@article{barros_langley_buhler_brantham_2016, title={Contributing Factors for Acute Illness/Injury from Childhood Pesticide Exposure in North Carolina, USA, 2007-2013}, volume={4}, ISSN={["2305-6304"]}, DOI={10.3390/toxics4010004}, abstractNote={Between 2007 and 2013, there were 685 events with evidence of a relationship between pesticide exposure and acute illness/injury among persons less than 18 years old in North Carolina (United States). Median age of children affected was 4.3 years (range: 0.2–17.9). Distribution by gender was similar across all age groups. One fatality and four high severity events were observed. The greatest proportion (42%) of events had ocular exposures, followed by dermal (25%) and inhalation (18%) exposures. When more than one route of exposure occurred, dermal and ocular routes were the most common (46%). Almost all events took place indoors and 32 events involved contact with pets. Insecticides (53%) and insect repellants (31%) were the most frequent agents contributing to these events. Manual application of pesticides contributed to the greatest number of events (25%), while application through a pressurized can and use of a trigger pump were involved in 21% and 15% of events, respectively. Additional contributors were due to inappropriate storage of pesticides and improper use of the pesticide. These contributing factors can be removed or minimized if pesticides are stored outside the residence or out of the reach of children and pets, and adequate ventilation is ensured whenever pesticides are applied.}, number={1}, journal={TOXICS}, author={Barros, Nirmalla and Langley, Ricky and Buhler, Wayne and Brantham, Kelly}, year={2016}, month={Mar} }
 @article{church_stinner_buhler_bradley_2013, title={Evolution of a pesticide safety website-Cooperative Extension agents help define target audience needs}, volume={6}, ISSN={0567-7572 2406-6168}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2013.999.30}, DOI={10.17660/actahortic.2013.999.30}, number={999}, journal={Acta Horticulturae}, publisher={International Society for Horticultural Science (ISHS)}, author={Church, C.S. and Stinner, R.E. and Buhler, W.G. and Bradley, L.K.}, year={2013}, month={Jun}, pages={221–225} }
 @article{barnes_whipker_buhler_mccall_2013, title={Greenhouse and landscape growth of tiger lily cultivars following flurprimidol preplant bulb soaks}, volume={23}, number={6}, journal={HortTechnology}, author={Barnes, J. and Whipker, B. and Buhler, W. and McCall, I.}, year={2013}, pages={820–822} }
 @article{church_buhler_bradley_stinner_2012, title={Assessing Extension educator’s needs for the development of homeowner pesticide use and safety information}, volume={50}, number={5}, journal={Journal of Extension}, author={Church, C.S. and Buhler, W.G. and Bradley, L.K. and Stinner, R.E.}, year={2012}, month={Oct} }
 @article{fair_whipker_mccall_buhler_2012, title={Height control of 'Hot Lips' Hybrid sage to flurprimidol substrate drench}, volume={22}, number={4}, journal={HortTechnology}, author={Fair, B. A. and Whipker, B. and McCall, I. and Buhler, W.}, year={2012}, pages={539–541} }
 @book{carey_whipker_bradley_buhler_2012, title={Ornamental sweetpotatoes for the home landscape}, number={AG-755}, institution={North Carolina Cooperative Extension}, author={Carey, D. and Whipker, B. and Bradley, L. and Buhler, W.}, year={2012} }
