@article{kandiah_berglund_binder_2019, title={An agent-based modeling approach to project adoption of water reuse and evaluate expansion plans within a sociotechnical water infrastructure system}, volume={46}, ISSN={2210-6707}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2018.12.040}, DOI={10.1016/j.scs.2018.12.040}, abstractNote={The introduction of water reuse infrastructure into an existing water supply system is a complex sociotechnical process. For a dual reticulation program, infrastructure designs affect adoption, as the expansion of infrastructure defines when a household can adopt and become active in communicating about water reuse. This research develops a coupled framework to capture the dynamics among consumer adoption and infrastructure expansion. An agent-based modeling approach is used to simulate opinion dynamics within a risk publics framework, which is based on the social amplification of risk and captures changes in perceptions about the risks and benefits of water reuse. The model is applied to simulate and project adoption of water reuse for the Town of Cary, North Carolina, using data about new water reclamation accounts and plans for infrastructure expansion. Performance of the agent-based model is compared with a cellular automata model for simulating historic data. Alternative infrastructure expansion schedules are simulated using the agent-based model to evaluate potable water savings and utilization of reclaimed water capacity, based on adoption projections. The framework provides a sociotechnical approach to evaluate development plans for infrastructure systems that rely on adoption of infrastructure-dependent technologies.}, journal={Sustainable Cities and Society}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Kandiah, Venu K. and Berglund, Emily Z. and Binder, Andrew R.}, year={2019}, month={Apr}, pages={101412} }
 @article{kandiah_binder_berglund_2017, title={An Empirical Agent-Based Model to Simulate the Adoption of Water Reuse Using the Social Amplification of Risk Framework}, volume={37}, ISSN={0272-4332}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/risa.12760}, DOI={10.1111/risa.12760}, abstractNote={Abstract Water reuse can serve as a sustainable alternative water source for urban areas. However, the successful implementation of large‐scale water reuse projects depends on community acceptance. Because of the negative perceptions that are traditionally associated with reclaimed water, water reuse is often not considered in the development of urban water management plans. This study develops a simulation model for understanding community opinion dynamics surrounding the issue of water reuse, and how individual perceptions evolve within that context, which can help in the planning and decision‐making process. Based on the social amplification of risk framework, our agent‐based model simulates consumer perceptions, discussion patterns, and their adoption or rejection of water reuse. The model is based on the “risk publics” model, an empirical approach that uses the concept of belief clusters to explain the adoption of new technology. Each household is represented as an agent, and parameters that define their behavior and attributes are defined from survey data. Community‐level parameters—including social groups, relationships, and communication variables, also from survey data—are encoded to simulate the social processes that influence community opinion. The model demonstrates its capabilities to simulate opinion dynamics and consumer adoption of water reuse. In addition, based on empirical data, the model is applied to investigate water reuse behavior in different regions of the United States. Importantly, our results reveal that public opinion dynamics emerge differently based on membership in opinion clusters, frequency of discussion, and the structure of social networks.}, number={10}, journal={Risk Analysis}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Kandiah, Venu and Binder, Andrew R. and Berglund, Emily Z.}, year={2017}, month={Jan}, pages={2005–2022} }
 @article{salomons_skulovich_ostfeld_2017, title={Battle of Water Networks DMAs: Multistage Design Approach}, volume={143}, DOI={10.1061/(asce)wr.1943-5452.0000830}, abstractNote={Looped water distribution system (WDS) repartitioning to district metering areas (DMAs) gained popularity as an effective technique to manage the system and detect and reduce system leakages. However, to apply this method to real WDS, various system properties should be taken into account to ensure efficient water supply. The battle of water networks district meter areas (BWNDMA) is a challenging problem that requires the redesign of the E-Town city network in Colombia. The water utility is looking to repartition the network into manageable DMAs while supplying future demands, keeping minimum and maximum pressures, improving water quality, operating the network at uniform low pressures, balancing water sources, and meeting their seasonal production capabilities. The problem is stated as a multiobjective optimization problem with DMA partitioning being one of eight equal-weighted objectives. They may be reached by (1) closing, opening, or replacing existing pipes, (2) adding parallel pipes, (3) managing storage tanks, pressure valves, and flow-control valves, and (4) utilizing pumps in the dry season. With no known analytical methodology to optimize such a large mixed-integer nonlinear problem, a major difficulty is to find a feasible solution; therefore, a multistage classic engineering approach was taken. First, source allocation and general design were carried out for the operational zones. Then, tank volumes were adjusted to meet their constraints. At this stage, DMAs were introduced to meet pressure regulations. Finally, detailed design and fine-tuning of the operations were carried out. This paper describes the taken procedures and obtained results for the redesign of the E-Town network.}, number={10}, journal={Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management}, author={Salomons, Elad and Skulovich, Olya and Ostfeld, Avi}, year={2017}, month={Jul} }
 @article{kandiah_berglund_binder_2016, title={Cellular Automata Modeling Framework for Urban Water Reuse Planning and Management}, volume={142}, url={https://publons.com/publon/21063767/}, DOI={10.1061/(asce)wr.1943-5452.0000696}, abstractNote={Water reuse provides a sustainable approach to balance water supply and demand in urban areas, and reclaimed water can be used for nonpotable applications to reduce demands on freshwater sources. Construction of a secondary network is required to distribute reclaimed water. Implementing water reuse projects on a wider scale is challenged by the need for communitywide public acceptance and adoption, which may be a dynamic and adaptive process. The adoption of new water infrastructure can drive hydraulic conditions in both the reclaimed network and an existing drinking water network. This research develops a dynamic modeling framework using a cellular automata (CA) approach to simulate consumer adoption of reclaimed water. The framework couples the CA model of consumer adoption with water distribution system models of the drinking and reclaimed water systems. Emergent distribution system hydraulic conditions are simulated, and the capacity utilization and system performance are evaluated as consumers adopt water reuse. The Town of Cary, North Carolina, is used as case study to develop and demonstrate the modeling framework. The CA parameters and rules are developed and validated using data about the addition of new accounts for the period 2001–2012. Projected water reuse adoption is simulated in Cary for the period 2012–2030, and impacts on the existing drinking water infrastructure and planned reclaimed water infrastructure are evaluated.}, number={12}, journal={Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management}, author={Kandiah, Venu K. and Berglund, Emily Z. and Binder, Andrew R.}, year={2016}, month={Jul} }