@article{castrillo_wiegmann_brooks_1999, title={Genetic variation in Beauveria bassiana populations associated with the darkling beetle, Alphitobius diaperinus}, volume={73}, ISSN={["0022-2011"]}, DOI={10.1006/jipa.1998.4835}, abstractNote={A study was conducted to assess genetic variation within and among populations of Beauveria bassiana (Deuteromycotina: Hyphomycetes) associated with the darkling beetle, Alphitobius diaperinus (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), using RAPD markers. A hierarchical collection of samples (strains from the same insect specimen, from insects from the same location, and from insects from different locations) was obtained from infected beetles from North Carolina (NC) and West Virginia (WV), USA. Ten primers resolved 81 strains into 80 distinct multiband phenotypes reflecting the substantial amount of variation that was present. Variation present within populations was evident not only in the separation of each strain as a distinct multiband phenotype but also in the separation of strains within a population into separate clusters. Among populations, a group sharing more than 89% similarity was observed among all the strains from Martin Co. and Greene Co., NC and 61% of the strains collected from WV. Some genetic differentiation was present among the other populations but the separation was not distinct with a few strains from some populations showing greater affinity to strains from other collection sites.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF INVERTEBRATE PATHOLOGY}, author={Castrillo, LA and Wiegmann, BM and Brooks, WM}, year={1999}, month={May}, pages={269–275} }
 @article{castrillo_brooks_1998, title={Differentiation of Beauveria bassiana isolates from the darkling beetle, Alphitobius diaperinus, using isozyme and RAPD analyses}, volume={72}, ISSN={["0022-2011"]}, DOI={10.1006/jipa.1998.4783}, abstractNote={Two natural genetic markers, isozymes and RAPD, were utilized to differentiate 24 strains of Beauveria bassiana (Deuteromycotina: Hyphomycetes) collected from the darkling beetle, Alphitobius diaperinus (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), from poultry houses in North Carolina and West Virginia. Nine enzyme systems were screened, of which alkaline phosphatase, alpha- and beta-esterase, and glucose phosphate isomerase gave well-resolved, scorable bands. A total of 26 isozyme bands was generated by these four enzymes which partitioned the 24 strains into 14 classes. Three classes were shared by two or more strains while the rest of the strains had distinct electrophoretic profiles. Ten RAPD primers, selected from 72 that were screened, produced 141 bands from the 24 strains and separated each as a unique class. While both systems were able to detect variation present among the 24 strains from different regions in North Carolina and West Virginia, RAPD markers provided better resolution of the differences between strains. Variation was detected not only within and among strains from different regions but also among strains collected from a given insect host. Copyright 1998 Academic Press.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF INVERTEBRATE PATHOLOGY}, author={Castrillo, LA and Brooks, WM}, year={1998}, month={Nov}, pages={190–196} }
 @article{crawford_brooks_arends_1998, title={Efficacy of field-isolated strains of Beauveria bassiana (Moniliales : Moniliaceae) as microbial control agents of the lesser mealworm (Coleoptera : Tenebrionidae)}, volume={91}, ISSN={["1938-291X"]}, DOI={10.1093/jee/91.6.1295}, abstractNote={Two field isolates (NC2 and NC3) of Beuveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin were evaluated as microbial control agents of the lesser mealworm, Alphitobius diaperinus (Panzer), in a bioassay system incorporating physical characteristics of commercial poultry houses. Both isolates produced >90% mortality in new litter against larval A. diaperinus at the highest application rate (2.37 × 1011conidia per square meter) 2 wk after application. Neither isolate achieved as high a rate of mortality in used litter. Adult A. diaperinus were less susceptible than larvae to these isolates. At the highest application rate (2.37 × 1011conidia per square meter), isolate NC2 conidia achieved 60%mortality of adults in new litter and 33%mortality in old litter. The same concentration of isolate NC3 conidia produced 68 and 33% mortality in new and used litter, respectively.}, number={6}, journal={JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY}, author={Crawford, PJ and Brooks, WM and Arends, JJ}, year={1998}, month={Dec}, pages={1295–1301} }