 @article{cardoza_buhler_2012, title={Soil organic amendment impacts on corn resistance to Helicoverpa zea: Constitutive or induced?}, volume={55}, ISSN={["0031-4056"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.pedobi.2012.08.002}, abstractNote={Earthworm produced compost or vermicompost has been shown to improve plant growth and productivity. Vermicompost amendment to the soil also results in plant resistance to arthropod pests. In the present study we used corn, Zea mays L., and the corn earworm, Helicoverpa zea Boddie (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) to investigate the effects of two vermicompost sources Oregon (OSC) and Raleigh (Ral) and previous feeding by H. zea larvae on the response and preference of immature and adult stages of the insect to corn plants. Results from our study show that Ral and OSC vermicompost were both effective in inducing corn antixenosis (non preference) and antibiosis (lower performance) resistance to H. zea that is effective against adult (decreased oviposition) and immature insect stages (lower immature weight gain and survival), respectively. We also found that previous conspecific induction appears to have a phagostimulatory effect on larval vermicompost leaf tissue consumption, especially for the Ral treatment. Conspecific induction also buffered the resistance effects of the vermicompost resulting in a stimulatory effect on oviposition by adults. The potential factors leading to the insect responses observed are discussed within the context of previous studies evaluating vermicompost-mediated resistance to pests.}, number={6}, journal={PEDOBIOLOGIA}, author={Cardoza, Yasmin J. and Buhler, Wayne G.}, year={2012}, pages={343–347} }
 @article{whipker_mccall_buhler_2011, title={Control of zantedeschia aethiopica growth with flurprimidol pre-plant tuber soaks and substrate drenches}, volume={886}, ISSN={0567-7572 2406-6168}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2011.886.55}, DOI={10.17660/actahortic.2011.886.55}, journal={Acta Horticulturae}, publisher={International Society for Horticultural Science (ISHS)}, author={Whipker, B.E. and McCall, I. and Buhler, W.}, year={2011}, month={Jan}, pages={397–400} }
 @article{whipker_mccall_barnes_buhler_krug_currey_lopez_2011, title={Flurprimidol pre-plant bulb soaks control growth of potted Liliums}, volume={900}, ISSN={0567-7572 2406-6168}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2011.900.8}, DOI={10.17660/actahortic.2011.900.8}, abstractNote={In a series of experiments, flurprimidol (Topflor, SePRO Inc., Carmel, Indiana, USA) was applied as a preplant bulb soak to determine its efficacy on growth control of ‘Star Gazer’ oriental lily (Lilium hybrids), ‘Nellie White’ Easter lilies (Lilium longiflorum), and vigorously growing tiger lilies (Lilium lancifolium). Emergence date was noted, and the plants were measured at bloom for plant height, plant diameter, and flower number. Optimal concentrations varied by species. Preplant bulb soaks of flurprimidol at 25 to 400 mg L were applied to ‘Star Gazer’, and a concentration of 25 mg L resulted in plants 47.7 cm tall, which were 22.7% shorter than the untreated control. ‘Orange Tiger’ lily bulbs were hydrated in 17°C water for 1 h, allowed to drain 1 h, given 10-min soaks of 0 to 160 mg L flurprimidol, and then allowed to drain for 1 h prior to potting. Flurprimidol at 10 to 20 mg L controlled plant stretch. Plants were transplanted into a field, and no residual effect of flurprimidol preplant bulb soaks were found on the second year growth. Rates were confirmed with three additional L. lancifolium cultivars, and cultivar response varied with 10 to 20 mg L being effective for ‘Pink Tiger’ and ‘Yellow Tiger’ while 10 mg L was excessive for ‘White Tiger’. ‘Nellie White’ Easter lilies were more responsive to flurprimidol preplant bulb soaks than other lily cultivars. Optimal concentrations were in the range of 1 to 2 mg L flurprimidol for 9/10 sized bulbs. Not pre-soaking the bulbs in water or prolonged soaking (≥64 min) the bulbs in flurprimidol increased the plant growth regulator efficacy for ‘Nellie White’. INTRODUCTION Preplant bulb soaks using plant growth regulators have been shown to control lily height. Extensive research investigated the effectiveness of ancymidol as a preplant bulb soak (Lewis and Lewis, 1980; Wilkins and Grueber, 1983; Larson et al., 1987; Wulster et al., 1987). Ancymidol preplant bulb soaks were not adopted