauer_fellner_kinsman_kramer_jackson_lee_chen_1998, title={Methane output and lactation response in Holstein cattle with monensin or unsaturated fat added to the diet.}, volume={76}, ISSN={0021-8812}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.2527/1998.763906x}, DOI={10.2527/1998.763906x}, abstractNote={We measured effects of continuous vs twice-daily feeding, the addition of unsaturated fat to the diet, and monensin on milk production, milk composition, feed intake, and CO2-methane production in four experiments in a herd of 88 to 109 milking Holsteins. Methane and CO2 production increased with twice-daily feeding, but the CO2:CH4 ratio remained unchanged. Soybean oil did not affect the milkfat percentages, but fatty acid composition was changed. All saturated fatty acids up to and including 16:0 decreased (P < .01), whereas 18:0 and trans 18:1 increased (P < .001). The 18:2 conjugated dienes also increased (P < .01) when the cows were fed soybean oil. Monensin addition to the diet at 24 ppm decreased methane production (P < .01); the CO2:CH4 ratios reached 15, milk production increased (P < .01), and milkfat percentage and total milkfat output decreased (P < .01), as did feed consumption, compared with cows fed diets without monensin (P < .05). Milk fatty acid composition showed evidence of depressed ruminal biohydrogenation: saturated fatty acids (P < .05) decreased and 18:1 increased (P < .001); most of the increase was seen in the trans 18:1 isomer. As with soybean oil feeding, addition of monensin also increased (P < .05) the concentration of conjugated dienes. The monensin feeding trial was repeated 161 d later with 88 cows, of which 67 received monensin in the diet in the first trial and 21 cows were newly freshened and had never received monensin. Methane production again decreased (P < .05), but this time the CO2:CH4 ratio did not change and all other monensin-related effects were absent. The ruminal microflora in the cows that had previously received monensin seemed to have undergone some adaptive changes and no longer responded as before.}, number={3}, journal={Journal of Animal Science}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Sauer, F D and Fellner, V and Kinsman, R and Kramer, J K and Jackson, H A and Lee, A J and Chen, S}, year={1998}, pages={906} }
 @article{fellner_sauer_kramer_1997, title={Effect of Nigericin, Monensin, and Tetronasin on Biohydrogenation in Continuous Flow-Through Ruminal Fermenters}, volume={80}, ISSN={0022-0302}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(97)76015-6}, DOI={10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(97)76015-6}, abstractNote={Four ionophores differing in cation selectivity were compared for their effect on microbial fermentation and biohydrogenation by ruminal bacteria in continuous culture. Monensin and nigericin are monovalent antiporters with selective binding affinities for Na+ and K+, respectively. Tetronasin is a divalent antiporter that binds preferentially with Ca2+ or Mg2+. Valinomycin is a monovalent uniporter and does not exchange K+ for H+. Steady-state concentrations of 2 micrograms/ml of monensin, nigericin, tetronasin, or valinomycin were maintained by constant infusion into fermenters. Molar percentages of acetate were lower, and those of propionate were higher, in the presence of monensin, nigericin, and tetronasin; all three ionophores also decreased CH4 production. Concentrations of valinomycin as high as 8 micrograms/ml had no effect on volatile fatty acids or CH4 production. Monensin, nigericin, and tetronasin inhibited the rate of biohydrogenation of linoleic acid. Continuous infusion of C18:2n-6 at a steady-state concentration of 314 micrograms/ml into fermenters receiving monensin, nigericin, or tetronasin resulted in lower amounts of stearic acid and higher amounts of oleic acid. Ionophores increased total C18:2 conjugated acids mainly because of an increase in the cis-9, trans-11-C18:2 isomer. If reflected in milk fat, ionophore-induced changes in ruminal lipids could enhance the nutritional qualities of milk.}, number={5}, journal={Journal of Dairy Science}, publisher={American Dairy Science Association}, author={Fellner, V. and Sauer, F.D. and Kramer, J.K.G.}, year={1997}, month={May}, pages={921–928} }
 @article{fellner_sauer_1997, title={Effect of extracellular hydrogen on fermentation by ruminal bacteria}, volume={80}, number={Supplement 1}, journal={Journal of Dairy Science}, author={Fellner, V. and Sauer, F.D.}, year={1997}, pages={185} }