 @article{brooks_becnel_kennedy_1988, title={Establishment of Endoreticulatus N. G. for Pleistophora fidelis (Hostounský & Weiser, 1975) (Microsporida: Pleistophoridae) Based on the Ultrastructure of a Microsporidium in the Colorado Potato Beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)}, volume={35}, ISSN={0022-3921}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1988.tb04134.x}, DOI={10.1111/j.1550-7408.1988.tb04134.x}, abstractNote={ABSTRACTA new genus, Endoreticulatus n. g., is described for the microsporidium Pleistophora fidelis (Hostounský & Weiser, 1975) based on light and electron microscopic studies of a microsporidium in the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say). This latter microsporidium is considered to be conspecific with P. fidelis because both isolates have been shown to be infectious for L. decemlineata where infection is limited to the epithelial cells of the midgut; both are haplokaryotic and develop as groups of sporoblasts and spores in subpersistent vacuoles in the host cell. In addition, meronts, sporonts, and spores of each isolate often occur simultaneously in a common cell, and by light microscopy they both appear similar. Ultrastructural studies of the isolate from L. decemlineata revealed that all developmental stages occur in parasitophorous vacuoles derived from cisternae of rough endoplasmic reticulum of the host cell cytoplasm. Based on the unique nature of the parasitophorous vacuole, a new genus, Endoreticulatus, is proposed for P. fidelis. The genus is compared with the other genera whose species undergo multisporous sporogony in sporophorous vesicles. In addition, the nature of the parasitophorous vacuole of Endoreticulatus fidelis (Hostounský & Weiser, 1975) n. comb. is compared with the parasitophorous vacuole known to encase various developmental stages of several other microsporidian species.}, number={4}, journal={The Journal of Protozoology}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Brooks, W. M. and Becnel, J. J. and Kennedy, G. G.}, year={1988}, month={Nov}, pages={481–488} }
 @article{geden_axtell_brooks_1986, title={SUSCEPTIBILITY OF THE HOUSEFLY, MUSCA-DOMESTICA (DIPTERA, MUSCIDAE), TO THE ENTOMOGENOUS NEMATODES STEINERNEMA-FELTIAE, STEINERNEMA-GLASERI (STEINERNEMATIDAE), AND HETERORHABDITIS-HELIOTHIDIS (HETERORHABDITIDAE)}, volume={23}, ISSN={["1938-2928"]}, DOI={10.1093/jmedent/23.3.326}, abstractNote={The infectivity of the nematodes Steinernema feltiae, S. glaseri , and Heterorhabditis heliothidis for the larval, pupal, adult stages of the house fly were evaluated under different habitat conditions. Second- and 3rd-instar larvae and adult flies were highly susceptible to S. feltiae and H. heliothidis when hosts were confined in petri dishes containing nematode-treated filter paper. Larvae were not susceptible to S. glaseri , and pupae within puparia were refractory to infection by all 3 species. When 2nd- and 3rd-instar larvae were exposed to nematodes in rearing medium, S. feltiae caused higher mortality (55–61%) than H. heliothidis (11–26%) at the highest dosage of 5,000 nematodes per host. Both S. feltiae and H. heliothidis were more infective for 3rd-instar larvae (21–29%) than for 2nd-instar larvae (2–6%) at this dosage in poultry manure. When adult flies were offered S. feltiae suspensions in a 5% sucrose bait on cotton balls, mortality ranged from 53 to 67% at dose rates ranging from 1,000 to 100,000 nematodes per milliliter of bait.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY}, author={GEDEN, CJ and AXTELL, RC and BROOKS, WM}, year={1986}, month={May}, pages={326–332} }
 @article{geden_axtell_brooks_1985, title={SUSCEPTIBILITY OF THE LESSER MEALWORM, ALPHITOBIUS-DIAPERINUS (COLEOPTERA, TENEBRIONIDAE) TO THE ENTOMOGENOUS NEMATODES STEINERNEMA-FELTIAE, STEINERNEMA-GLASERI (STEINERNEMATIDAE) AND HETERORHABDITIS-HELIOTHIDIS (HETERORHABDITIDAE)}, volume={20}, ISSN={["0749-8004"]}, DOI={10.18474/0749-8004-20.3.331}, abstractNote={The infectivity of Steinernema feltiae, S. glaseri and Heterorhabditis heliothidis for early-stage larvae, late-stage larvae, pupae and adults of the lesser mealworm were evaluated under different habitat conditions. When confined in petri dishes with nematode-treated filter paper, all beetle stages were highly susceptible to parasitism by S. feltiae, with LD50 values ranging from 9 to 56 nematodes per host Early-stage larvae (LD50 = 