commercially because of inconsistent results (Larson et al., 1987). Uniconazole has an advantage over ancymidol due to higher activity at lower doses (Bailey and Miller, 1989a). Preplant uniconazole soaks to Asiatic hybrid lilies have been reported to be more effective than substrate drenches (Bearce and Singha, 1990). Uniconazole preplant bulb soaks of 0.25 to 10 mg L ranging from 1 to 30 min, with lower concentrations soaked for longer durations, were found to be effective in controlling excessive plant growth of Easter lilies (Bailey and Miller, 1989b) and hybrid lilies (Ranwala et al., 2002). Flurprimidol (Topflor, SePRO Corp., Carmel, Ind.) has been available in Europe for over 20 years as a 1.47% formulation and was introduced into the US market as a 0.38% formulation. At this time commercial dose recommendations for potted lilies are not available. Therefore, the objective of this research was to determine the efficacy of flurprimidol preplant bulb soaks for height control of ‘Star Gazer’ oriental lily (Lilium hybrids), ‘Nellie White’ Easter lilies (Lilium longiflorum), and vigorously growing tiger lilies (Lilium lancifolium). Proc. II IS on the Genus Lilium Eds.: A. Grassotti and G. Burchi Acta Hort. 900, ISHS 2011 80 MATERIALS AND METHODS ‘Star Gazer’ 1. Experiment 1. Cased cooled ‘Star Gazer’ oriental lily bulbs (12/14 cm) were potted, 2 bulbs per pot, in 15.2 cm (6 inch) diameter round plastic pots with a volume of 1.9 L (2.01 quarts) on 22 January 2003. The root substrate was Berger BM 6 (Berger Peat Moss, St. Modeste, Quebec, Canada). Plants were placed in a greenhouse under natural day lengths after potting with day/night temperature set points of 20.0/18.3°C (68/65°F). Plants were fertilized weekly with 150 mg L N using 15-0-15. On 22 January 2003, preplant bulb soaks (in mg L) were applied for 10 min: flurprimidol (0.38%) at 25, 50, 100, 200, or 400. An untreated control was also included. The experiment was a completely randomized design with six single plant replications of the 6 treatments. Emergence dates (for bulbs treated with soaks), anthesis date (one flower per plant fully opened), plant height at anthesis (measured from the soil line to the uppermost tip of the inflorescence), and number of buds on the stem with the first open flower were recorded. Lilium lancifolium 1. Experiment 2. Flurprimidol was applied to size 16/18 ‘Orange Tiger’ lilies (Lilium lancifolium) on 13 February 2009. Bulbs were hydrated in 17°C water for 1 h, allowed to drain 1 h, given 10-min soaks of 0, 5, 10, 20, 40, 80, or 160 mg L flurprimidol, and then allowed to drain for 1 h prior to potting. Bulbs were planted into 16.5 cm wide (2.72 L) pots containing Fafard 4P (Conrad Fafard, Inc., Agawam, MA). Plants were grown under a regime of 21.1°C days and 15.5°C nights. Plants were fertilized daily using 13-2-13 Cal-Mag at 150 mg L. The experiment was randomized with eight replications of each of the seven treatments. Data were collected on date of emergence, anthesis date, height at anthesis, and number of buds. All data were subjected to PROC GLM and PROC REG (SAS Inst., Cary, NC). Where the F test indicated evidence of significant difference among the means, LSD (P0.05) was used to establish differences between means. 2. Experiment 3. After the completion of Experiment 2, five plants treated with 0, 5, 10, 20, or 40 mg L flurprimidol were planted out in landscape beds on 23 June 2009 to evaluate the residual effects of flurprimidol. Plants were installed in a randomized block design and spaced at 45 cm centers apart. Plants were irrigated as needed. In 2010 data were collected on flowering date, height at flowering, shoot number, and number of buds. 3. Experiment 4. In 2010, the same first season (Experiment 1) growing procedures were used with the following modifications. Lilium lancifolium ‘Pink Tiger’, ‘White Tiger’ and ‘Yellow Tiger’ bulbs were treated with 0, 10, 20, and 