 @article{kramer_fellner_dugan_sauer_mossoba_yurawecz_1997, title={Evaluating acid and base catalysts in the methylation of milk and rumen fatty acids with special emphasis on conjugated dienes and total trans fatty acids}, volume={32}, ISSN={0024-4201 1558-9307}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11745-997-0156-3}, DOI={10.1007/s11745-997-0156-3}, abstractNote={AbstractMilk analysis is receiving increased attention. Milk contains conjugated octadecadienoic acids (18∶2) purported to be anticarcinogenic, low levels of essential fatty acids, and trans fatty acids that increase when essential fatty acids are increased in dairy rations. Milk and rumen fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) were prepared using several acid‐(HCl, BF3, acetyl chloride, H2SO4) or base‐catalysts (NaOCH3, tetramethylguanidine, diazomethane), or combinations thereof. All acid‐catalyzed procedures resulted in decreased cis/trans (Δ9c, 11t‐18∶2) and increased trans/trans (Δ9t, 11t‐18∶2) conjugated dienes and the production of allylic methoxy artifacts. The methoxy artifacts were identified by gas‐liquid chromatography (GLC)‐mass spectroscopy. The base‐catalyzed procedures gave no isomerization of conjugated dienes and no methoxy artifacts, but they did not transesterify N‐acyl lipids such as sphingomyelin, and NaOCH3 did not methylate free fatty acids. In addition, reaction with tetramethylguanidine coextracted material with hexane that interfered with the determination of the short‐chain FAME by GLC. Acid‐catalyzed methylation resulted in the loss of about 12% total conjugated dienes, 42% recovery of the Δ9c,11t‐18∶2 isomer, a fourfold increase in Δ9t,11t‐18∶2, and the formation of methoxy artifacts, compared with the base‐catalyzed reactions. Total milk FAME showed significant infrared (IR) absorption due to conjugated dienes at 985 and 948 cm−1. The IR determination of total trans content of milk FAME was not fully satisfactory because the 966 cm−1trans band overlapped with the conjugated diene bands. IR accuracy was limited by the fact that the absorptivity of methyl elaidate, used as calibration standard, was different from those of the other minor trans fatty acids (e.g., dienes) found in milk. In addition, acid‐catalyzed reactions produced interfering material that absorbed extensively in the trans IR region. No single method or combination of methods could adequately prepare FAME from all lipid classes in milk or rumen lipids, and not affect the conjugated dienes. The best compromise for milk fatty acids was obtained with NaOCH3 followed by HCl or BF3, or diazomethane followed by NaOCH3, being aware that sphingomyelins are ignored. For rumen samples, the best method was diazomethane followed by NaOCH3.}, number={11}, journal={Lipids}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Kramer, John K. G. and Fellner, Vivek and Dugan, Michael E. R. and Sauer, Frank D. and Mossoba, Magdi M. and Yurawecz, Martin P.}, year={1997}, month={Nov}, pages={1219–1228} }
 @book{kinsman_sauer_patni_fellner_jackson_masse_wolynetz_munroe_1997, title={Methane and carbon dioxide emissions from lactating Holsteins}, institution={Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food & Rural Affairs}, author={Kinsman, R.G. and Sauer, F.D. and Patni, N.K. and Fellner, V. and Jackson, H.A. and Masse, D.I. and Wolynetz, M. and Munroe, J.A.}, year={1997} }
 @misc{fellner_1997, title={The effect of rumensin® on milk fatty acid profiles and methane production by lactating dairy cows}, author={Fellner, V.}, year={1997} }
 @article{fellner_sauer_kramer_1996, title={A comparative study on the effect of monovalent and divalent cation binding ionophores on the energetics of microbial fermentation}, volume={79}, number={Supplement 1}, journal={Journal of Dairy Science}, author={Fellner, V. and Sauer, F.D. and Kramer, J.K.G.}, year={1996}, pages={180} }
