@article{baek_kushnir_robinson_lora_lee_ting_2022, title={An Atmospheric Bridge Between the Subpolar and Tropical Atlantic Regions:A Perplexing Asymmetric Teleconnection}, volume={3}, url={https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-8888}, DOI={10.5194/egusphere-egu22-8888}, abstractNote={<p>The largest sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies associated with Atlantic Multidecadal Variability (AMV) occur over the Atlantic subpolar gyre, yet it is the tropical Atlantic from where the global impacts of AMV originate. Processes that communicate SST change from the subpolar Atlantic gyre to the tropical North Atlantic thus comprise a crucial mechanism of AMV. Here we use idealized model experiments to show that such communication is accomplished by an &#8220;atmospheric bridge.&#8221; Our results demonstrate an unexpected asymmetry: the atmosphere is effective in communicating cold subpolar SSTs to the north tropical Atlantic, via an immediate extratropical atmospheric circulation change that invokes slower wind-driven evaporative cooling along the Eastern Atlantic Basin and into the tropics. Warm subpolar SST anomalies do not elicit a robust tropical Atlantic response. Our results highlight a key dynamical feature of AMV for which warm and cold phases are not opposites.</p>}, publisher={Copernicus GmbH}, author={Baek, Seung Hun and Kushnir, Yochanan and Robinson, Walter and Lora, Juan and Lee, Dong Eun and Ting, Mingfang}, year={2022}, month={Mar} }
 @article{turnau_robinson_lackmann_michaelis_2022, title={Model Projections of Increased Severity of Heat Waves in Eastern Europe}, volume={49}, ISSN={["1944-8007"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1029/2022GL100183}, DOI={10.1029/2022GL100183}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={22}, journal={GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS}, author={Turnau, Roger and Robinson, Walter A. A. and Lackmann, Gary M. M. and Michaelis, Allison C. C.}, year={2022}, month={Nov} }
 @article{baek_kushnir_robinson_lora_lee_ting_2021, title={An Atmospheric Bridge Between the Subpolar and Tropical Atlantic Regions: A Perplexing Asymmetric Teleconnection}, volume={48}, ISSN={["1944-8007"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1029/2021GL096602}, DOI={10.1029/2021GL096602}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={24}, journal={GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS}, publisher={American Geophysical Union (AGU)}, author={Baek, Seung H. and Kushnir, Yochanan and Robinson, Walter A. and Lora, Juan M. and Lee, Dong Eun and Ting, Mingfang}, year={2021}, month={Dec} }
 @misc{robinson_2021, title={Climate change and extreme weather: A review focusing on the continental United States}, volume={71}, ISSN={["2162-2906"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1080/10962247.2021.1942319}, DOI={10.1080/10962247.2021.1942319}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT Anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases are warming the Earth. It is likely that the greatest impacts of climate change on human and natural systems will come from increasingly frequent and severe extreme weather and climate events. Some increases in such extremes are already being detected, and this trend is projected to continue as Earth warms. Here we review the overarching climate drivers of increases in extreme weather and address the context in which extremes occur and the challenges of projecting future changes. The observational evidence for climate-driven increases in extremes and the implications of model projections are reviewed for heat and drought and several types of storms: tropical cyclones, midlatitude storms, and severe local weather, focusing on those changes most relevant to the continental United States. We emphasize the overall observed and modeled trends in extreme weather in which we have the greatest confidence, because they are consistent with our fundamental understanding of weather and climate. Despite remaining uncertainty about many details, especially in model-based projections, the signal of increasing extremes is sufficiently clear that it demands a robust human response, in limiting future emissions of greenhouse gases and in making our human systems more resilient to further changes that are inevitable as Earth continues to warm. Implications: By placing observed and projected changes in extreme weather in the context of our fundamental understanding of physics and statistics, this review makes it clear that these are significant and impactful changes that demand a robust human response.}, number={10}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION}, author={Robinson, Walter A.}, year={2021}, month={Oct}, pages={1186–1209} }
 @article{lackmann_miller_robinson_michaelis_2021, title={Persistent Anomaly Changes in High-Resolution Climate Simulations}, volume={34}, ISSN={["1520-0442"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85106939084&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1175/JCLI-D-20-0465.1}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={13}, journal={JOURNAL OF CLIMATE}, author={Lackmann, Gary M. and Miller, Rebecca L. and Robinson, Walter A. and Michaelis, Allison C.}, year={2021}, month={Jul}, pages={5425–5442} }
 @article{tierney_robinson_lackmann_miller_2021, title={The Sensitivity of Persistent Geopotential Anomalies to the Climate of a Moist Channel Model}, volume={34}, ISSN={["1520-0442"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85106894701&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1175/JCLI-D-20-0254.1}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={12}, journal={JOURNAL OF CLIMATE}, author={Tierney, Gregory and Robinson, Walter A. and Lackmann, Gary and Miller, Rebecca}, year={2021}, month={Jun}, pages={5093–5108} }
 @article{miller_lackmann_robinson_2020, title={A New Variable-Threshold Persistent Anomaly Index: Northern Hemisphere Anomalies in the ERA-Interim Reanalysis}, volume={148}, ISSN={["1520-0493"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85082885384&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1175/MWR-D-19-0144.1}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={1}, journal={MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW}, author={Miller, Rebecca L. and Lackmann, Gary M. and Robinson, Walter A.}, year={2020}, month={Jan}, pages={43–62} }
 @book{kunkel_easterling_ballinger_bililign_champion_corbett_dello_dissen_lackmann_luettich_et al._2020, title={North Carolina Climate Science Report}, publisher={North Carolina Institute for Climate Studies}, author={Kunkel, K.E. and Easterling, D.R. and Ballinger, A. and Bililign, S. and Champion, S.M. and Corbett, D.R. and Dello, K.D. and Dissen, J. and Lackmann, G.M. and Luettich, R. A., Jr. and et al.}, year={2020} }
 @article{scaife_camp_comer_davis_dunstone_gordon_maclachlan_martin_nie_ren_et al._2019, title={Does increased atmospheric resolution improve seasonal climate predictions?}, volume={20}, ISSN={["1530-261X"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85068419742&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1002/asl.922}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={8}, journal={ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCE LETTERS}, author={Scaife, Adam A. and Camp, Joanne and Comer, Ruth and Davis, Philip and Dunstone, Nick and Gordon, Margaret and MacLachlan, Craig and Martin, Nicola and Nie, Yu and Ren, Hong-Li and et al.}, year={2019}, month={Aug} }
 @article{michaelis_lackmann_robinson_2019, title={Evaluation of a unique approach to high-resolution climate modeling using the Model for Prediction Across Scales - Atmosphere (MPAS-A) version 5.1}, volume={12}, ISSN={["1991-9603"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-3725-2019}, DOI={10.5194/gmd-12-3725-2019}, abstractNote={Abstract. We present multi-seasonal simulations representative of
present-day and future environments using the global Model for Prediction
Across Scales – Atmosphere (MPAS-A) version 5.1 with high resolution (15 km)
throughout the Northern Hemisphere. We select 10 simulation years with
varying phases of El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and integrate each
for 14.5 months. We use analyzed sea surface temperature (SST) patterns for
present-day simulations. For the future climate simulations, we alter
present-day SSTs by applying monthly-averaged temperature changes derived
from a 20-member ensemble of Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 5
(CMIP5) general circulation models (GCMs) following the Representative
Concentration Pathway (RCP) 8.5 emissions scenario. Daily sea ice fields,
obtained from the monthly-averaged CMIP5 ensemble mean sea ice, are used for
present-day and future simulations. The present-day simulations provide a
reasonable reproduction of large-scale atmospheric features in the Northern
Hemisphere such as the wintertime midlatitude storm tracks,
upper-tropospheric jets, and maritime sea-level pressure features as well as
annual precipitation patterns across the tropics. The simulations also
adequately represent tropical cyclone (TC) characteristics such as strength,
spatial distribution, and seasonal cycles for most Northern Hemisphere
basins. These results demonstrate the applicability of these model
simulations for future studies examining climate change effects on various
Northern Hemisphere phenomena, and, more generally, the utility of MPAS-A
for studying climate change at spatial scales generally unachievable in
GCMs.
                    }, number={8}, journal={GEOSCIENTIFIC MODEL DEVELOPMENT}, publisher={Copernicus GmbH}, author={Michaelis, Allison C. and Lackmann, Gary M. and Robinson, Walter A.}, year={2019}, month={Aug}, pages={3725–3743} }
 @misc{stammer_bracco_achutarao_beal_bindoff_braconnot_cai_chen_collins_danabasoglu_et al._2019, title={Ocean Climate Observing Requirements in Support of Climate Research and Climate Information}, volume={6}, ISSN={["2296-7745"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85069786953&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.3389/fmars.2019.00444}, abstractNote={Natural variability and change of the Earth’s climate have significant global societal impacts. With its large heat and carbon capacity and relatively slow dynamics, the ocean plays an integral role in climate, and provides an important source of predictability at seasonal and longer timescales. In addition, the ocean provides the slowly evolving lower boundary to the atmosphere, driving, and modifying atmospheric weather. Understanding and monitoring ocean climate variability and change, to constrain and initialize models as well as identify model biases for improved climate hindcasting and prediction, requires a scale-sensitive, and long-term observing system. A climate observing system has requirements that significantly differ from, and sometimes are orthogonal to, those of other applications. In general terms, they can be summarized by the simultaneous need for both large spatial and long temporal coverage, and by the accuracy and stability required for detecting the local climate signals. This paper reviews the requirements of a climate observing system in terms of space and time scales, and revisits the question of which parameters such a system should encompass to meet future strategic goals of the World Climate Research Program (WCRP), with emphasis on ocean and sea-ice covered areas. It considers global as well as regional aspects that should be accounted for in designing observing systems in individual basins. Furthermore, the paper discusses which data-driven products are required to meet WCRP research and modeling needs, and ways to obtain them through data synthesis and assimilation approaches. Finally, it addresses the need for scientific capacity building and international collaboration in support of the collection of high-quality measurements over the large spatial scales and long time-scales required for climate research, bridging the scientific rational to the required resources for implementation.}, number={JUL}, journal={FRONTIERS IN MARINE SCIENCE}, author={Stammer, Detlef and Bracco, Annalisa and AchutaRao, Krishna and Beal, Lisa and Bindoff, Nathaniel L. and Braconnot, Pascale and Cai, Wenju and Chen, Dake and Collins, Matthew and Danabasoglu, Gokhan and et al.}, year={2019}, month={Jul} }
 @article{schultz_delsole_rauber_robinson_2018, title={AMS Journals Welcome Review Articles}, volume={10}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85048833172&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1175/WCAS-D-18-0034.1}, abstractNote={Denotes content that is immediately available upon publication as open access.© 2018 American Meteorological Society. For information regarding reuse of this content and general copyright information, consult the AMS Copyright Policy (www.ametsoc.org/PUBSReuseLicenses).}, number={3}, journal={Weather, Climate, and Society}, author={Schultz, D.M. and DelSole, T.M. and Rauber, R.M. and Robinson, W.A.}, year={2018}, pages={397–398} }
 @article{schultz_delsole_rauber_robinson_2018, title={AMS Journals Welcome review articles}, volume={35}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85047313920&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1175/JTECH-D-18-0052.1}, abstractNote={Denotes content that is immediately available upon publication as open access.© 2018 American Meteorological Society. For information regarding reuse of this content and general copyright information, consult the AMS Copyright Policy (www.ametsoc.org/PUBSReuseLicenses).}, number={5}, journal={Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology}, author={Schultz, D.M. and DelSole, T.M. and Rauber, R.M. and Robinson, W.A.}, year={2018}, pages={941–942} }
 @article{schultz_delsole_rauber_robinson_2018, title={AMS journals welcome review articles}, volume={22}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85049614185&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1175/EI-D-18-0005.1}, abstractNote={© 2018 American Meteorological Society. For information regarding reuse of this content and general copyright information, consult the AMS Copyright Policy (www.ametsoc.org/PUBSReuseLicenses).}, number={6}, journal={Earth Interactions}, author={Schultz, D.M. and Delsole, T.M. and Rauber, R.M. and Robinson, W.A.}, year={2018} }