40 mg L flurprimidol on 19 February. Lilium longiflorum ‘Nellie White’ Preplant Soaks 1. Experiment 5. Cased cooled ‘Nellie White’ Easter lily bulbs (9/10 cm) were used. On 13 December 2005, preplant bulb soaks of flurprimidol (0.38%) at 1.25, 2.5, 5, 7.5, 10, or 20 mg L were applied for 5 min. The bulbs were allowed to air dry overnight prior to potting. Untreated controls were also included. The bulbs were potted with one bulb per pot, in 15.2 cm diameter round plastic pots with a volume of 1.9 L (2.01 quarts) on 14 December 2005. The root substrate was Berger BM 6 (Berger Peat Moss, St. Modeste, Quebec, Canada), which contained (v/v) 75% to 80% Canadian sphagnum peat and 20% to 25% perlite. Plants were placed in a greenhouse under natural day lengths after potting with day/night temperature set points of 20.0/18.3°C. Plants were fertilized weekly with 150 mg L N using 15-0-15. The experiment was a completely randomized design with six single plant replications of the seven treatments. Emergence dates (for bulbs treated with soaks), anthesis date (one flower per plant fully opened), plant height at anthesis (measured from the soil line to the uppermost tip of the inflorescence), and number of buds on the stem with the first open flower were recorded.}, journal={Acta Horticulturae}, publisher={International Society for Horticultural Science (ISHS)}, author={Whipker, B.E. and McCall, I. and Barnes, J. and Buhler, W. and Krug, B. and Currey, C. and Lopez, R.}, year={2011}, month={Jul}, pages={79–87} }
 @article{whipker_mccall_buhler_krug_2011, title={Flurprimidol pre-plant soaks and substrate drenches control excessive growth of forced bulbs}, volume={886}, ISSN={0567-7572 2406-6168}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2011.886.53}, DOI={10.17660/actahortic.2011.886.53}, journal={Acta Horticulturae}, publisher={International Society for Horticultural Science (ISHS)}, author={Whipker, B.E. and McCall, I. and Buhler, W. and Krug, B.}, year={2011}, month={Jan}, pages={385–391} }
 @article{whipker_mccall_buhler_krug_2011, title={Flurprimidol pre-plant tuber soaks for dahlia growth control}, volume={886}, ISSN={0567-7572 2406-6168}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2011.886.54}, DOI={10.17660/actahortic.2011.886.54}, journal={Acta Horticulturae}, publisher={International Society for Horticultural Science (ISHS)}, author={Whipker, B.E. and McCall, I. and Buhler, W. and Krug, B.}, year={2011}, month={Jan}, pages={393–396} }
 @article{torres-barragan_suazo_buhler_cardoza_2011, title={Studies on the entomopathogenicity and bacterial associates of the nematode Oscheius carolinensis}, volume={59}, ISSN={["1090-2112"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.biocontrol.2011.05.020}, abstractNote={The entomopathogenic potential of Oscheius carolinensis (Nematoda: Rhabditidae), a recently described nematode species, was tested on various developmental stages of five insect species. The nematode penetrated, killed, and reproduced in all of the insect species tested; however, some insect developmental stages proved more susceptible to infection than others. O. carolinensis was consistently associated with four bacterial species, one of which, Serratia marcescens, appears to be carried on the cuticle of the nematodes and through its association provides the worms with entomopathogenic potential. In manual inoculation assays, S. marcescens killed fourth-instar Helicoverpa zea larvae within 24 h at concentrations as low as 330 μg/mL (3.96 × 103 CFU). Another species, Enterococcus mundtii, inflicted levels of mortality of 33.3% only after mechanical wounding (pin-pricking) of H. zea and at much higher concentrations. A third species, Achromobacter xylosoxidans, did not cause mortality even at the highest dose tested (500 mg/mL or 6 × 106 CFU), with or without wounding. The fourth species, Providencia rettgeri, predominant in ground-up surface