 @article{sebastian_phillip_fellner_idziak_1996, title={Comparative assessment of bacterial inoculation and propionic acid treatment of aerobic stability and microbial populations of ensiled high-moisture ear corn.}, volume={74}, ISSN={0021-8812}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.2527/1996.742447x}, DOI={10.2527/1996.742447x}, abstractNote={High-moisture ear corn (HMEC) was untreated, treated with propionic acid (PA), or inoculated with a mixture of Lactobacillus plantarum and Enterococcus faecium and allowed to ensile in laboratory silos for 0, 7, 21, 42, 138, or 202 d. The silages were evaluated for fermentation quality, microbial populations, and aerobic stability. In all treatments, silage pH declined rapidly within 7 d, but the rate of decline seemed greatest with the inoculum. The lactic acid content of inoculated HMEC was higher (P < .05) than that of control of PA-treated HMEC. Regardless of treatment, the population of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) increased (P < .1) up to 7 to 21 d of fermentation then declined; LAB counts decreased (P < .05) up to 42 d in control and PA-treated silage but continued to decline until 138 d for inoculated silage. Yeast and mold counts tended to decrease up to 42 d of ensiling then decreased (P < .05) as fermentation progressed. Between 138 and 202 d of ensiling, the control silage showed a marked increase (P < .10) in pH and yeast and mold populations, providing evidence of secondary fermentation; PA treatment and bacterial inoculation prevented secondary fermentation. Inoculation tended to reduce estimates of sample temperature for silage stored for 138 d and exposed to air, but not for the corresponding silage stored for 202 d. Treatment with PA prevented the loss (P > .05) of acetic acid and the rise (P > .05) in pH during air exposure of the 138-d silage; both control and PA-treated silage showed an increase (P < .05) in yeast and mold populations, but the increments were 38% and 23%, respectively. Compared with PA, the relative efficacy of inoculation in improving aerobic spoilage of HMEC depended on the period of silo storage and the criterion used to assess aerobic stability.}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Animal Science}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Sebastian, S and Phillip, L E and Fellner, V and Idziak, E S}, year={1996}, pages={447} }
 @book{fellner_1995, title={Biohydrogenation of dietary linoleic acid by rumen bacteria and the role of ionophores in altering fatty acid metabolism in the rumen}, author={Fellner, V.}, year={1995} }
 @article{brown_fellner_belyea_ellersieck_1995, title={Digestibility of dry matter, nitrogen and minerals in biosolids}, volume={52}, ISSN={0377-8401}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0377-8401(94)00713-j}, DOI={10.1016/0377-8401(94)00713-j}, abstractNote={Abstract Digestibility of dry matter (DM), nitrogen (N) and minerals in food processing biosolids (BS) was determined. In Experiment 1, three diets (9% protein) were formulated from corn silage, ground corn, starch, and either dried BS (D), soybean meal (S) or soybean meal plus additional Ca and P (M). These diets plus a control (C, 6% protein) were fed to fistulated cows. Apparent digestibility of DM was lower for Diets C (74%) and D (72%) than for Diets S (83%) and M (79%). Effects of diets upon digestibilities of fiber and N were similar to effects upon DM digestibility. Digestibilities of minerals were not different among diets. The in situ digestibility of DM in BS was about 50%, compared to about 70% and 90% for alfalfa and soybean meal, respectively. In Experiment 2, chopped corn forage was ensiled with urea (U), soybean meal (S), dried BS (D) or wet BS (W) and fed to sheep. DM digestibility of Diets U (62%), S (64%) and D (64%) was greater than for Diet W (54%). Digestibility of N in Diet D (48%) was lower than in Diets S (52%) and U (54%); digestibility of N in Diet W (42%) was lower than in Diet D. Low digestibility of N in BS resulted in low ruminal ammonia, which reduced ruminal DM and energy digestibility and decreased volatile fatty acid concentrations. Dried BS were more digestible than native (wet) BS; BS could be added to silage as means of feeding and probably are best suited for maintenance diets. Bioprocessing methods are needed to increase the digestibility of DM and N in BS.}, number={3-4}, journal={Animal Feed Science and Technology}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Brown, I.E. and Fellner, V. and Belyea, R.L. and Ellersieck, M.R.}, year={1995}, month={Apr}, pages={299–312} }