 @article{schultz_delsole_rauber_robinson_2018, title={AMS journals welcome review articles}, volume={146}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85047086190&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1175/MWR-D-18-0114.1}, abstractNote={Denotes content that is immediately available upon publication as open access.© 2018 American Meteorological Society. For information regarding reuse of this content and general copyright information, consult the AMS Copyright Policy (www.ametsoc.org/PUBSReuseLicenses).}, number={5}, journal={Monthly Weather Review}, author={Schultz, D.M. and DelSole, T.M. and Rauber, R.M. and Robinson, W.A.}, year={2018}, pages={1281–1282} }
 @article{schultz_delsole_rauber_robinson_2018, title={AMS journals welcome review articles}, volume={57}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85048056426&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1175/JAMC-D-18-0069.1}, abstractNote={Denotes content that is immediately available upon publication as open access.© 2018 American Meteorological Society. For information regarding reuse of this content and general copyright information, consult the AMS Copyright Policy (www.ametsoc.org/PUBSReuseLicenses).}, number={5}, journal={Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology}, author={Schultz, D.M. and DelSole, T.M. and Rauber, R.M. and Robinson, W.A.}, year={2018}, pages={1061–1062} }
 @article{schultz_delsole_rauber_robinson_2018, title={AMS journals welcome review articles}, volume={48}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85049097723&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1175/JPO-D-18-0061.1}, abstractNote={Denotes content that is immediately available upon publication as open access.© 2018 American Meteorological Society. For information regarding reuse of this content and general copyright information, consult the AMS Copyright Policy (www.ametsoc.org/PUBSReuseLicenses).}, number={5}, journal={Journal of Physical Oceanography}, author={Schultz, D.M. and DelSole, T.M. and Rauber, R.M. and Robinson, W.A.}, year={2018}, pages={1013–1014} }
 @article{schultz_delsole_rauber_robinson_2018, title={AMS journals welcome review articles}, volume={75}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85047180830&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1175/JAS-D-18-0096.1}, abstractNote={Denotes content that is immediately available upon publication as open access.© 2018 American Meteorological Society. For information regarding reuse of this content and general copyright information, consult the AMS Copyright Policy (www.ametsoc.org/PUBSReuseLicenses).}, number={5}, journal={Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences}, author={Schultz, D.M. and DelSole, T.M. and Rauber, R.M. and Robinson, W.A.}, year={2018}, pages={1369–1370} }
 @article{schultz_delsole_rauber_robinson_2018, title={AMS journals welcome review articles}, volume={33}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85048663355&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1175/WAF-D-18-0050.1}, abstractNote={Denotes content that is immediately available upon publication as open access.© 2018 American Meteorological Society. For information regarding reuse of this content and general copyright information, consult the AMS Copyright Policy (www.ametsoc.org/PUBSReuseLicenses).}, number={3}, journal={Weather and Forecasting}, author={Schultz, D.M. and DelSole, T.M. and Rauber, R.M. and Robinson, W.A.}, year={2018}, pages={613–614} }
 @article{schultz_delsole_rauber_robinson_2018, title={AMS journals welcome review articles}, volume={19}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85047068051&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1175/JHM-D-18-0060.1}, abstractNote={Denotes content that is immediately available upon publication as open access.© 2018 American Meteorological Society. For information regarding reuse of this content and general copyright information, consult the AMS Copyright Policy (www.ametsoc.org/PUBSReuseLicenses).}, number={4}, journal={Journal of Hydrometeorology}, author={Schultz, D.M. and DelSole, T.M. and Rauber, R.M. and Robinson, W.A.}, year={2018}, pages={641–642} }
 @article{schultz_delsole_rauber_robinson_2018, title={Editorial: AMS journals welcome review articles}, volume={31}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85055930800&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1175/JCLI-D-17-0560.1}, abstractNote={Denotes content that is immediately available upon publication as open access.© 2018 American Meteorological Society. For information regarding reuse of this content and general copyright information, consult the AMS Copyright Policy (www.ametsoc.org/PUBSReuseLicenses).}, number={10}, journal={Journal of Climate}, author={Schultz, D.M. and DelSole, T.M. and Rauber, R.M. and Robinson, W.A.}, year={2018}, pages={3729–3730} }
 @article{robinson_brune_2018, title={Editorial: The 75th anniversary of the Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences}, volume={75}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85059269656&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1175/JAS-D-18-0263.1}, abstractNote={Denotes content that is immediately available upon publication as open access.© 2018 American Meteorological Society. For information regarding reuse of this content and general copyright information, consult the AMS Copyright Policy (www.ametsoc.org/PUBSReuseLicenses).}, number={12}, journal={Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences}, author={Robinson, W.A. and Brune, W.H.}, year={2018}, pages={4069–4070} }
 @article{robinson_speich_chassignet_2018, title={Exploring the interplay between ocean eddies and the atmosphere}, volume={99}, url={https://doi.org/10.1029/2018EO100609}, DOI={10.1029/2018EO100609}, abstractNote={Ocean Mesoscale Eddy Interactions with the Atmosphere: A CLIVAR Workshop; Portland, Oregon, 17–18 February 2018}, journal={Eos}, author={Robinson, W. and Speich, S. and Chassignet, E.}, year={2018} }
 @inbook{robinson_booth_2018, title={How will storms and the storm track change: Extratropical cyclones on a warmer earth}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85045595017&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, booktitle={Our Warming Planet: Topics In Climate Dynamics}, author={Robinson, W.A. and Booth, J.F.}, year={2018}, pages={133–154} }
 @book{robinson_booth_2018, title={How will storms and the storm track change: Extratropical cyclones on a warmer earth}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85045595017&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, journal={Our Warming Planet: Topics In Climate Dynamics}, author={Robinson, W.A. and Booth, J.F.}, year={2018}, pages={133–154} }
 @article{michaelis_willison_lackmann_robinson_2017, title={Changes in Winter North Atlantic Extratropical Cyclones in High-Resolution Regional Pseudo-Global Warming Simulations}, volume={30}, ISSN={["1520-0442"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85027249354&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1175/jcli-d-16-0697.1}, abstractNote={ The present study investigates changes in the location, frequency, intensity, and dynamical processes of North Atlantic extratropical cyclones with warming consistent with the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report (AR5) representative concentration pathway 8.5 (RCP8.5) scenario. The modeling, analysis, and prediction (MAP) climatology of midlatitude storminess (MCMS) feature-tracking algorithm was utilized to analyze 10 cold-season high-resolution atmospheric simulations over the North Atlantic region in current and future climates. Enhanced extratropical cyclone activity is most evident in the northeast North Atlantic and off the U.S. East Coast. These changes in cyclone activity are offset from changes in eddy kinetic energy and eddy heat flux. Investigation of the minimum SLP reached at each grid point reveals a lack of correspondence between the strongest events in the current and future simulations, indicating the future simulations produced a different population of storms. Examination of the percent change of storms in the storm-track region shows a reduction in the number of strong storms (i.e., those reaching a minimum SLP perturbation of at least −51 hPa). Storm-relative composites of strong and moderate storms show an increase in precipitation, associated with enhanced latent heat release and strengthening of the 900–700-hPa layer-average potential vorticity (PV). Other structural changes found for cyclones in a future climate include weakened upper-level PV for strong storms and a weakened near-surface potential temperature anomaly for moderate storms, demonstrating a change in storm dynamics. Furthermore, the impacts associated with extratropical cyclones, such as strong near-surface winds and heavy precipitation, strengthen and become more frequent with warming. }, number={17}, journal={JOURNAL OF CLIMATE}, author={Michaelis, Allison C. and Willison, Jeff and Lackmann, Gary M. and Robinson, Walter A.}, year={2017}, month={Sep}, pages={6905–6925} }
 @article{long_robinson_2017, title={Dynamical Heating of the Arctic Atmosphere during the Springtime Transition}, volume={30}, ISSN={["1520-0442"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85034058094&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1175/jcli-d-17-0333.1}, abstractNote={ The Arctic undergoes an abrupt transition from the quasi-steady climate of winter to a period of rapid warming in spring. To explore the atmospheric dynamics of this transition, an extended simulation using a global atmospheric model driven by a fixed repeating annual cycle of sea surface temperatures and sea ice cover is analyzed. The model reproduces the timing, structure, and interannual variability of the observed spring onset, thus providing a platform for addressing its dynamics. It is found that atmospheric eddy heat fluxes across the Arctic boundary, highly variable in winter but much less so in spring, shape the transition and determine its timing. Together with the rapid springtime increase of solar heating, the decreased variability in dynamical heating creates the abrupt appearance of the spring transition. Perpetual season simulations for winter, early spring, and late spring further reveal the dynamics of seasonally varying dynamical heating. The eddy heat flux is less variable in spring than winter because the variance of the eddy meridional wind and the stationary wave in temperature, resulting from land–sea contrast, both weaken. Further analysis shows that the strong wintertime variance in meridional wind is associated with traveling planetary wavenumber 1, which amplifies when its phase corresponds to an east–west dipole spanning the Greenland Sea. In this configuration the transient wind–stationary thermal interaction releases zonal available potential energy into wavenumber 1. Thus the highly variable wintertime dynamical heating of the Arctic arises from a baroclinic mechanism, but one distinct from baroclinic instability or cyclogenesis. }, number={23}, journal={JOURNAL OF CLIMATE}, author={Long, Xiaoyu and Robinson, Walter A.}, year={2017}, month={Dec}, pages={9539–9553} }
 @article{long_robinson_2017, title={Dynamical Heating of the Arctic Atmosphere during the Springtime Transition}, volume={30}, url={https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-17-0333.1}, DOI={https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-17-0333.1}, abstractNote={ The Arctic undergoes an abrupt transition from the quasi-steady climate of winter to a period of rapid warming in spring. To explore the atmospheric dynamics of this transition, an extended simulation using a global atmospheric model driven by a fixed repeating annual cycle of sea surface temperatures and sea ice cover is analyzed. The model reproduces the timing, structure, and interannual variability of the observed spring onset, thus providing a platform for addressing its dynamics. It is found that atmospheric eddy heat fluxes across the Arctic boundary, highly variable in winter but much less so in spring, shape the transition and determine its timing. Together with the rapid springtime increase of solar heating, the decreased variability in dynamical heating creates the abrupt appearance of the spring transition. Perpetual season simulations for winter, early spring, and late spring further reveal the dynamics of seasonally varying dynamical heating. The eddy heat flux is less variable in spring than winter because the variance of the eddy meridional wind and the stationary wave in temperature, resulting from land–sea contrast, both weaken. Further analysis shows that the strong wintertime variance in meridional wind is associated with traveling planetary wavenumber 1, which amplifies when its phase corresponds to an east–west dipole spanning the Greenland Sea. In this configuration the transient wind–stationary thermal interaction releases zonal available potential energy into wavenumber 1. Thus the highly variable wintertime dynamical heating of the Arctic arises from a baroclinic mechanism, but one distinct from baroclinic instability or cyclogenesis. }, journal={Journal of Climate}, author={Long, X. and Robinson, W.A.}, year={2017}, pages={9539–9553,} }
 @article{robinson_2016, title={A departmental approach to addressing the problem of sexual harassment and assault in field experiences}, volume={6}, journal={In The Trenches}, author={Robinson, W.A.}, year={2016}, pages={12–13} }
 @article{marciano_lackmann_robinson_2015, title={Changes in US East Coast Cyclone Dynamics with Climate Change}, volume={28}, ISSN={["1520-0442"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84921677491&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1175/jcli-d-14-00418.1}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF CLIMATE}, author={Marciano, Christopher G. and Lackmann, Gary M. and Robinson, Walter A.}, year={2015}, month={Jan}, pages={468–484} }
 @article{rauber_brune_robinson_2015, title={Editorial}, volume={72}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84920603257&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1175/2015JAS0001.1}, number={1}, journal={Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences}, author={Rauber, R.M. and Brune, W. and Robinson, W.}, year={2015}, pages={3} }