26) and pupae (LD50 = 36) were more susceptible than late-stage larvae (LD50 = 1,791) and adults (LD50 = 724) to H. heliothidis. Only adult beetles (LD50 = 714) were susceptible to S. glaseri. Late-stage beetle larvae were more susceptible to S. feltiae in rearing medium (LD50 = 24), broiler litter (LD50 = 2 58) and poultry manure (LD50 = 212) than to H. heliothidis, which caused less than 50% mortality at all dose rates in these substrates. Adults were less susceptible than larvae in these substrates, and mortality only exceeded 50% in litter treated with S. feltiae (LD50 = 971). Late-stage larvae were highly susceptible to both S. feltiae and H. heliothidis in sandy loam and clay soils, with LD50's ranging from 1 to 14 nematodes per larva. Pupal mortality was higher in sandy loam (S. feltiae LD50 = 46, H. heliothidis LD50 = 444) than in clay soil (S. feltiae LD50 = 95, H. heliothidis LD50 = 5,796).}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGICAL SCIENCE}, author={GEDEN, CJ and AXTELL, RC and BROOKS, WM}, year={1985}, month={Jul}, pages={331–339} }
 @article{brooks_montross_sprenkel_carner_1980, title={MICROSPORIDIOSES OF COLEOPTEROUS PESTS OF SOYBEANS}, volume={35}, ISSN={["0022-2011"]}, DOI={10.1016/0022-2011(80)90090-7}, abstractNote={Interest in insects affecting soybeans has risen sharply in recent years with the increased economic importance of the crop. Among the coleopterous pests, the Mexican bean beetle, Epilachna varivestis, and the bean leaf beetle, Cerotoma trifurcata, are two of the most important defoliators of soybeans (L. L. Dietz, J. W. Van Duyn, J. R. Bradley, R. L. Rabb, W. M. Brooks, and R. E. Stinner, N.C. Agr. Exp. Sta. Tech. Bull. 238, l-264, 1976). Along with several species of lepidopterous defoliators, these pests have received much attention in studies on various strategies and control tactics of soybean insect pests. While much work has been accomplished on pathogens of lepidopterous pests, relatively little is known of the pathogens of the coleopterous pests of soybeans (Dietz et al., lot. cit.). Evidence of a microsporidiosis of E. varivestis was discovered in laboratory colonies being maintained for research purposes at Clemson University in South Carolina and subsequently at North Carolina State University in North Carolina. The microsporidium was a serious limiting factor in maintaining not only the E. varivestis colony but also in producing the larval parasite Pediobius foveolatus for inundative release studies. Incidence of infection in the colonies approached lOO%, and the colonies were gradually decimated by the microsporidian infection. A microsporidium-free culture of E. varivestis was finally obtained by the use of the Pasteur technique involving the selection of egg masses from field-collected, diseasefree female adults. In obtaining data on the prevalence of infection in laboratory and natural populations of E. varivestis and other coleopterous pests, we soon discovered that a second species was also present in E. varivestis and that a third species was present in natural populations of C. trifurcata. Because of their frequent occurrence in laboratory colonies and the economic importance of their hosts as pests of soybeans, brief descriptions of each of these species and their host-pathogen relationships as presently known are presented to assist other workers who might encounter these pathogens in their studies with E. varivestis or C. trifurcata. Since only limited systematic studies have been undertaken so far, these microsporidia will be referred to as MBB (mexican bean beetle) sp. No. 1, MBB sp. No. 2, & BLB (bean leaf beetle) sp. No. 1. We are proceeding on the basis that these are likely new and undescribed species of microsporidia since there are relatively few described species from the Coleoptera in general and no previous reports of microsporidia specifically from E. varivestis or C. trifurcata (V. Sprague, In “Comparative Pathobiology” L. A. Bulla and T. C. Cheng, eds., Vol. 2, pp. l-510, Plenum, New York, 1977). MBB sp. No. 1. Fresh spores (Fig. IA) are straight to slightly curved and ovocylindrical in shape. They measure about 5.3 t 0.13 x 2.1 2 0.03 pm (n = 25) with a mean polar filament length of 84 pm (n = 10). Infection in E. varivestis is generally systemic in nature with the fat body, muscles, and Malpighian tubules being the more heavily invaded tissues. Larvae and adults are easily infected per OS and the microsporidium is also transmitted transovarially at a high incidence. The species is also moderately virulent for larvae of the corn earworm, Heliothis zea, where infection is generally accompanied by an inflammatory response including extensive cellular infiltration by hemocytes and melanization.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF INVERTEBRATE PATHOLOGY}, author={BROOKS, WM and MONTROSS, DB and SPRENKEL, RK and CARNER, G}, year={1980}, pages={93–95} }