 @article{fellner_sauer_kramer_1995, title={Steady-State Rates of Linoleic Acid Biohydrogenation by Ruminal Bacteria in Continuous Culture}, volume={78}, ISSN={0022-0302}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(95)76806-0}, DOI={10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(95)76806-0}, abstractNote={Ruminal biohydrogenation of linoleic acid was determined in fermenters with a continuous culture of microorganisms. Rates of biohydrogenation and changes of fatty acids in culture were measured during steady-state concentration of linoleic acid that was achieved by continuous infusion of linoleic acid into the fermenters. A number of trans and cis isomers were identified using a GLC equipped with an infrared detector. The infusion of linoleic acid resulted in a substantial increase in the content of trans-C18:1 and a lesser increase in cis-C18:1. the major trans peak consisted of a mixture of n-9 and n-7 isomers. Biohydrogenation of infused linoleic acid averaged 77%. There was evidence of fatty acid loss, as determined by a decrease in the recovery of linoleic acid after 8 h of infusion. Addition of C18:2n-6 had no major effect on the VFA production by ruminal microorganisms. The results were similar to those measured in vivo, indicating that artificial fermenters were reliable predictors of fatty acid metabolism in vivo.}, number={8}, journal={Journal of Dairy Science}, publisher={American Dairy Science Association}, author={Fellner, V. and Sauer, F.D. and Kramer, J.K.G.}, year={1995}, month={Aug}, pages={1815–1823} }
 @article{fellner_sauer_kramer_1995, title={The effect of ionophores on fatty acid biohydrogenation by rumen bacteria in continuous culture}, volume={78}, number={Supplement 1}, journal={Journal of Dairy Science}, author={Fellner, V. and Sauer, F.D. and Kramer, J.K.G.}, year={1995}, pages={268} }
 @book{harrison_phillip_fellner_1994, title={An evaluation of the role of ammonia load in the control of food intake by lambs fed fresh and ensiled alfalfa}, institution={Department of Animal Science, McGill University}, author={Harrison, H. and Phillip, L.E. and Fellner, V.}, year={1994} }
 @article{lahmar_fellner_belyea_williams_1994, title={Increasing the solubility and degradability of food processing biosolids}, volume={50}, ISSN={0960-8524}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0960-8524(94)90093-0}, DOI={10.1016/0960-8524(94)90093-0}, abstractNote={Abstract Biosolids (BS) from food processing plants are usually put on land or in landfills. They contain nutrients and could be fed to animals, but low digestibility is a limitation. Lab tests were conducted to evaluate treatments that might increase digestibility of BS. Biosolids were extruded or treated with chemicals and filtered; residues were incubated with proteases. Dry matter disapperance (DMD), measured as weight loss of treated material following filtration, was considered an indicator of digestibility. The DMD of extruded BS (31–35%) was greater than oven-dried BS (20–27%). Increasing extruder temperature or speed increased DMD by small but significant amounts. Chemical treatment of BS with HCL, AP and NaOH significantly increased DMD to 60–70%; increases were larger than responses to extrusion. Responses were attained differently; on one hand, for HCL and AP treatments, about 50% of the increase in DMD was due to solubilization and 50% due to degradation. On the other hand, NaOH acted almost completely by solubilization. Increased DMD infers that BS should have increased digestibility when fed to animals, but feeding studies are needed for substantiation.}, number={3}, journal={Bioresource Technology}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Lahmar, M. and Fellner, V. and Belyea, R.L. and Williams, J.E.}, year={1994}, month={Jan}, pages={221–226} }
 @article{fellner_sebastian_phillip_1993, title={A comparison of the effects of a bacterial inoculum and propionic acid in preserving high moisture ear corn, and their subsequent impact on rumen fermentation, digestion and growth by beef cattle}, volume={71}, number={Supplement 1}, journal={Journal of Animal Science}, author={Fellner, V. and Sebastian, S. and Phillip, L.E.}, year={1993}, pages={265} }
 @book{sebastian_phillip_fellner_idziak_1993, title={Effects of bacterial inoculation and propionic acid on fermentation quality, microbial population and aerobic stability of ensiled high-moisture ear corn}, institution={Department of Animal Science, McGill University}, author={Sebastian, S. and Phillip, L.E. and Fellner, V. and Idziak, E.S.}, year={1993} }
 @inproceedings{sebastian_phillip_fellner_idziak_1993, title={Effects of bacterial inoculation and propionic acid on fermentation quality, microbial population, and aerobic stability of ensiled high-moisture ear maize}, author={Sebastian, S. and Phillip, L.E. and Fellner, V. and Idziak, E.S.}, year={1993} }