 @article{willison_robinson_lackmann_2015, title={North Atlantic Storm-Track Sensitivity to Warming Increases with Model Resolution}, volume={28}, ISSN={["1520-0442"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84977575720&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1175/jcli-d-14-00715.1}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={11}, journal={JOURNAL OF CLIMATE}, author={Willison, Jeff and Robinson, Walter A. and Lackmann, Gary M.}, year={2015}, month={Jun}, pages={4513–4524} }
 @article{sun_chen_robinson_2014, title={The Role of Stratospheric Polar Vortex Breakdown in Southern Hemisphere Climate Trends}, volume={71}, ISSN={["1520-0469"]}, url={http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000337920200004&KeyUID=WOS:000337920200004}, DOI={10.1175/jas-d-13-0290.1}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={7}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES}, author={Sun, Lantao and Chen, Gang and Robinson, Walter A.}, year={2014}, month={Jul}, pages={2335–2353} }
 @article{willison_robinson_lackmann_2013, title={The Importance of Resolving Mesoscale Latent Heating in the North Atlantic Storm Track}, volume={70}, ISSN={["1520-0469"]}, url={http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000322125600022&KeyUID=WOS:000322125600022}, DOI={10.1175/jas-d-12-0226.1}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={7}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES}, author={Willison, Jeff and Robinson, Walter A. and Lackmann, Gary M.}, year={2013}, month={Jul}, pages={2234–2250} }
 @article{sun_robinson_chen_2012, title={The Predictability of Stratospheric Warming Events: More from the Troposphere or the Stratosphere?}, volume={69}, ISSN={["0022-4928"]}, url={http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000299800700022&KeyUID=WOS:000299800700022}, DOI={10.1175/jas-d-11-0144.1}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES}, author={Sun, Lantao and Robinson, Walter A. and Chen, Gang}, year={2012}, month={Feb}, pages={768–783} }
 @article{sun_robinson_chen_2011, title={The Role of Planetary Waves in the Downward Influence of Stratospheric Final Warming Events}, volume={68}, ISSN={["1520-0469"]}, url={http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000298205400002&KeyUID=WOS:000298205400002}, DOI={10.1175/jas-d-11-014.1}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={12}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES}, author={Sun, Lantao and Robinson, Walter A. and Chen, Gang}, year={2011}, month={Dec}, pages={2826–2843} }
 @article{sun_robinson_2009, title={Downward influence of stratospheric final warming events in an idealized model}, volume={36}, ISSN={0094-8276}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2008GL036624}, DOI={10.1029/2008GL036624}, abstractNote={The stratospheric final warming is the final transition of the zonal winds from wintertime westerlies to summertime easterlies as solar heating of the high latitude stratosphere increases. Here the stratospheric influence on the tropospheric circulation during the stratospheric final warming events is investigated through ensemble model integrations of a simple dynamical core general circulation model. When the radiative equilibrium temperature in the stratosphere alone is gradually changed from a winter to a summer profile, the model generates realistic final warmings. As in the observations, the simulated final warmings occur at different “dates” in different realizations. Following previously published analyses of observed final warmings, we form a climatological springtime transition and compute composite anomalies centered on the final warmings. Simulations for both non‐topographic and topographic cases show that starting five days before the final warming, the stratospheric zonal wind rapidly decelerates, in association with a strong upward Eliassen‐Palm (EP) flux anomaly and EP flux convergence. Precursor events of wave driven zonal‐wind deceleration occur, but at different times in simulations with and without topography. The composite zonal wind anomalies for final warmings with and without topography are compared with each other and with observations. In both cases, a statistically significant zonal wind anomaly extends downward to the surface, similarly to what is observed in the Northern Hemisphere (NH). These tropospheric zonal wind anomalies are stronger in the simulations with topography. Tropospheric geopotential height anomalies across the final warming also resemble NH observations.}, number={3}, journal={Geophysical Research Letters}, publisher={American Geophysical Union (AGU)}, author={Sun, Lantao and Robinson, Walter A.}, year={2009}, month={Feb}, pages={n/a-n/a} }
 @article{li_robinson_liu_2009, title={Sources of gravity waves in the lower stratosphere above South Pole}, volume={114}, ISSN={0148-0227}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2008JD011478}, DOI={10.1029/2008JD011478}, abstractNote={Five‐year (2001–2005) high‐resolution radiosonde data were processed to obtain the gravity wave (GW) variabilities in the lower stratosphere over South Pole (SP). Our results show that GW activities in the lowermost section (10–15 km) are strongest in May and September and weakest in the austral summer, whereas in the altitude range of 15–25 km, strongest/weakest GW kinetic energy is observed around September/January. We also explored the relationships of GWs to the synoptic‐scale variations in the troposphere and the ageostrophic motions in the upper troposphere over the Antarctic, which are expected to be significant mechanisms for GW generation. A ray‐tracing model (GROGRAT) was used to explore the relationship between GW propagation and the background field. In the altitude of 15–25 km, the annual cycle of GW activity resembles that of adjustment process. Below 15 km, the annual cycle of GW activity has two peaks in May and September. Our analysis suggests that these two peaks are due to the variation of topographic GW generation and filtering of background atmosphere. Due to critical‐level filtering in the lowermost section, topographic GWs cannot propagate upward, which makes the shape of GW annual cycle at higher altitudes closer to the annual cycle of adjustment processes. The analysis suggests that the minimum of GW activity at SP during the austral summer may be due to the combination of weaker wave generation from adjustment processes associated with synoptic‐scale systems, flow over topography, and unfavorable background field for GW propagation.}, number={D14}, journal={Journal of Geophysical Research}, publisher={American Geophysical Union (AGU)}, author={Li, Z. and Robinson, W. and Liu, A. Z.}, year={2009}, month={Jul} }
 @article{li_robinson_hoerling_weickmann_2007, title={Dynamics of the extratropical response to a tropical Atlantic SST anomaly}, volume={20}, url={http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000244093000012&KeyUID=WOS:000244093000012}, DOI={10.1175/JCLI4014.1}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={3}, journal={Journal of Climate}, author={Li, Shuanglin and Robinson, Walter A. and Hoerling, Martin P. and Weickmann, Klaus M.}, year={2007}, pages={560–574} }
 @inbook{robinson_2007, place={Princeton, New Jersey}, title={Eddy-mediated interactions between low latitudes and the extratropics}, DOI={10.2307/j.ctv1t1kg52.9}, booktitle={The Global Circulation of the Atmosphere}, publisher={Princeton University Press}, author={Robinson, W.A.}, editor={Schneider, T. and Sobel, A.Editors}, year={2007}, pages={104–142} }
 @article{chen_held_robinson_2007, title={Sensitivity of the latitude of the surface westerlies to surface friction}, volume={64}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-34548173532&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1175/JAS3995.1}, abstractNote={ The sensitivity to surface friction of the latitude of the surface westerlies and the associated eddy-driven midlatitude jet is studied in an idealized dry GCM. The westerlies move poleward as the friction is reduced in strength. An increase in the eastward phase speed of midlatitude eddies is implicated as playing a central role in this shift. }, number={8}, journal={Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences}, author={Chen, G. and Held, I.M. and Robinson, W.A.}, year={2007}, pages={2899–2915} }
 @article{peng_robinson_li_alexander_2006, title={Effects of Ekman transport on the NAO response to a tropical Atlantic SST anomaly}, volume={19}, url={http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000241159500005&KeyUID=WOS:000241159500005}, DOI={10.1175/JCLI3910.1}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={19}, journal={Journal of Climate}, author={Peng, Shiling and Robinson, Walter A. and Li, Shuanglin and Alexander, Michael A.}, year={2006}, pages={4803–4818} }
 @article{robinson_2006, title={On the self-maintenance of midlatitude jets}, volume={63}, url={http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000239599800010&KeyUID=WOS:000239599800010}, DOI={10.1175/JAS3732.1}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={8}, journal={Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences}, author={Robinson, Walter A.}, year={2006}, pages={2109–2122} }
 @article{black_mcdaniel_robinson_2006, title={Stratosphere-troposphere coupling during spring onset}, volume={19}, url={http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000241159500010&KeyUID=WOS:000241159500010}, DOI={10.1175/JCLI3907.1}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={19}, journal={Journal of Climate}, author={Black, Robert X. and McDaniel, Brent A. and Robinson, Walter A.}, year={2006}, pages={4891–4901} }
 @article{kushnir_robinson_chang_robertson_2006, title={The physical basis for predicting Atlantic sector seasonal-to-interannual climate variability}, volume={19}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-33846183775&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1175/JCLI3943.1}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={23}, journal={Journal of Climate}, author={Kushnir, Y. and Robinson, W.A. and Chang, P. and Robertson, A.W.}, year={2006}, pages={5949–5970} }
 @article{mitas_robinson_2005, title={Atmospheric stability in a generalized barotropic model}, volume={62}, url={http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000227012200012&KeyUID=WOS:000227012200012}, DOI={10.1175/JAS-3375.1}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={2}, journal={Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences}, author={Mitas, CM and Robinson, WA}, year={2005}, pages={476–491} }
 @article{robinson_2005, title={ENSO-driven warming and cooling of the midlatitude troposphere}, volume={86}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-27844459538&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, number={10}, journal={Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society}, author={Robinson, W.}, year={2005}, pages={1420–1421} }
 @article{seager_harnik_robinson_kushnir_ting_huang_velez_2005, title={Mechanisms of ENSO-forcing of hemispherically symmetric precipitation variability}, volume={131}, url={http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000230262500010&KeyUID=WOS:000230262500010}, DOI={10.1256/qj.04.96}, abstractNote={The patterns of precipitation anomalies forced by the El Niño–Southern Oscillation during northern hemisphere winter and spring are remarkably hemispherically symmetric and, in the midlatitudes, have a prominent zonally symmetric component. Observations of global precipitation variability and the moisture budget within atmospheric reanalyses are examined to argue that the zonally symmetric component is caused by interactions between transient eddies and tropically‐forced changes in the subtropical jets. During El Niño events the jets strengthen in each hemisphere and shift equatorward. Changes in the subtropical jet influence the transient‐eddy momentum fluxes and the eddy‐driven mean meridional circulation. During El Niño events, eddy‐driven ascent in the midlatitudes of each hemisphere is accompanied by low‐level convergence and brings increased precipitation. These changes in the transient‐eddy and stationary‐eddy moisture fluxes almost exactly cancel each other and, in sum, do not contribute to the zonal‐mean precipitation anomalies. Propagation of anomalous stationary waves disrupts the zonal symmetry. Flow around the deeper Aleutian Low and the eastward extension of the Pacific jet stream supply the moisture for increased precipitation over the eastern North Pacific and the western seaboard of the United States, while transient‐eddy moisture convergence supplies the moisture for increased precipitation over the southern United States. In each case, increased precipitation is fundamentally caused by anomalous ascent forced by anomalous heat and vorticity fluxes. Copyright © 2005 Royal Meteorological Society}, number={608}, journal={Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society}, author={Seager, R and Harnik, N and Robinson, WA and Kushnir, Y and Ting, M and Huang, HP and Velez, J}, year={2005}, pages={1501–1527} }
 @article{li_liu_swenson_hecht_robinson_2005, title={Observations of gravity wave breakdown into ripples associated with dynamical instabilities}, volume={110}, url={http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000228367000001&KeyUID=WOS:000228367000001}, DOI={10.1029/2004JD004849}, abstractNote={The breakdown of a high‐frequency quasi‐monochromatic gravity wave into small‐scale ripples in OH airglow was observed on the night of 28 October 2003 at Maui, Hawaii (20.7°N, 156.3°W). The ripples lasted ∼20 min. The phase fronts of the ripples were parallel to the phase fronts of the breaking wave. The mechanism for the ripple generation is investigated using simultaneous wind and temperature measurements made by a sodium (Na) lidar. The observations suggest that the wave breaking and the subsequent appearance of ripples were related to dynamical (or Kelvin‐Helmholtz) instabilities. The characteristics of the ripples, including the alignment of the phase fronts with respect to the wind shear, the motion of the ripples, and the horizontal separation of the ripple fronts were consistent with their attribution to Kelvin‐Helmholtz billows. It is likely that the dynamical instability was initiated by the superposition of the background wind shear and the shear induced by the wave. The wind shear, the mean wind acceleration, and the propagation of the breaking wave were found to be in the same direction, suggesting that wave‐mean flow interactions contributed significantly to the generation of the strong (>40 m/s/km) wind shear and instability.}, number={D9}, journal={Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres}, author={Li, F and Liu, AZ and Swenson, GR and Hecht, JH and Robinson, WA}, year={2005}, pages={1–12} }