sterilized nematodes, caused low levels of mortality (25%) when manually applied to pin-picked larvae larvae. Nematodes did not performed well on insect hosts after surface sterilization; nonetheless, it is possible that P. rettgeri in combination with S. marcescens is responsible for the facultative insect colonization ability of O. carolinensis. Based on results from this study it would appear that O. carolinensis association with its bacteria allows the nematode a dual life: style as an entomopathogen when associated with S. macescens, and to an extent with P. rettgeri, and as a free-living entity when associated with all others. Further studies of are needed to fully characterize the association between O. carolinensis and S. marcescens, to determine the exact role of the bacterial associates in the nematode’s ecology and to assess this nematode’s applicability for agricultural insect pest management.}, number={2}, journal={BIOLOGICAL CONTROL}, author={Torres-Barragan, Andrea and Suazo, Alonso and Buhler, Wayne G. and Cardoza, Yasmin J.}, year={2011}, month={Nov}, pages={123–129} }
 @article{buhler_gardisser_whitney_2010, title={Operation S.A.F.E. Fly-in: The North Carolina Experience}, volume={12}, journal={Journal of Pesticide Safety Education}, author={Buhler, W.G. and Gardisser, D.R. and Whitney, R.W.}, year={2010}, pages={1–12} }
 @book{buhler_2010, title={Pesticide Applicator Certification and Licensing}, number={AG-714W}, institution={North Carolina State University Cooperative Extension}, author={Buhler, W.}, year={2010} }
 @book{buhler_2009, title={Pesticide applicator certification and licensing}, number={AG-714W}, institution={North Carolina State University Cooperative Extension}, author={Buhler, W.}, year={2009} }
 @book{buhler_2009, title={Recordkeeping form for the USDA restricted-use pesticides regulation and the Worker Protection Standard}, number={AG-689W}, institution={North Carolina State University Cooperative Extension Service}, author={Buhler, W.}, year={2009} }
 @article{reyes_sanders_buhler_2008, title={Evaluation of slow-release fertilizers on bell pepper}, volume={18}, number={3}, journal={HortTechnology}, author={Reyes, L. M. and Sanders, D. C. and Buhler, W. G.}, year={2008}, pages={393–396} }
 @book{whitford_storm_mysz_alexander_acquavella_buhler_2007, title={Farm Family Exposure to Pesticides...a discussion with farm families}, number={PPP-72}, institution={Purdue University Extension}, author={Whitford, F. and Storm, J. and Mysz, A. and Alexander, B. and Acquavella, J. and Buhler, W.}, year={2007} }
 @book{buhler_2007, title={Pesticide recordkeeping form for private applicators}, number={AG-689W}, institution={North Carolina State University Cooperative Extension Service}, author={Buhler, W.}, year={2007} }
 @article{buhler_langley_luginbuhl_jones_burnette_2007, title={Violations of Pesticide Use and Worker Safety Regulations in North Carolina}, volume={13}, ISSN={1943-7846}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.22619}, DOI={10.13031/2013.22619}, abstractNote={In North Carolina, responsibility for providing training and enforcing various regulations related to pesticide use and agricultural worker safety rests with three state agencies. This article summarizes an 11-year history of enforcement procedures concerning agricultural pesticide use, the Worker Protection Standard, the Hazard Communication Standard, the Migrant Housing Act of North Carolina, and field sanitation standards. The difficulty of linking specific types of violations with worker safety is discussed.}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Agricultural Safety and Health}, publisher={American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers (ASABE)}, author={Buhler, W. G. and Langley, R. L. and Luginbuhl, R. C. and Jones, J. P. and Burnette, J. W.}, year={2007}, pages={189–203} }