 @book{fellner_phillip_sebastian_idziak_1993, title={Preservation of high-moisture ear corn (HMEC) with a bacterial inoculum and propionic acid, and its impact on rumen fermentation, digestion and growth by beef cattle}, institution={Department of Animal Science, McGill University}, author={Fellner, V. and Phillip, L.E. and Sebastian, S. and Idziak, E.S.}, year={1993} }
 @book{fellner_burchard_pika_phillip_1993, title={The use of a ventilator prevents the decrease in blood pH in sheep anesthetized for an extended period}, institution={Department of Animal Science, McGill University}, author={Fellner, V. and Burchard, J.B. and Pika, J. and Phillip, L.E.}, year={1993} }
 @article{phillip_fellner_1992, title={Effects of bacterial inoculation of high-moisture ear corn on its aerobic stability, digestion, and utilization for growth by beef steers}, volume={70}, ISSN={0021-8812 1525-3163}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.2527/1992.70103178x}, DOI={10.2527/1992.70103178x}, abstractNote={High-moisture ear corn (HMEC) was treated with specific bacterial inoculants and evaluated for its aerobic stability and utilization for growth by beef steers. Immediately after harvest, HMEC (65% DM) was ensiled in tower silos after being either untreated (control) or treated with the following inoculants: 1) Ecosyl (E); 2) Ecosyl plus Serratia rubidaea (E + SR); and 3) Ecosyl plus Streptococcus thermophilus (E + ST). A portion of HMEC was frozen immediately (-20 degrees C) and subsequently treated with eight bacterial inoculants before ensiling in laboratory silos; the fermented material was then exposed to air for 7 d for assessment of aerobic deterioration. The eight inoculants included the three used in the tower silos and four additional ones: Streptococcus thermophilus, Bacillus subtilis (BS), Serratia rubidaea, and a mixture of Ecosyl + B. subtilis (E + BS). The growth trial was conducted for 112 d with 32 crossbred steers (average BW 296 kg). A digestion trial was conducted, according to a 4 x 4 Latin square design, using an additional four steers (average BW 367 kg). In both trials, steers were fed the same four diets containing inoculated (E, E + SR, and E + ST) or control HMEC. Upon exposure to air, Ecosyl-treated ensiled HMEC had the least increase in pH compared with other single inoculants; all inoculant treatments lessened (P less than .05) the increase in sample temperature compared with control. During aerobic exposure, treatment of HMEC with BS seemed to reduce the disappearance of water-soluble carbohydrates, whereas Ecosyl seemed to reduce lactic acid. Despite evidence of improved aerobic stability with Ecosyl and BS, inoculation of HMEC did not (P greater than .10) improve BW gain or feed efficiency; however, all inoculants reduced (P less than .05) digestibility of ADF.}, number={10}, journal={Journal of Animal Science}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Phillip, L. E. and Fellner, V.}, year={1992}, month={Oct}, pages={3178–3187} }
 @book{phillip_fellner_1992, title={Effects of inoculants of lactic acid bacteria upon aerobic stability and fermentation quality of high-moisture ear corn, and its subsequent utilization by beef steers}, institution={Department of Animal Science, McGill University}, author={Phillip, L.E. and Fellner, V.}, year={1992} }
 @inproceedings{fellner_phillip_garino_1992, title={Effects of supplemental bicarbonate and fishmeal on intake, digestion, and acid-base balance in steers fed grass silage produced in a "heap silo"}, booktitle={Conseil des Productions Animales du Quebec. Proc. Journées de Recherche en Zootechnie}, author={Fellner, V. and Phillip, L.E. and Garino, H.}, year={1992} }
 @book{fellner_phillip_garino_1992, title={Partial neutralization of acidity in grass silage fails to stimulate feed intake and nitrogen retention by steers}, institution={Department of Animal Science, McGill University}, author={Fellner, V. and Phillip, L.E. and Garino, H.}, year={1992} }
 @article{fellner_phillip_garino_1992, title={Partial neutralization of acidity in grass silage fails to stimulate feed intake and nitrogen retention by steers}, volume={70}, number={Supplement 1}, journal={Journal of Animal Science}, author={Fellner, V. and Phillip, L.E. and Garino, H.}, year={1992}, pages={291} }
 @inproceedings{phillip_fellner_1991, title={Effects of inoculants of lactic acid bacteria upon aerobic stability and fermentation quality of high moisture ear corn, and upon its subsequent utilisation by beef steers}, booktitle={CSAS Proceedings}, author={Phillip, L.E. and Fellner, V.}, year={1991}, pages={3} }