 @inproceedings{simpson_chu_liu_robinson_nott_diettrich_espy_shanklin_2005, title={Polar stratospheric clouds observed by a lidar at Rothera, Antarctica (67.5° S, 68.0° W)}, volume={5887}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-29244462322&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1117/12.620399}, abstractNote={The University of Illinois Fe (iron) Boltzmann temperature lidar was operated at the South Pole (90°S) from November 1999 to October 2001, and then at the Rothera Station (67.5°S, 68.0°W) from December 2002 to March 2005. This lidar transmits two UV wavelengths at 372 and 374 nm, and is able to measure the middle and upper atmosphere temperature, Fe density, polar mesospheric clouds (PMC), and polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs). In this paper, we analyze the PSC data collected in the winters and springs of 2003 and 2004 at Rothera, and compare them with the PSC data collected at the South Pole in the 2000 and 2001. PSCs were observed in the range of 15-28 km during the seasons from May/June to October at both locations. The PSC backscatter ratio, width, and altitude at Rothera are comparable to those at the South Pole. However, Rothera PSCs occur less frequently (~17.7%) and in shorter periods, compared to PSCs at the South Pole (~64.9%). At Rothera, PSC occurrence frequency in 2004 is only half of that in 2003, which is likely due to warmer stratospheric temperatures in 2004 associated with changes of the polar vortex. These are the first ground-based lidar observations of PSC at Rothera, and also the first in West Antarctica.}, booktitle={Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering}, author={Simpson, S.E. and Chu, X. and Liu, A.Z. and Robinson, W. and Nott, G.J. and Diettrich, J. and Espy, P.J. and Shanklin, J.}, year={2005}, pages={1–13} }
 @article{peng_robinson_li_hoerling_2005, title={Tropical Atlantic SST forcing of coupled north Atlantic seasonal responses}, volume={18}, url={http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000227305600007&KeyUID=WOS:000227305600007}, DOI={10.1175/JCLI-3270.1}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={3}, journal={Journal of Climate}, author={Peng, SL and Robinson, WA and Li, SL and Hoerling, MP}, year={2005}, pages={480–496} }
 @article{robinson_2004, title={Comments on "The structure and composition of the annular modes in an aquaplanet general circulation model''}, volume={61}, url={http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000220802500008&KeyUID=WOS:000220802500008}, DOI={10.1175/1520-0469(2004)061<0949:COTSAC>2.0.CO;2}, abstractNote={Corresponding author address: Walter A. Robinson, Dept. of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, 105 South Gregory St., Urbana, IL 61801. Email: robinson@atmos.uiuc.edu}, number={8}, journal={Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences}, author={Robinson, WA}, year={2004}, pages={949–953} }
 @article{song_robinson_2004, title={Dynamical mechanisms for stratospheric influences on the troposphere}, volume={61}, url={http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000222907400005&KeyUID=WOS:000222907400005}, DOI={10.1175/1520-0469(2004)061<1711:DMFSIO>2.0.CO;2}, abstractNote={The dynamical mechanisms through which stratospheric forcing can influence tropospheric annular modes are explored. A torque is applied to the stratosphere of an idealized general circulation model, and, under some circumstances, a robust tropospheric response is observed. These tropospheric responses, while initiated by stratospheric forcing, are maintained locally by interactions with transient eddies, and they closely resemble the intrinsic annular modes of the model. Manipulations of the model are consistent in showing that planetary waves, and not only the zonally symmetric secondary circulations induced by stratospheric forcing, are important for transmitting dynamical signals to the troposphere. Specifically, it is found that the tropospheric response is significantly reduced when planetary waves are suppressed in the stratosphere by additional damping or when the strength of the stratospheric jet is increased. Wave diagnoses indicate that the confinement of these waves within the troposphere, when stratospheric winds are enhanced, leads to increased planetary wave deceleration of the zonal winds in the high-latitude upper troposphere.}, number={14}, journal={Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences}, author={Song, YC and Robinson, WA}, year={2004}, pages={1711–1725} }
 @article{peng_robinson_li_2004, title={Mechanisms for the NAO responses to the North Atlantic SST tripole (vol 16, pg 1987, yr 2004)}, volume={17}, url={http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000223074500013&KeyUID=WOS:000223074500013}, DOI={10.1175/1520-0442(2004)017<3055:C>2.0.CO;2}, number={15}, journal={Journal of Climate}, author={Peng, SL and Robinson, WA and Li, SL}, year={2004}, pages={3055} }
 @article{robinson_li_peng_2003, title={Dynamical nonlinearity in the atmospheric response to Atlantic sea surface temperature anomalies}, volume={30}, url={http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000186197900005&KeyUID=WOS:000186197900005}, DOI={10.1029/2003GL018416}, abstractNote={Large ensembles (100 members) of atmospheric general circulation model experiments are forced throughout the Northern Hemisphere cold season by four different sea surface temperature (SST) fields: the observed climatology, the so‐called SST tripole pattern, and its tropical and its extratropical subcomponents. Late winter responses to these anomalies are of modest amplitude, in comparison with the amplitudes of climatological stationary waves, but are, because of the large ensemble, significant. Despite their modest amplitudes, the responses display additive nonlinearity, in that the sum of the separate responses to the component anomalies differs significantly from the response to the tripole. Neither the heating field nor the basin averaged zonal winds display this nonlinearity. It is most evident in a sub‐basin scale wave train, and most significant in its impact on the amplitude of the geopotential response. These results indicate that even for modest forcing, responses to patterns of SST anomalies cannot necessarily be understood as the sums of responses to constituent anomalies.}, number={20}, journal={Geophysical Research Letters}, author={Robinson, WA and Li, SL and Peng, SL}, year={2003} }
 @article{robinson_ams_2003, title={Eddy-driven jets from a mean-flow perspective}, url={http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000224565100023&KeyUID=WOS:000224565100023}, journal={14th Conference on Atmospheric and Oceanic Fluid Dynamics}, author={Robinson, WA and ams}, year={2003}, pages={69–70} }
 @article{li_robinson_peng_2003, title={Influence of the north Atlantic SST tripole on northwest African rainfall}, volume={108}, url={http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000185892200002&KeyUID=WOS:000185892200002}, DOI={10.1029/2002JD003130}, abstractNote={The sea‐surface temperature (SST) tripole, with warm anomalies off the east coast of the United States and cold anomalies north of 40°N and south of 25°N, is the leading mode of interannual variability in wintertime North Atlantic SST. Its influence on northwest African rainfall is investigated by using a large‐ensemble of GCM simulations. Firstly the modeled basin‐scale rainfall impact is displayed, and the results suggest: in early‐mid winter (November–January), a positive SST tripole causes a reduced rainfall extending from the tropical North Atlantic northeastward to Mediterranean while a negative SST causes a south‐north increased rainfall across the central Atlantic from the subtropics to the midlatitude. In late winter (February–April) a positive SST tripole causes a reduced rainfall in the central Atlantic from the subtropics to the midlatitude while a negative SST tripole induces a zonal increased rainfall from the subtropics to Mediterranean. The asymmetry and seasonal dependence of the SST influence on the basin‐scale rainfall is consistent with the nonlinear response of the large‐scale atmospheric circulation. Under the large‐scale impact background, northwest Africa regional rainfall response is also nonlinear and seasonally dependent. In early‐mid winter a positive SST tripole causes reduced rainfall, while a negative SST has little effect. In late winter a negative SST tripole induces increased rainfall, while a positive tripole has little effect. A similarly large‐scale asymmetric association between SST and rainfall‐circulation exists in observations in late winter, while the observed seasonal dependence of this association is relatively weak. Also, a similar SST tripole association with the regional rainfall over the northwest coast of Africa exists in observations.}, number={D19}, journal={Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres}, author={Li, SL and Robinson, WA and Peng, SL}, year={2003} }
 @article{peng_robinson_li_2003, title={Mechanisms for the NAO responses to the North Atlantic SST tripole}, volume={16}, url={http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000183460100007&KeyUID=WOS:000183460100007}, DOI={10.1175/1520-0442(2003)016<1987:MFTNRT>2.0.CO;2}, abstractNote={Abstract The response of an atmospheric general circulation model (GCM) to the North Atlantic SST tripole exhibits both symmetric and asymmetric components with respect to the sign of the SST anomaly. The symmetric part of the response is characterized by a North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO)–like dipole with an equivalent barotropic structure over the Atlantic. The asymmetry is manifested in a weaker and smaller-scale dipole response to the positive SST tripole in contrast to a stronger and more zonally elongated dipole response to the negative tripole. Mechanisms for developing and maintaining these GCM responses are elucidated through diagnostic experiments using a linear baroclinic model and a statistical storm track model based on GCM intrinsic variability. The NAO-like symmetric response is primarily maintained by a dipolar anomalous eddy forcing that results from interactions between the heating-forced anomalous flow and the Atlantic storm track, as expected from an eddy-feedback mechanism. To account...}, number={12}, journal={Journal of Climate}, author={Peng, SL and Robinson, WA and Li, SL}, year={2003}, pages={1987–2004} }
 @article{seager_harnik_kushnir_robinson_miller_2003, title={Mechanisms of hemispherically symmetric climate variability}, volume={16}, url={http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000185241900002&KeyUID=WOS:000185241900002}, DOI={10.1175/1520-0442(2003)016<2960:MOHSCV>2.0.CO;2}, abstractNote={Inspired by paleoclimate evidence that much past climate change has been symmetric about the equator, the causes of hemispherically symmetric variability in the recent observational record are examined using the National Centers for Environmental Prediction-National Center for Atmospheric Research reanalysis dataset and numerical models. It was found that the dominant cause of hemispherically symmetric variability is the El Nino-Southern Oscillation. During an El Nino event the Tropics warm at all longitudes and the subtropical jets in both hemi- spheres strengthen on their equatorward flanks. Poleward of the tropical warming there are latitude belts of marked cooling, extending from the surface to the tropopause in both hemispheres, at all longitudes and in all seasons. The midlatitude cooling is caused by changes in the eddy-driven mean meridional circulation. Changes in the transient eddy momentum fluxes during an El Nino event force upper-tropospheric ascent in midlatitudes through a balance between the eddy fluxes and the Coriolis torque. The eddy-driven ascent causes anomalous adiabatic cooling, which is primarily balanced by anomalous diabatic heating. Using a quasigeostrophic spherical model, forced by an imposed surface eddy disturbance of chosen wave- number and frequency, it is shown that the anomalous eddy momentum fluxes are caused by the impact that the changes in the tropically forced subtropical jets have on the propagation in the latitude-height plane of transient eddies. Changes in zonal winds, and associated changes in the meridional gradient of potential vorticity, create an anomalous region of low meridional wavenumber in the midlatitudes that refracts waves away both poleward and equatorward. Tropical forcing of variability in the eddy-driven mean meridional circulation is another way, in addition to Rossby wave teleconnections, whereby the Tropics can influence extratropical climate. Unlike teleconnections this mechanism causes climate variability that has strong zonally and hemispherically symmetric components and operates throughout the seasonal cycle.}, number={18}, journal={Journal of Climate}, author={Seager, R and Harnik, N and Kushnir, Y and Robinson, W and Miller, J}, year={2003}, pages={2960–2978} }
 @article{mitas_robinson_ams_2003, title={Physical basis for empirical PV-streamfunction spectral relationships}, url={http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000224565100008&KeyUID=WOS:000224565100008}, journal={14th Conference on Atmospheric and Oceanic Fluid Dynamics}, author={Mitas, CM and Robinson, WA and ams}, year={2003}, pages={20–23} }
 @inbook{robinson_2003, title={Stratospheric influences on weather and climate}, booktitle={McGraw-Hill 2003 Yearbook of Science and Technology}, publisher={McGraw-Hill}, author={Robinson, W.A.}, year={2003} }