 @book{whipker_krug_warfield_cloyd_buhler_2006, title={Geranium disorder guide.}, publisher={North Carolina Commercial Flower Grower’s Association}, author={Whipker, B. and Krug, B. and Warfield, C. and Cloyd, R. and Buhler, W.}, year={2006} }
 @book{cloyd_whipker_buhler_2006, title={Insect and mite pest guide of herbaceous annuals and perennials}, publisher={North Carolina Commercial Flower Grower’s Association}, author={Cloyd, R. and Whipker, B. and Buhler, W.}, year={2006} }
 @article{curwin_hein_sanderson_nishioka_buhler_2005, title={Nicotine exposure and decontamination on tobacco harvesters' hands}, volume={49}, ISSN={["0003-4878"]}, DOI={10.1093/annhyg/meh112}, abstractNote={Green tobacco sickness is an illness associated with nicotine exposures among tobacco harvesters. Agricultural workers manually harvest tobacco and thus have the potential for skin exposure to nicotine, particularly on the hands. Often gloves are not worn as it hinders the harvesters' ability to harvest the tobacco leaves. The purposes of this study were to measure the concentration of nicotine residue on the hands of tobacco harvesters and the effectiveness of hand washing at removing the residue. Wipe samples from the hands of 12 tobacco harvesters were collected at the end of morning and afternoon work periods over two consecutive days. Each harvester had one hand wiped before washing his hands, and the other hand wiped after washing his hands with soap and water. Eight samples per worker were collected over the two days for a total of 96 samples collected. In addition to the hand-wipe samples, leaf-wipe samples were collected from 15 tobacco plants to estimate the amount of nicotine residue on the plants. The average nicotine level in leaf-wipe samples was 1.0 microg cm(-2). The geometric mean pre-wash and post-wash nicotine levels on the hands were 10 and 0.38 microg cm(-2), respectively. Nicotine leaf-wipe level, right or left hand and time of sampling did not significantly influence exposure. Job position-working on the bottom versus the top of the tobacco harvesting machine-was associated with nicotine levels. Pre-wash nicotine levels were higher for workers on the bottom of the harvester but not significantly higher (P = 0.17). Post-wash nicotine levels were significantly higher for workers on the bottom of the harvester (P = 0.012). A substantial amount of nicotine was transferred to the hands, but washing with soap and water in the field significantly reduced nicotine levels by an average of 96% (P < 0.0001).}, number={5}, journal={ANNALS OF OCCUPATIONAL HYGIENE}, author={Curwin, BD and Hein, MJ and Sanderson, WT and Nishioka, MG and Buhler, W}, year={2005}, month={Jul}, pages={407–413} }
 @book{buhler_2004, title={Applying the Correct Amount of Pesticide}, number={AG-648}, journal={Ornamentals and Turfgrass Pest Management, A Pesticide Applicator Certification Manual for the Carolinas and Georgia}, institution={NC Cooperative Extension Service}, author={Buhler, W.}, year={2004} }
 @book{buhler_baker_bellinger_brandenburg_czarnota_evans_guillebeau_martin_murphy_tredway_et al._2004, title={Control de plagas de pastos de césped y plantas ornamentals}, number={AGS-648}, journal={Manual de certificación del aplicador de pesticidas en Carolina del Norte, Carolina del Sur y Georgia}, institution={NC Cooperative Extension}, author={Buhler, W. and Baker, J. and Bellinger, R. and Brandenburg, R. and Czarnota, M. and Evans, E. and Guillebeau, P. and Martin, B. and Murphy, T. and Tredway, L. and et al.}, year={2004} }
 @book{evans_baker_buhler_2004, title={Cultural Management for Ornamental Plants}, number={AG-648}, journal={Ornamentals and Turfgrass Pest Management, A Pesticide Applicator Certification Manual for the Carolinas and Georgia}, institution={NC Cooperative Extension Service}, author={Evans, E. and Baker, J.R. and Buhler, W.G.}, year={2004} }