 @article{brooks_1980, title={PRODUCTION AND EFFICACY OF PROTOZOA}, volume={22}, ISSN={["1097-0290"]}, DOI={10.1002/bit.260220709}, abstractNote={AbstractDespite the chronic and debilitative nature of the infection they cause, several species of microsporidia and neogregarines offer a good potential as microbial control agents, particularly against insect pests of high economic thresholds. Techniques for mass production of protozoa have usually involved per os, inoculation or injection of the protozoa into their usual or alternate hosts. The spores are harvested subsequently from heavily infected host tissues by grinding, filtration, and differential centrifugation. Although fresh spores are used in most field tests, the spores of many species can be stored with high survival either frozen or in water at low temperatures (0–4°C) for up to several months. Sunlight or ultraviolet (UV) radiation is a serious factor limiting spore persistence. However, the protozoa do not appear to be significantly limiting spore persistence. However, the protozoa do not appears to be significantly more susceptible to UV radiation than other insect pathogens and persistence can be prolonged with UV protectants. Most field tests with protozoa have involved the application of spores in sprays and have usually resulted in a high degree of infection in the target host species. The potential for control of few species has been improved by formulation of spores in to baits, and the potential of other species will likely increase if suitable bait formulation can be devised in the future. One species, Nosema locustae, formulated as a bait, has been successfully used to control grasshoppers on rangelands. Limited laboratory and field studies have also suggested that increased short‐term control might be obtained if candidate protozoan species can be combined with certain insecticides. While recent and increased efforts have been devoted to assess the potential of protozoa as microbial control agents, potential hazards to nontarget organism have been investigated for only three species. Their close relation taxonomically to protozoa pathogenic for mammals will necessitate careful evaluation of the safety of candidate control species for nontarget organisms.}, number={7}, journal={BIOTECHNOLOGY AND BIOENGINEERING}, author={BROOKS, WM}, year={1980}, pages={1415–1440} }
 @article{brooks_cranford_1979, title={Host-parasite relationships of Nosema heliothidis Lutz and Splendore}, volume={11}, journal={Miscellaneous Publications of the Entomological Society of America}, author={Brooks, W. M. and Cranford, J. D.}, year={1979}, pages={51} }
 @article{brooks_cranford_pearce_1978, title={BENOMYL - EFFECTIVENESS AGAINST MICROSPORIDIAN NOSEMA-HELIOTHIDIS IN CORN-EARWORM, HELIOTHIS-ZEA}, volume={31}, ISSN={["1096-0805"]}, DOI={10.1016/0022-2011(78)90013-7}, abstractNote={The fungicide benomyl was studied as a possible antimicrobial agent for obtaining Nosema heliothidis-free laboratory colonies of Heliothis zea. Newly hatched, transovarially infected larvae were placed on artificial diets containing 250, 500, or 1000 ppm benomyl. While late-stage larvae were found to be free of Nosema spores, low-level infections were found in pupae and newly emerged adults. The reduced intensity of infection in adults reared as larvae on treated diets was not correlated with a significant reduction in the efficiency of transovarian transmission. The chemical effect of benomyl was manifested by aberrant spores and vegetative stages and a rapid reduction in the number of microsporidian stages. However, small, isolated centers of infection in various host tissues resulted in a rapid resurgence of the microsporidiosis in pupae and adults. Thus, at the concentrations tested, benomyl was not effective in eliminating infection by N. heliothidis in H. zea. A discussion of the necessity for careful evaluation of the apparent suppression of microsporidioses by antimicrobial agents is also presented.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF INVERTEBRATE PATHOLOGY}, author={BROOKS, WM and CRANFORD, JD and PEARCE, LW}, year={1978}, pages={239–245} }