 @article{kushnir_robinson_blade_hall_peng_sutton_2002, title={Atmospheric GCM response to extratropical SST anomalies: Synthesis and evaluation}, volume={15}, url={http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000177529400007&KeyUID=WOS:000177529400007}, DOI={10.1175/1520-0442(2002)015<2233:AGRTES>2.0.CO;2}, abstractNote={The advances in our understanding of extratropical atmosphere‐ocean interaction over the past decade and a half are examined, focusing on the atmospheric response to sea surface temperature anomalies. The main goal of the paper is to assess what was learned from general circulation model (GCM) experiments over the recent two decades or so. Observational evidence regarding the nature of the interaction and dynamical theory of atmospheric anomalies forced by surface thermal anomalies is reviewed. Three types of GCM experiments used to address this problem are then examined: models with fixed climatological conditions and idealized, stationary SST anomalies; models with seasonally evolving climatology forced with realistic, time-varying SST anomalies; and models coupled to an interactive ocean. From representative recent studies, it is argued that the extratropical atmosphere does respond to changes in underlying SST although the response is small compared to internal (unforced) variability. Two types of interactions govern the response. One is an eddy-mediated process, in which a baroclinic response to thermal forcing induces and combines with changes in the position or strength of the storm tracks. This process can lead to an equivalent barotropic response that feeds back positively on the ocean mixed layer temperature. The other is a linear, thermodynamic interaction in which an equivalent-barotropic low-frequency atmospheric anomaly forces a change in SST and then experiences reduced surface thermal damping due to the SST adjustment. Both processes contribute to an increase in variance and persistence of low-frequency atmospheric anomalies and, in fact, may act together in the natural system.}, number={16}, journal={Journal of Climate}, author={Kushnir, Y and Robinson, WA and Blade, I and Hall, NMJ and Peng, S and Sutton, R}, year={2002}, pages={2233–2256} }
 @article{robinson_reudy_hansen_2002, title={General circulation model simulations of recent cooling in the east-central United States}, volume={107}, url={http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000181253700012&KeyUID=WOS:000181253700012}, DOI={10.1029/2001JD001577}, abstractNote={In ensembles of retrospective general circulation model (GCM) simulations, surface temperatures in the east‐central United States cool between 1951 and 1997. This cooling, which is broadly consistent with observed surface temperatures, is present in GCM experiments driven by observed time varying sea‐surface temperatures (SSTs) in the tropical Pacific, whether or not increasing greenhouse gases and other time varying climate forcings are included. Here we focus on ensembles with fixed radiative forcing and with observed varying SST in different regions. In these experiments the trend and variability in east‐central U.S. surface temperatures are tied to tropical Pacific SSTs. Warm tropical Pacific SSTs cool U.S. temperatures by diminishing solar heating through an increase in cloud cover. These associations are embedded within a year‐round response to warm tropical Pacific SST that features tropospheric warming throughout the tropics and regions of tropospheric cooling in midlatitudes. Precipitable water vapor over the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean and the tropospheric thermal gradient across the Gulf Coast of the United States increase when the tropical Pacific is warm. In observations, recent warming in the tropical Pacific is also associated with increased precipitable water over the southeast United States. The observed cooling in the east‐central United States, relative to the rest of the globe, is accompanied by increased cloud cover, though year‐to‐year variations in cloud cover, U.S. surface temperatures, and tropical Pacific SST are less tightly coupled in observations than in the GCM.}, number={D24}, journal={Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres}, author={Robinson, WA and Reudy, R and Hansen, JE}, year={2002}, pages={ACL 4–1-ACL 4–14} }
 @article{peng_robinson_li_2002, title={North Atlantic SST forcing of the NAO and relationships with intrinsic hemispheric variability}, volume={29}, url={http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000178886800011&KeyUID=WOS:000178886800011}, DOI={10.1029/2001GL014043}, abstractNote={Large (100‐member) ensembles of GCM experiments are conducted to examine the atmospheric response to a North Atlantic SST tripole with warm anomalies off the US Eastcoast and cold anomalies north of 40°N and south of 25°N. The response varies seasonally with the model's intrinsic variability, producing a strong NAO pattern only in February–April, the same months in which the model's internal variability projects strongly on the NAO. The response is significantly different for positive and negative SST tripoles, reproducing nonlinearity present in observational composites. The anomalous surface heat flux associated with the strong late‐winter/spring response implies a significantly reduced damping of the SST anomaly, and in some areas even a positive thermal feedback between the atmosphere and the ocean.}, number={8}, journal={Geophysical Research Letters}, author={Peng, SL and Robinson, WA and Li, SL}, year={2002} }
 @article{robinson_2002, title={On the midlatitude thermal response to tropical warmth}, volume={29}, url={http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000178886800097&KeyUID=WOS:000178886800097}, DOI={10.1029/2001GL014158}, abstractNote={Observations reveal a global‐scale thermal response to El Niño and La Niña, featuring a band of tropospheric anomalies opposite in sign to those in the tropics. When an idealized dynamical model is forced by increased tropical heating, a similar response, with an enhanced subtropical thermal gradient, results. In the idealized model, this response is produced by changes in transient eddy fluxes of heat and momentum, and consequent changes in the mean meridional circulation. The similarity between the two‐level model results and those from observations, as well as the zonally averaged behavior of a GCM, suggests that the same dynamics operate in nature. This represents a tropical‐midlatitude teleconnection distinct from and in addition to that mediated by stationary Rossby wave trains.}, number={8}, journal={Geophysical Research Letters}, author={Robinson, WA}, year={2002} }
 @book{robinson_2001, place={New York}, series={Modeling Dynamic Systems}, title={Modeling Dynamic Climate Systems}, ISBN={9780387951348 9781461265306 9781461301134}, DOI={10.1007/978-1-4613-0113-4}, publisher={Springer}, author={Robinson, W.A.}, year={2001}, collection={Modeling Dynamic Systems} }
 @article{peng_robinson_2001, title={Relationships between atmospheric internal variability and the responses to an extratropical SST anomaly}, volume={14}, url={http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000169796600010&KeyUID=WOS:000169796600010}, DOI={10.1175/1520-0442(2001)014<2943:RBAIVA>2.0.CO;2}, abstractNote={The January and February responses of a GCM to an imposed extratropical Pacific SST anomaly are compared with the patterns of the model’s internal variability. Relevant patterns of internal variability are diagnosed from ensembles of model control runs by regressing monthly mean geopotentials and temperatures against low-level temperatures in the vicinity of the SST anomaly and by EOF analysis. These patterns are found to play a significant role in determining the local and the remote responses to the SST anomaly. Different responses to the SST anomaly in the GCM’s January and February climates are largely explained by the differences in the regression patterns and in the leading EOF. The GCM response may be considered as comprising a direct linear response to low-level heating, that is local to the forcing and baroclinic, and an eddy-forced component that closely resembles patterns of the model’s internal variability—it is equivalent barotropic and extends over the entire hemisphere. The results suggest that for a warm SST anomaly over the Kuroshio Extension to induce an equivalent-barotropic ridge immediately east of the anomaly, the internal variability must have a well-defined center of action over the central Pacific. In this GCM, this is nearly true in February but not in January. Similar analyses are performed for the observed flow to determine the patterns of variability in nature and thereby to suggest the potential response to SST forcing. The natural variability in January and February has a strong large-scale center over the Pacific, which, according to the model results, should favor the development of an equivalent-barotropic ridge in response to a warm SST anomaly.}, number={13}, journal={Journal of Climate}, author={Peng, SL and Robinson, WA}, year={2001}, pages={2943–2959} }
 @article{robinson_ams_2001, title={Where's the-heat? Insights from GCM experiments into the lack of Eastern US warming}, url={http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000177601900002&KeyUID=WOS:000177601900002}, journal={12th Symposium on Global Change and Climate Variations}, author={Robinson, WA and AMS}, year={2001}, pages={5–6} }
 @article{robinson_2000, title={A baroclinic mechanism for the eddy feedback on the zonal index}, volume={57}, url={http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000086314300004&KeyUID=WOS:000086314300004}, DOI={10.1175/1520-0469(2000)057<0415:ABMFTE>2.0.CO;2}, abstractNote={A baroclinic mechanism for the positive eddy feedback on the zonal index is proposed. The author considers the quasigeostrophic response of the zonally averaged flow to forcing by baroclinic eddies. The transient response to eddy forcing is a largely barotropic acceleration of the westerly flow and a reduction of the baroclinicity at the latitudes of eddy generation, but over time, the action of surface drag leads to enhanced baroclinicity at these latitudes. The steady-state response has positive baroclinicity at the latitude of eddy generation, if the eddies propagate away from this latitude before they dissipate. This reinforcement of the low-level baroclinicity provides a positive feedback, if it is assumed that baroclinic eddies are generated more vigorously in regions of stronger low-level baroclinicity. The proposed mechanism explains observed and modeled features of zonal index variations: the frequency and drag dependence of eddy feedback, the bandedness in latitude of zonal wind variations, and the tendency for anomalies in the zonally averaged zonal wind to drift poleward over time.}, number={3}, journal={Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences}, author={Robinson, WA}, year={2000}, pages={415–422} }
 @article{robinson_2000, title={Review of WETS - The workshop on extra-tropical SST anomalies}, volume={81}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0001086896&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1175/1520-0477(2000)081<0567:ROWTWO>2.3.CO;2}, abstractNote={WETS—the Workshop on Extra-Tropical SST anomalies—was convened to review our present understanding of how the middle- and high-latitude ocean interacts with the atmosphere. Here, the author discusses some of the new information and results presented at the workshop and briefly describes some promising directions for further research.}, number={3}, journal={Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society}, author={Robinson, W.A.}, year={2000}, pages={567–577} }
 @article{weickmann_robinson_penland_2000, title={Stochastic and oscillatory forcing of global atmospheric angular momentum}, volume={105}, url={http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000087844900029&KeyUID=WOS:000087844900029}, DOI={10.1029/2000JD900198}, abstractNote={The temporal variability and forcing of global atmospheric angular momentum (AAM) is studied using a three‐component Markov model derived from observed statistics of global AAM and the global torques. The model consists of stochastic forcing by the mountain (τM) and friction (τ *F) torque plus a pervasive negative feedback on AAM by the friction torque. AAM anomalies are damped at a 30‐day timescale and forced by torques having 1.5‐day ( τM) and 6‐day (τ *F) decorrelation timescales. A large portion of the intraseasonal variance and covariance of AAM, τM, and τF is accounted for by the Markov model. Differences between the modeled and the observed covariances are maximized in the 10‐ to 90‐day band and account for 10–30% of the variance when using data not stratified by season. An especially prominent deviation from the Markov model is the oscillatory forcing of AAM by the frictional torque at 30‐ to 60‐day periods. Additionally, there is greater coherent variance between τF and τM across the entire 10‐ to 90‐day band, with the frictional torque leading the mountain torque. This “feedback” between the global torques results from physical processes not represented in the Markov model. The synoptic characteristics of the stochastic mountain and frictional torques and of the oscillatory Madden‐Julian Oscillation are described.}, number={D12}, journal={Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres}, author={Weickmann, KM and Robinson, WA and Penland, C}, year={2000}, pages={15543–15557} }
 @misc{robinson_1999, title={History of a young science}, volume={36}, DOI={10.1109/MSPEC.1999.803578}, number={11}, journal={IEEE Spectrum}, author={Robinson, W.A.}, year={1999}, month={Nov}, pages={16–17} }
 @article{franke_robinson_1999, title={Nonlinear behavior in the propagation of atmospheric gravity waves}, volume={56}, url={http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000082616500003&KeyUID=WOS:000082616500003}, DOI={10.1175/1520-0469(1999)056<3010:NBITPO>2.0.CO;2}, abstractNote={Abstract The nonlinear behavior of quasi-monochromatic gravity wave breaking events is studied using a high-resolution, two-dimensional, fully nonlinear numerical model. A suite of supporting models is used alongside the nonlinear model to separate the effects of wave–wave and wave–mean flow interactions. The focus of this study is the breaking of initially monochromatic waves at two different frequencies. The results are used to address some of the issues central to the role that nonlinear effects play in gravity wave propagation and saturation. It is found that the presence or absence of wave–mean flow interactions influences the nature of wave breaking. Comparison of the results from the fully nonlinear model with those from a model from which the wave–mean flow interactions are removed indicates that wave overturning and breaking occur at lower altitudes when wave–mean flow interactions are included. This influence is found to be frequency dependent with the effect being stronger at the higher frequen...}, number={17}, journal={Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences}, author={Franke, PM and Robinson, WA}, year={1999}, pages={3010–3027} }