 @article{fellner_belyea_1991, title={Maximizing Gluten Feed in Corn Silage Diets for Dairy Cows}, volume={74}, ISSN={0022-0302}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(91)78249-0}, DOI={10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(91)78249-0}, abstractNote={Abstract Corn silage-based diets containing 20, 40, or 60% (DM basis) corn gluten feed were fed to 72 lactating cows to determine intake, milk yield, and milk composition. These diets plus a control (no corn gluten feed) were fed to four ruminally fistulated cows to determine digestibility and ruminal ammonia and VFA concentrations. Milk yields were significantly lower for cows fed the diet with 60% corn gluten feed, but when adjusted by covariate, milk yield was not different among diets. Milk protein percentage was greater for cows fed the 40 and 60% corn gluten feed diets. In the digestion trial, increased corn gluten feed led to decreased DM digestibility and decreased ruminal acetate concentration but did not affect N, NDF, ADF, or starch digestibilities. Ruminal ammonia and pH were unaffected. Net energy estimates for the diets were low relative to book values, suggesting significant depression in digestibility. Compared with conventional diets, NDF intake was high; this suggests that cows compensated for lower digestibility with increased DM intake. Diets containing up to 60% of DM as dry corn gluten feed were acceptable for dairy cows.}, number={3}, journal={Journal of Dairy Science}, publisher={American Dairy Science Association}, author={Fellner, V. and Belyea, R.L.}, year={1991}, month={Mar}, pages={996–1005} }
 @article{fellner_belyea_1990, title={Enzymatic Degradation of Washwater solids}, volume={73}, number={Supplement 1}, journal={Journal of Dairy Science}, author={Fellner, V. and Belyea, R.L.}, year={1990}, pages={246} }
 @article{fellner_belyea_williams_clevenger_brown_1988, title={In situ degradation of solids from treatment of dairy plant washwater}, volume={71}, number={Supplement 1}, journal={Journal of Dairy Science}, author={Fellner, V. and Belyea, R.L. and Williams, J.E. and Clevenger, T.E. and Brown, J.R.}, year={1988}, pages={216} }
 @article{fellner_belyea_steevens_ricketts_1988, title={Nutritive value and feeding management of corn gluten feed}, volume={71}, number={Supplement 1}, journal={Journal of Dairy Science}, author={Fellner, V. and Belyea, R.L. and Steevens, B.J. and Ricketts, R.E.}, year={1988}, pages={215} }
 @article{fellner_weiss_belo_belyea_martz_orma_1988, title={Urine Cup for Collection of Urine from Cows}, volume={71}, ISSN={0022-0302}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(88)79800-8}, DOI={10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(88)79800-8}, abstractNote={A urine cup for continuous and complete collection of urine from cows was constructed from Plastisol, cotton webb strapping, Velcro Brand touch fasteners [corrected], snap-fasteners, denim patches, weather stripping, and vacuum hose. The urine cup was made from Plastisol using a heated lead mold. It was large enough to enclose a 9 cm x 6 cm area around the vulva of a cow and was attached by strapping and Velcro Brand touch fasteners [corrected] to patches glued to the rump. Urine cups were used repeatedly and provided for long-term collection of urine from cows, eliminating the need for indwelling catheters. Applications include long-term nutrient balance, radioisotope, and metabolism studies.}, number={8}, journal={Journal of Dairy Science}, publisher={American Dairy Science Association}, author={Fellner, V. and Weiss, M.F. and Belo, A.T. and Belyea, R.L. and Martz, F.A. and Orma, A.H.}, year={1988}, month={Aug}, pages={2250–2255} }
 @article{fellner_weiss_belo_belyea_martz_orma_1987, title={Apparatus for collection of urine from cows}, volume={70}, number={Supplement 1}, journal={Journal of Dairy Science}, author={Fellner, V. and Weiss, M.F. and Belo, A.T. and Belyea, R.L. and Martz, F.A. and Orma, A.M.}, year={1987}, pages={104} }
 @article{fellner_belyea_1985, title={Effect of cell wall on dry matter intake, digestibility and ruminal parameters}, volume={68}, number={Supplement 1}, journal={Journal of Dairy Science}, author={Fellner, V. and Belyea, R.L.}, year={1985}, pages={155} }
 @misc{fellner_rabb, title={Livestock and Urban Diversity}, author={Fellner, V. and Rabb, R.L.} }