 @article{herman_robinson_franke_1999, title={Observational evidence of quasi two-day/gravity wave interaction using MF radar}, volume={26}, url={http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000079793700035&KeyUID=WOS:000079793700035}, DOI={10.1029/1999GL900157}, abstractNote={The gravity wave/quasi two‐day wave interaction is an example of gravity wave/large‐scale flow interaction, a subject of great interest but insufficient understanding. Here we present evidence, from MF radar data, for the quasi two‐day wave modulation of gravity wave activity in the summer mesosphere over Urbana, Illinois (40° 10′ 10″ N, 88° 09′ 36″ W). A composite analysis of two‐day wave events, identified using the meridional winds at 84 km, is performed on the four‐hour mean winds and four‐hour standard deviations about those means, the latter being representative of gravity wave activity. Our results show that quasi two‐day variations in the winds modulate gravity wave activity at higher altitudes.}, number={8}, journal={Geophysical Research Letters}, author={Herman, RL and Robinson, WA and Franke, SJ}, year={1999}, pages={1141–1144} }
 @article{robinson_ams_1999, title={Self maintenance of baroclinic jets by transient-eddy feedback and surface drag}, url={http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000168477900046&KeyUID=WOS:000168477900046}, journal={12th Conference on Atmospheric and Oceanic Fluid Dynamics}, author={Robinson, WA and AMS}, year={1999}, pages={148–149} }
 @article{lieberman_robinson_franke_vincent_isler_fritts_manson_meek_fraser_fahrutdinova_et al._1998, title={HRDI observations of mean meridional winds at solstice}, volume={55}, url={http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000073667500010&KeyUID=WOS:000073667500010}, DOI={10.1175/1520-0469(1998)055<1887:HOOMMW>2.0.CO;2}, abstractNote={Abstract High Resolution Doppler Imager (HRDI) measurements of daytime and nighttime winds at 95 km are used to deduce seasonally averaged Eulerian mean meridional winds during six solstice periods. These estimates are compared with seasonally averaged radar meridional winds and with results from dynamical and empirical wind models. HRDI mean meridional winds are directed from the summer pole toward the winter pole over much of the globe. Peak equatorward winds of about 15 m s−1 are usually observed in the summer hemisphere near 30°. A local minimum in the equatorward winds is often observed poleward of this latitude, with winds approaching zero or reversing direction. A similar structure is seen in contemporaneous radar winds. This behavior differs from residual meridional wind patterns predicted by models. The discrepancies may be related to gravity wave paramaterizations or a consequence of planetary wave influences.}, number={10}, journal={Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences}, author={Lieberman, RS and Robinson, WA and Franke, SJ and Vincent, RA and Isler, JR and Fritts, DC and Manson, AH and Meek, CE and Fraser, GJ and Fahrutdinova, A and et al.}, year={1998}, pages={1887–1896} }
 @article{lee_elders_mcginnis_satcher_clinton_kessler_robinson_lincoln_varmus_johnson_et al._1998, title={Health care reform and public health: A paper on population-based core functions: The core functions project, U.S. public health service, 1993}, volume={19}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0032425351&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.2307/3343074}, number={4}, journal={Journal of Public Health Policy}, author={Lee, P.R. and Elders, M.J. and McGinnis, J.M. and Satcher, D. and Clinton, J.J. and Kessler, D.A. and Robinson, W.A. and Lincoln, M.E. and Varmus, H. and Johnson, E.M. and et al.}, year={1998}, pages={394–419} }
 @article{huang_robinson_1998, title={Two-dimensional turbulence and persistent zonal jets in a global barotropic model}, volume={55}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0031860282&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1175/1520-0469(1998)055<0611:TDTAPZ>2.0.CO;2}, abstractNote={Abstract The dynamics of two-dimensional turbulence on a rotating sphere are examined. The anisotropic Rhines scale is derived and verified in decaying turbulence simulations. Due to the anisotropic nature of the Rossby waves, the Rhines barrier is displaced toward small total wavenumber n with decreasing zonal wavenumber m. Up-scale energy transfer along the zonal axis (m = 0) is not directly arrested by beta. A forced dissipative model with high-wavenumber forcing is used to investigate the dynamics of persistent zonal jets. Persistent jets form in the low energy (strong rotation) cases with the root-mean-square velocity V*rms ≪ aΩ. Under a fixed rotation rate, the jet scale decreases with the energy. The equilibrated jets generally stay at fixed latitudes. The zonal bands are nearly uniformly distributed in latitude, except that bands in the high latitudes tend to be wider and weaker, as clearly affected by a decreasing beta with latitude. The time-mean zonal winds in the forced simulations appear to b...}, number={4}, journal={Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences}, author={Huang, H.-P. and Robinson, W.A.}, year={1998}, pages={611–632} }
 @article{robinson_1997, title={Dissipation dependence of the jet latitude}, volume={10}, url={http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:A1997WJ83500002&KeyUID=WOS:A1997WJ83500002}, DOI={10.1175/1520-0442(1997)010<0176:DDOTJL>2.0.CO;2}, abstractNote={Zonally averaged flows in general circulation models exhibit strong sensitivity to the strength of the surface friction, subgrid-scale diffusion, and gravity wave drag. A commonly observed effect is that the midlatitude jets shift poleward as the drag on the zonal wind is decreased. In the present two-level primitive equation model the jet moves poleward with decreasing surface friction and with increasing subgrid-scale diffusion. The barotropic component of the jet shows much greater sensitivity than does the baroclinic component. Experiments using different values of friction for the eddies and for the zonal means reveal that the jet latitude is primarily controlled by the drag on the zonal means. The shift in the latitude of the jet is derived from the altered equilibrium response of the zonal wind to forcing by eddies when the friction is changed and the change in meridional structure of the eddy momentum fluxes in response to the modified zonal wind. The latter effect is also displayed by linear baroclinic modes.}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Climate}, author={Robinson, WA}, year={1997}, pages={176–182} }
 @article{robinson_1997, title={Forecasting the Next Century’s Weather}, volume={34}, DOI={10.1109/mspec.1997.560635}, abstractNote={hese three volumes, comprising nearly 1900 pages, are better known as t h e IPCC reports , IPCC standing for Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Books of this technical content and heft written by large international committees rarely arouse much excitement These IPCC reports have, however, provoked an the IPCC is meant to be the source of reasoned, objective, authoritative information on climate change, and it has come to represent the broad scientific consensus on climate change. Tbe Science of Climate Cbange, for example, underwent review by 541 scientists from 40 countries In its earlier reports the IPCC recorded estimates that the global climate had warmed about a half degree Celsius over the past century While it was expected from models that adding carbon dioxide and other ”greenhouse gases” (methane, nitrous oxide, and freons) would warm}, number={1}, journal={IEEE Spectrum}, publisher={IEEE Spectrum}, author={Robinson, W.A.}, year={1997}, month={Jan}, pages={10–14} }
 @article{huang_robinson_soc_1997, title={Low frequency variability in a stochastically forced barotropic model}, url={http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000071010100101&KeyUID=WOS:000071010100101}, journal={11th Conference on Atmospheric and Oceanic Fluid Dynamics}, author={Huang, HP and Robinson, WA and SOC, AMER METEOROL}, year={1997}, pages={328–331} }
 @article{robinson_weickmann_soc_1997, title={On the dynamics of the observed zonal index}, url={http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000071010100083&KeyUID=WOS:000071010100083}, journal={11th Conference on Atmospheric and Oceanic Fluid Dynamics}, author={Robinson, WA and Weickmann, KM and SOC, AMER METEOROL}, year={1997}, pages={275–276} }
 @article{peng_robinson_hoerling_1997, title={The modeled atmospheric response to midlatitude SST anomalies and its dependence on background circulation states}, volume={10}, url={http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:A1997XB77300008&KeyUID=WOS:A1997XB77300008}, DOI={10.1175/1520-0442(1997)010<0971:TMARTM>2.0.CO;2}, abstractNote={Abstract The atmospheric response to a midlatitude SST anomaly in the North Pacific and its dependence on background flow are examined in a GCM. Experiments are conducted using the same warm SST anomalies but two different model states: perpetual January and perpetual February. The atmospheric responses to the SST anomalies are statistically significant in both January and February but are completely different. The anomalous circulation in January is characterized by a trough decaying with height immediately downstream of the SST anomalies. In February, the anomalous circulation is dominated by a downstream ridge growing with height. The patterns of the anomalous heights in the two months are nearly orthogonal. Vorticity and thermodynamic budgets are diagnosed to illustrate how the anomalous circulations are maintained. Over the SST anomalies, low-level convergence and ascent are observed in both months. In January the anomalous convergence is balanced by a residual due primarily to the forcing by submont...}, number={5}, journal={Journal of Climate}, author={Peng, SL and Robinson, WA and Hoerling, MP}, year={1997}, pages={971–987} }
 @article{robinson_1996, title={Does eddy feedback sustain variability in the zonal index?}, volume={53}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0030326020&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1175/1520-0469(1996)053<3556:DEFSVI>2.0.CO;2}, abstractNote={Abstract The dynamics of variability in the zonal index are studied using a simple circulation model. Results from simulations with differing drag suggest that variability in the zonal index involves a positive feedback from transient eddies but that this feedback, which involves the action of surface drag in increasing the baroclinicity of zonal flows, operates only in the presence of strong drag. Model experiments are conducted in which the barotropic component of the zonal flow is held fixed, so that eddy fluxes of heat and momentum cannot be organized by variability in the barotropic zonal flow. The eddy fluxes in these “FBU” experiments do not, for strong drag, display nearly the same persistence as do the fluxes in the control runs. These results clearly demonstrate the presence of a positive eddy feedback for the zonal index but show also that the existence of this feedback is parameter dependent.}, number={23}, journal={Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences}, author={Robinson, W.A.}, year={1996}, pages={3556–3569} }
 @article{huang_robinson_1995, title={Barotropic model simulations of the North Pacific retrograde disturbances}, volume={52}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0029412929&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1175/1520-0469(1995)052<1630:bmsotn>2.0.co;2}, abstractNote={Abstract Branstator–Kushnir-type large-scale westward propagating waves are investigated using linear and nonlinear global barotropic models with an idealized zonally asymmetric basic state. Retrograde waves are found in the most unstable normal mode of the zonally asymmetric basic state with a jet in the Northern Hemisphere. West-ward propagating waves also exist in nonlinear equilibrium states under a wide range of supercriticality and in both periodic and chaotic regimes. The frequency of the most unstable mode remains as a peak in the frequency spectrum through the nonlinear equilibration process. That frequency matches the frequency of the westward propagating waves in the nonlinear equilibrium states. Local energetics analyses of the linear and nonlinear cases show that the barotropic energy conversion concentrated in the jet exit supplies the perturbation energy of the disturbances all over the globe. Under a traditional spherical-harmonic decomposition, the westward propagating waves consist of se...}, number={10}, journal={Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences}, author={Huang, Huei-Ping and Robinson, W.A.}, year={1995}, pages={1630–1641} }
 @misc{robinson_1995, title={Introduction to Geophysical Fluid Dynamics, by Cushman-Roisin}, volume={43}, journal={Journal of Geological Education}, author={Robinson, W.A.}, year={1995}, pages={433–434} }
 @article{qin_robinson_1995, title={THE IMPACT OF TROPICAL FORCING ON EXTRATROPICAL PREDICTABILITY IN A SIMPLE GLOBAL-MODEL}, volume={52}, url={http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:A1995TH23800008&KeyUID=WOS:A1995TH23800008}, DOI={10.1175/1520-0469(1995)052<3895:TIOTFO>2.0.CO;2}, abstractNote={Abstract The impact of tropical forcing on the predictability of the extratropical atmosphere is studied. Using a two-layer spectral model, numerical experiments and diagnostic analyses have been carried out to examine the enhancement of predictability gained through knowledge of the tropical forcing. It turns out that knowing the tropical forcing induces a modest but significant improvement in extended-range predictions in middle/high latitudes. Ale enhancement of predictability can be locally large in a zonally asymmetric climate. A robust response to tropical forcing in the model, however, does not necessarily imply a strong impact on extratropical predictions.}, number={22}, journal={Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences}, author={QIN, JC and ROBINSON, WA}, year={1995}, pages={3895–3910} }
 @article{feldstein_robinson_1994, title={Comments on ‘Spatial structure of ultra‐low frequency variability of the flow in a simple atmospheric circulation model’ by I. N. James and P. M. James (October 1992, 118, 1211–1233.)}, volume={120}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84983941219&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1002/qj.49712051714}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={517}, journal={Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society}, author={Feldstein, S.B. and Robinson, W.A.}, year={1994}, pages={739–745} }
 @article{robinson_1994, title={EDDY FEEDBACKS ON THE ZONAL INDEX AND EDDY ZONAL FLOW INTERACTIONS INDUCED BY ZONAL FLOW TRANSIENCE}, volume={51}, url={http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:A1994PE44000006&KeyUID=WOS:A1994PE44000006}, DOI={10.1175/1520-0469(1994)051<2553:EFOTZI>2.0.CO;2}, abstractNote={Abstract A mechanistic approach is used to determine the nature and frequency dependence of transient eddy feedbacks on zonally symmetric low-frequency variability. The zonal momentum of a simple though fully nonlinear atmospheric model is driven by an imposed periodic forcing. In the absence of the imposed forcing this is a model that spontaneously generates its own low-frequency zonally symmetric variability. The response to the imposed forcing is determined by the amplitude and phase of the transient eddy driving of the zonal flow, which depends strongly on the imposed forcing frequency. At short periods, less than 30 days, the driving of the zonal flow by transient eddies lags the zonal angular momentum by more than a quarter-cycle and is, therefore, a negative feedback. As the period is increased, the eddy driving becomes more in phase with the angular momentum, and for steady imposed forcing the eddy feedback is strongly positive. These results are consistent with the suppression of high frequencies...}, number={17}, journal={Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences}, author={ROBINSON, WA}, year={1994}, pages={2553–2562} }
 @article{robinson_1994, title={HORIZONTAL DIVERGENCE ASSOCIATED WITH ZONALLY ISOLATED JET STREAMS - COMMENTS}, volume={51}, url={http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:A1994NQ99800013&KeyUID=WOS:A1994NQ99800013}, DOI={10.1175/1520-0469(1994)051<1760:CODAWZ>2.0.CO;2}, number={12}, journal={Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences}, author={ROBINSON, WA}, year={1994}, pages={1760–1761} }
 @article{feldstein_robinson_1994, title={SPATIAL STRUCTURE OF ULTRA-LOW FREQUENCY VARIABILITY OF THE FLOW IN A SIMPLE ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION MODEL - COMMENT}, volume={120}, url={http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:A1994NP01200013&KeyUID=WOS:A1994NP01200013}, DOI={10.1256/smsqj.51713}, number={517}, journal={Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society}, author={FELDSTEIN, SB and ROBINSON, WA}, year={1994}, pages={739–745} }
 @article{robinson_1993, title={MECHANISMS OF LOW-FREQUENCY VARIABILITY IN A SIMPLE-MODEL WITH OROGRAPHY}, volume={50}, url={http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:A1993KV36500007&KeyUID=WOS:A1993KV36500007}, DOI={10.1175/1520-0469(1993)050<0878:MOLFVI>2.0.CO;2}, abstractNote={Abstract Mechanisms of low-frequency variability are examined in an extended run of a two-level nonlinear global model with a single isolated mountain. The presence of the mountain modifies the low-frequency behavior, compared with that in a zonally homogeneous model, in two ways. First, slow variations in the zonally averaged circulation, the zonal index, are manifest as variability in the train of stationary waves generated by the orography. Second, trains of low-frequency Rossby waves are modified by their propagation through the model's zonally asymmetric time-mean flow. These eddies become meridionally elongated at the jet entrance and zonally elongated at its exit, allowing them to extract energy barotropically from the mean flow in the jet exit.}, number={6}, journal={Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences}, author={ROBINSON, WA}, year={1993}, pages={878–888} }
 @article{qin_robinson_1993, title={On the Rossby wave source and the steady linear response to tropical forcing}, volume={50}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0027832841&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1175/1520-0469(1993)050<1819:otrwsa>2.0.co;2}, abstractNote={Abstract A two-level spectral model with a zonally homogeneous climate is used to study the steady response of a spherical atmosphere to tropical heating. Solutions are obtained by both averaging the time integration of the model and solving for the linear steady response. It is found that the Rossby wave source (RWS) from a simple tropical heat source exhibits a relatively complicated horizontal structure that extends from the tropics into extratropical regions. The strong extratropical component of the RWS is important for the steady response in middle and high latitudes. A decomposition of the solution using separately the components of the RWS in tropical and extratropical regions shows that the responses to the tropical and extratropical RWSs tend to cancel in middle and high latitudes. The extratropical component of the RWS may be understood by quasigeostrophic dynamics.}, number={12}, journal={Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences}, author={Qin, Jianchun and Robinson, W.A.}, year={1993}, pages={1819–1823} }
 @article{robinson_1993, title={The generation of ultralow-frequency variations in a simple global model}, volume={50}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0027383571&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1175/1520-0469(1993)050<0137:tgoufv>2.0.co;2}, abstractNote={Abstract Fluctuations in the global angular momentum of a two-layer zonally homogeneous global model of the atmosphere are dominated by very low frequencies, periods longer than 100 days. This variability is confined to the tropics, where it is associated with variations of approximately ±5 m s−1 in the zonal winds. Lagged correlations suggest that the variations in angular momentum are a response to variability in the zonally averaged eddy flux of vorticity in the tropics. A zonally symmetric model is constructed to determine the response to an impulsive rearrangement of vorticity across the tropics. The response of the angular momentum in the zonally symmetric model, in convolution with the tropical eddy flux of vorticity derived from the full model, provides a successful model of the variations in angular momentum in the full model. The relevance of the results to James and James' finding ultralow-frequency variability in a five-layer model and to the possibility of ultralow-frequency variability in th...}, number={1}, journal={Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences}, author={Robinson, W.A.}, year={1993}, pages={137–143} }
 @article{qin_robinson_1992, title={BAROTROPIC DYNAMICS OF INTERACTIONS BETWEEN SYNOPTIC AND LOW-FREQUENCY EDDIES}, volume={49}, url={http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:A1992HB81700004&KeyUID=WOS:A1992HB81700004}, DOI={10.1175/1520-0469(1992)049<0071:BBS>2.0.CO;2}, number={1}, journal={Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences}, author={QIN, JC and ROBINSON, WA}, year={1992}, pages={71–79} }
 @article{qin_robinson_1992, title={Barotropic dynamics of interactions between synoptic and low- frequency eddies}, volume={49}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0026454290&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1175/1520-0469(1992)049<0071:bdoibs>2.0.co;2}, abstractNote={Abstract The interaction of low-frequency and synoptic eddies is studied by diagnosing the time-averaged transport of vorticity by linear, transient eddies propagating on a basic state that includes a stationary wave. An analytic calculation assuming a weak stationary wave in a channel yields vorticity flux divergences that are in quadrature with the stationary wave, in the sense to shift it upstream. This is accomplished primarily by the zonal flux of vorticity. This effect is reproduced in numerical calculations with a linear barotropic model on a sphere. The numerical model, however, also produces an “in-phase” feedback generated primarily by meridional vorticity fluxes. The in-phase feedback is dominant for stationary waves with the smallest zonal wavenumbers, while the quadrature feedback is more important for zonally shorter waves. These effects, which are consistent with results of recent modeling and observational studies, are shown to be associated with the rates of deformation of the basic state.}, number={1}, journal={Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences}, author={Qin, Jianchun and Robinson, W.A.}, year={1992}, pages={71–79} }
 @article{robinson_qin_1992, title={PREDICTABILITY OF THE ZONAL INDEX IN A GLOBAL-MODEL}, volume={44A}, url={http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:A1992JG72700005&KeyUID=WOS:A1992JG72700005}, DOI={10.1034/j.1600-0870.1992.t01-3-00005.x}, number={4}, journal={Tellus Series a-Dynamic Meteorology and Oceanography}, author={ROBINSON, WA and QIN, JC}, year={1992}, pages={331–338} }
 @article{chen_robinson_1992, title={PROPAGATION OF PLANETARY-WAVES BETWEEN THE TROPOSPHERE AND STRATOSPHERE}, volume={49}, url={http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:A1992KG49300013&KeyUID=WOS:A1992KG49300013}, DOI={10.1175/1520-0469(1992)049<2533:POPWBT>2.0.CO;2}, abstractNote={Abstract The propagation of planetary waves between the troposphere and stratosphere is investigated using a linear, time-dependent, primitive equation model. It is found that the tropopause acts like a valve for the propagation of planetary waves. The key parameters controlling the valve are the vertical gradient of buoyancy frequency and the vertical shear of the zonal winds at the tropopause. For a given wind profile smaller gradient of buoyancy frequency enhances the propagation of planetary waves. For a given profile of buoyancy frequency the larger the shear, the more the wave activity is trapped in the troposphere, and therefore, there is less left to propagate into the stratosphere. The transmission across the tropopause is, however, not sensitive to zonal winds in the upper stratosphere. The propagation of planetary waves is very sensitive to transience. More transient waves propagate more vertically within the troposphere, and for more transient waves, more wave activity is transferred into the ...}, number={24}, journal={Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences}, author={CHEN, P and ROBINSON, WA}, year={1992}, pages={2533–2545} }
 @misc{robinson_1992, title={Physics  of Climate.  Jose P. Peixoto and Abraham  H.  Oort.  1992.  520  pp.  $95.00.  Hardbound.  American  Institute  of  Physics.  ISBN  0-88318-711-6}, volume={73}, DOI={10.1175/1520-0477-73.11.1856}, abstractNote={All The Weather Information You NeedNow you can get the weather information you need, when you want it.ZFX/Weather Information by Fax SM lets you call a toll free number and order from a menu that includes observations, forecasts, radar graphics, satellite images, NWS DIFAX charts, and more.Choose from hundreds of high quality, up-to-the-minute weather products. Weather For EveryoneWhether you are a pilot, a mariner, involved in construction, agriculture, transportation, or other commercial or industrial activities, or if you are planning a picnic, vacation, or a business trip -ZFX has the weather information you need. Easy To UseUsing ZFX is incredibly simple.Call toll free from any touch-tone telephone, enter your User ID, and select the Easy to Get StartedTo start using ZFX/Weather}, number={11}, journal={Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society}, author={Robinson, W.A.}, year={1992}, pages={1856–1857} }
 @article{robinson_qin_1992, title={Predictability of the zonal index in a global model}, volume={44 A}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0027090528&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.3402/tellusa.v44i4.14965}, abstractNote={Using the model twin formulation, the predictability of the zonal index, an inherently low-frequency feature of the circulation, is studied in a two-layer, global, zonally homogeneous model. While typical periods for variability in the zonal index are on the order of 100 days, the index is predictable with useful skill only out to 23 days. The predictability of the zonal index shares some behavior with the predictability of time averages. A simple model of the growth of forecast error in the zonal index is constructed. The model demonstrates that the combination of a long timescale with relatively poor predictability is consistent with the behavior of a feature that acts as a dynamical filter of synoptic scale noise. DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0870.1992.t01-3-00005.x}, number={4}, journal={Tellus, Series A}, author={Robinson, W.A. and Qin, Jianchun}, year={1992}, pages={331–338} }
 @article{robinson_1991, title={THE DYNAMICS OF LOW-FREQUENCY VARIABILITY IN A SIMPLE-MODEL OF THE GLOBAL ATMOSPHERE}, volume={48}, url={http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:A1991FA76500005&KeyUID=WOS:A1991FA76500005}, DOI={10.1175/1520-0469(1991)048<0429:TDOLFV>2.0.CO;2}, abstractNote={Abstract We examine the dynamics of low-frequency variability in a simple global model with zonally homogeneous boundary conditions. Low-frequency structure comprises trains of nearly equivalent barotropic Rossby waves with weak eastward phase velocities and strong eastward group velocities. These low-frequency eddies are strongly coupled to synoptic activity. The flux of vorticity by synoptic waves acts both to reinforce the low-frequency eddies and to retard their eastward propagation. Mechanistic experiments with an imposed forcing show that the synoptic-scale vorticity fluxes are organized by the low-frequency flow. The behavior is generally similar to that found in previous studies of blocks; the present work shows that strong mutual interactions between the low and synoptic frequencies also characterize less dramatic, low-frequency flows.}, number={3}, journal={Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences}, author={ROBINSON, WA}, year={1991}, pages={429–441} }
 @article{robinson_1991, title={THE DYNAMICS OF THE ZONAL INDEX IN A SIMPLE-MODEL OF THE ATMOSPHERE}, volume={43}, url={http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:A1991GJ82400005&KeyUID=WOS:A1991GJ82400005}, DOI={10.1034/j.1600-0870.1991.t01-4-00005.x}, number={5}, journal={Tellus Series a-Dynamic Meteorology and Oceanography}, author={ROBINSON, WA}, year={1991}, pages={295–305} }
 @article{robinson_1991, title={The dynamics of the zonal index in a simple model of the atmosphere}, volume={43 A}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0026299353&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, number={5}, journal={Tellus, Series A}, author={Robinson, W.A.}, year={1991}, pages={295–305} }
 @article{chen_robinson_1991, title={The effects of transience on the propagation of stratospheric planetary waves}, volume={48}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0026302235&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1175/1520-0469(1991)048<1078:teotot>2.0.co;2}, abstractNote={Abstract The propagation of planetary-scale Rossby waves in the stratosphere is investigated in a linear, time-dependent, primitive equation model. Two distinct maxima in the convergence of the Eliassen-Palm flux (EP flux) are found for steady and for transient waves in a variety of realistic Northern hemisphere, winter season, zonal flows; one below the stratospheric polar jet and the other north of the zero wind line. These maxima appear at higher altitudes for wave 1 than for wave 2, especially in low latitudes. Different mechanisms cause the formation of these two maxima. The confinement of wave activity in high latitudes is mainly due to the dissipation of waves in that region under non-WKBJ conditions. The maximum in lower latitudes is related to the absorption of Rossby waves near their critical lines. For wave 2, the intensity of the high latitude maximum is sensitive to the transience of the wave forcing at the tropopause, while for wave 1 this sensitivity is reduced. For both waves the low latit...}, number={8}, journal={Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences}, author={Chen, Ping and Robinson, W.A.}, year={1991}, pages={1078–1092} }
 @misc{robinson_1991, title={Tradition, Tradition}, volume={4}, number={6}, journal={Bookwatch Reviews}, author={Robinson, W.A.}, year={1991} }
 @article{robinson_1989, title={On the structure of potential vorticity in baroclinic instability}, volume={41 A}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84981566001&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1111/j.1600-0870.1989.tb00382.x}, number={4}, journal={Tellus A}, author={ROBINSON, W.A.}, year={1989}, pages={275–284} }
 @article{robinson_1989, title={On the structure of potential vorticity in baroclinic instability}, volume={41 A}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0024798404&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, number={4}, journal={Tellus, Series A}, author={Robinson, W.A.}, year={1989}, pages={275–284} }
 @article{robinson_1988, title={ANALYSIS OF LIMS DATA BY POTENTIAL VORTICITY INVERSION}, volume={45}, url={http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:A1988Q491500006&KeyUID=WOS:A1988Q491500006}, DOI={10.1175/1520-0469(1988)045<2319:AOLDBP>2.0.CO;2}, abstractNote={Abstract The invertibility of potential vorticity is used to investigate how flows in the middle atmosphere are determined. The distribution of potential vorticity associated with an observed flow is computed. The inversion problem, calculating the flow from the potential vorticity, is solved repeatedly, including and excluding different portions of the potential vorticity. This procedure reveals which bits of potential vorticity are important in determining the flow at a time and location of interest. We consider the minor warming of January 1979, using data obtained by the Limb Infrared Monitor of the Stratosphere (LIMS). The results indicate that the middle stratospheric flow is dominated by potential vorticity that is local both in height and latitude during this period, while flows in both the lower stratosphere and mesosphere are less locally dominated. That portion of the flow responsible for wave-mean flow interactions in the middle stratosphere is also induced by potential vorticity that is nearl...}, number={16}, journal={Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences}, author={ROBINSON, WA}, year={1988}, pages={2319–2342} }
 @article{robinson_1988, title={IRREVERSIBLE WAVE MEAN FLOW INTERACTIONS IN A MECHANISTIC MODEL OF THE STRATOSPHERE}, volume={45}, url={http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:A1988R292200008&KeyUID=WOS:A1988R292200008}, DOI={10.1175/1520-0469(1988)045<3413:IWFIIA>2.0.CO;2}, abstractNote={Abstract A wave-1 minor warming is simulated in a mechanistic, global, primitive equation model. The modification of the zonal flow by the rearrangement of potential vorticity on a middle stratospheric isentrope is compared in a fully nonlinear model and in a model with only one wave and the zonal flow (a quasi-linear model). The permanent rearrangement of potential vorticity during the wave episode is more intense and more localized meridionally in the fully nonlinear model, which is able to capture the process of planetary wave breaking in some detail. Additional experiments reveal that the differences between the quasi-linear and nonlinear models persist for a broad range of wave amplitudes, and that the quasi-linear model can qualitatively reproduce the modification of the zonal flow by the wave when the diffusive dissipation of the wave is enhanced. These results are discussed in the context of the theory of barotropic Rossby waves in shear flows, and in comparison with recent numerical simulations o...}, number={22}, journal={Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences}, author={ROBINSON, WA}, year={1988}, pages={3413–3430} }
 @article{robinson_1987, title={2 APPLICATIONS OF POTENTIAL VORTICITY THINKING}, volume={44}, url={http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:A1987J260600008&KeyUID=WOS:A1987J260600008}, DOI={10.1175/1520-0469(1987)044<1554:TAOPVT>2.0.CO;2}, abstractNote={Abstract Reasoning in terms of potential vorticity provides physical explanations for the dissipative destabilization of external Rossby waves and for the acceleration of the zonal mean jet during baroclinic life cycles. Both explanations depend upon the equivalence between surface temperature and a sheet of potential vorticity located just above the surface.}, number={11}, journal={Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences}, author={ROBINSON, WA}, year={1987}, pages={1554–1557} }
 @article{robinson_1986, title={INTERACTIONS BETWEEN STATIONARY PLANETARY-WAVES IN THE STRATOSPHERE}, volume={43}, url={http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:A1986C845800005&KeyUID=WOS:A1986C845800005}, DOI={10.1175/1520-0469(1986)043<1006:IBSPWI>2.0.CO;2}, abstractNote={Abstract Interactions between stationary planetary waves are investigated in the context of severely truncated quasi-geostrophic dynamics in a midlatitude beta-channel. Such interactions are solely a consequence of dissipation and are mediated by waves with smaller meridional scales. Linear numerical experiments with wave 1 and 2 basic states indicate that wave 1 is amplified in a wave 2 basic state, while the behaviour of a wave 2 disturbance in a wave 1 basic state is sensitive to the relative phases of the waves. At some phases, wave 2 is confined below the region of law wave 1 amplitudes. The dynamics of these interactions are diagnosed using the potential enstrophy budgets of the waves. These budgets are more sensitive to the wave-wave interactions than are the amplitudes of the waves themselves. Nonlinear experiments show behavior that is a combination of the linear results with an amplification of wave 1 and a strong dependence on the relative phases of waves 1 and 2 in the stratosphere.}, number={10}, journal={Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences}, author={ROBINSON, WA}, year={1986}, pages={1006–1016} }
 @article{robinson_1986, title={THE APPLICATION OF THE QUASI-GEOSTROPHIC ELIASSEN PALM FLUX TO THE ANALYSIS OF STRATOSPHERIC DATA}, volume={43}, url={http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:A1986C845800006&KeyUID=WOS:A1986C845800006}, DOI={10.1175/1520-0469(1986)043<1017:TAOTQG>2.0.CO;2}, abstractNote={Abstract The quasi-geostrophic form of the Eliassen-Palm flux is calculated for steady linear planetary wave 1 in a realistic zonal flow with dissipation. This flux shows a region of divergence in the polar stratosphere that is similar to that found in time averages of observations. Comparison with the full primitive equation form of the Eliassen-Palm flux indicates that in the model this divergent region is spurious and results from the overestimation of the momentum flux divergence when it is calculated from geostrophic winds. An approximate expression for the Eliassen-Paim flux in terms of balanced winds is suggested as an alternative to the quasi-geostrophic form.}, number={10}, journal={Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences}, author={ROBINSON, WA}, year={1986}, pages={1017–1023} }
 @article{robinson_1986, title={The behavior of planetary wave 2 in preconditioned zonal flows.}, volume={43}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0022855082&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1175/1520-0469(1986)043<3109:TBOPWI>2.0.CO;2}, abstractNote={Abstract The response of linear planetary wave 2 to changes in the isentropic zonally symmetric distribution of potential vorticity (PV) is investigated numerically. Wave 2 is sensitive to the width and position of a region where the meridional derivative of PV is weak, denoted the “surf zone”, in the middle stratosphere. A narrow surf zone leads to an amplification of wave 2, and confines some of its Eliassen-Palm wave activity in high latitudes. For wider surf zones the wave activity is concentrated near the associated critical surface, and the amplitude of the wave decreases. Large changes in the wave amplitude and in the distribution of its activity are associated with the subtle changes in the zonal winds produced by modest modifications in the distribution of PV. Basic states that include regions of reversed meridional gradients of PV lead to wave overreflection and strong poleward focusing of wave activity. The amplitude of wave 2 is enhanced in the presence of negative gradients, with large respon...}, number={24}, journal={Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences}, author={Robinson, W.A.}, year={1986}, pages={3109–3121} }
 @article{robinson_1985, title={A MODEL OF THE WAVE-1 WAVE-2 VACILLATION IN THE WINTER STRATOSPHERE}, volume={42}, url={http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:A1985ATZ4500007&KeyUID=WOS:A1985ATZ4500007}, DOI={10.1175/1520-0469(1985)042<2289:AMOTWV>2.0.CO;2}, abstractNote={Abstract A three-dimensional, severely truncated, quasi-geostrophic model in a beta channel is used to explore the dynamics of the observed anticorrelation between the amplitudes of planetary waves 1 and 2 in the Northern Hemisphere winter stratosphere. The model, which includes interactions among eight horizontal modes, generates realistic wave 1–wave 2 vacillations when westward traveling wave 1 interacts with stationary waves 1 and 2. It is found that while wave 1 oscillates in response to wave–mean flow interactions, the oscillations in the amplitude of wave 2 are driven primarily by wave–wave interactions. Experiments with a barotropic model revel that the timing of the strongest wave–wave interactions is determined by the wave 1 interaction with the mean flow.}, number={21}, journal={Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences}, author={ROBINSON, WA}, year={1985}, pages={2289–2304} }
 @article{kalme_uldrick_robinson_larrabbee_1984, title={Use of recompressed impulse response to identify sources and paths of structure-borne noise in wide flange I-beams and pipes conveying fluid}, volume={95}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0021481710&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1016/0022-460X(84)90229-3}, abstractNote={A procedure is described for identifying sources and paths of structure-born noise in structures built up from wide flange I-beams, as well as piping systems conveying compressible and incompressible fluid. The use of impulse response or modified impulse response to estimate time-delays frequently is of little value because the wave propagation is dispersive. With reflections present, it is impossible to distinguish and identify the wide peaks. If one can establish the dispersion law, namely, the relation between frequency and wave number, one can “recompress” the impulse response in a certain sense, with respect to length of paths. The peaks are fairly narrow and one can identify noise paths. A discussion is given for various dispersion relations, together with theoretical justification and practical implementation. Some experimental results are given.}, number={4}, journal={Journal of Sound and Vibration}, author={Kalme, J.S. and Uldrick, J.P. and Robinson, W.A. and Larrabbee, D.}, year={1984}, pages={439–467} }
 @book{robinson_1982, title={Second order constraints on the amplitudes of vertically propagating Rossby waves}, journal={Woods Hole technical report, 1982 Summer Study Program in Geophysical Fluid Dynamics}, author={Robinson, W.A.}, year={1982} }
 @article{rind_donn_robinson_1981, title={STRATOSPHERIC VARIABILITY IN SUMMER}, volume={20}, url={http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:A1981MJ83600007&KeyUID=WOS:A1981MJ83600007}, DOI={10.1175/1520-0450(1981)020<0900:SVIS>2.0.CO;2}, abstractNote={Abstract Rocketsonde observations and infrasound results are used to investigate the variability of the summer stratopause region during one month in summer. It is found that fluctuations of 2–3 days and about 16-day periods are evident, which appear to be vertically propagating. In this month the 2–3 day oscillations have an amplitude envelope equal in period to the longer period oscillations, implying a connection between the two phenomena. Observations of the diurnal tide and shorter period variability during the month are also presented.}, number={8}, journal={Journal of Applied Meteorology}, author={RIND, D and DONN, WL and ROBINSON, W}, year={1981}, pages={900–909} }