 @book{buhler_2004, title={Cultural Management for Turfgrasses}, number={AG-648}, journal={Ornamentals and Turfgrass Pest Management, A Pesticide Applicator Certification Manual for the Carolinas and Georgia}, institution={NC Cooperative Extension Service}, author={Buhler, W.G.}, year={2004} }
 @book{tredway_martin_buhler_2004, title={Diseases of Turfgrasses}, number={AG-648}, journal={Ornamentals and Turfgrass Pest Management, A Pesticide Applicator Certification Manual for the Carolinas and Georgia}, institution={NC Cooperative Extension Service}, author={Tredway, L.P. and Martin, B. and Buhler, W.}, year={2004} }
 @book{buhler_baker_2004, title={Introduction to Pest Management in Turfgrass and Ornamentals}, number={AG-648}, journal={Ornamentals and Turfgrass Pest Management, A Pesticide Applicator Certification Manual for the Carolinas and Georgia.}, institution={NC Cooperative Extension Service Publication}, author={Buhler, W.G. and Baker, J.R.}, year={2004} }
 @book{buhler_baker_bellinger_brandenburg_czarnota_evans_guillebeau_martin_murphy_tredway_et al._2004, title={Ornamentals and turfgrass pest}, number={AG-648}, journal={Ornamentals and turfgrass pest management: a pesticide applicator certification manual for the Carolinas and Georgia.}, institution={NC Cooperative Extension}, author={Buhler, W. and Baker, J. and Bellinger, R. and Brandenburg, R. and Czarnota, M. and Evans, E. and Guillebeau, P. and Martin, B. and Murphy, T. and Tredway, L. and et al.}, year={2004}, pages={23} }
 @book{whipker_krug_warfield_cloyd_buhler_2004, title={PICT guide of pansy disorders}, institution={North Carolina Commercial Flower Growers’ Association}, author={Whipker, B.E. and Krug, B. and Warfield, C.Y. and Cloyd, R.A. and Buhler, W.}, year={2004} }
 @book{storm_cope_buhler_mcginnis_2004, title={Understanding the Agricultural Health Study (1993-2003), Part 1: Overview}, number={AG-MED-24}, institution={North Carolina State University Cooperative Extension Service Press}, author={Storm, J. and Cope, G. and Buhler, W. and McGinnis, K.}, year={2004} }
 @book{storm_cope_buhler_mcginnis_2004, title={Understanding the Agricultural Health Study (1993-2003), Part 2: Pesticide Exposure}, number={AG-MED-25}, institution={North Carolina State University Cooperative Extension Service}, author={Storm, J. and Cope, G. and Buhler, W. and McGinnis, K.}, year={2004} }
 @book{storm_cope_buhler_mcginnis_2004, title={Understanding the Agricultural Health Study (1993-2003), Part 3: Health Findings}, number={AG-MED-26}, institution={North Carolina State University Cooperative Extension Service}, author={Storm, J. and Cope, G. and Buhler, W. and McGinnis, K.}, year={2004} }
 @book{baker_czarnota_buhler_2004, title={Weed Pests of Ornamental Plants}, number={AG-648}, journal={Ornamentals and Turfgrass Pest Management, A Pesticide Applicator Certification Manual for the Carolinas and Georgia}, institution={NC Cooperative Extension Service}, author={Baker, J.R. and Czarnota, M. and Buhler, W.}, year={2004} }
 @book{buhler_murphy_2004, title={Weeds of Turfgrasses}, number={AG-648}, journal={Ornamentals and Turfgrass Pest Management, A Pesticide Applicator Certification Manual for the Carolinas and Georgia}, institution={NC Cooperative Extension Service}, author={Buhler, W.G. and Murphy, T.R.}, year={2004} }
 @article{curwin_hein_sanderson_nishioka_buhler_2003, title={Acephate exposure and decontamination on tobacco harvesters' hands}, volume={13}, ISSN={["1053-4245"]}, DOI={10.1038/sj.jea.7500271}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE ANALYSIS AND ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY}, author={Curwin, BD and Hein, MJ and Sanderson, WT and Nishioka, M and Buhler, W}, year={2003}, month={May}, pages={203–210} }
 @book{cope_sanders_louws_walgenbach_chaves_stern_storm_buhler_2003, title={Los pesticidas y la salud humana: tomates}, number={AG-MED-23}, institution={North Carolina State University Cooperative Extension Service Press}, author={Cope, W.G. and Sanders, D.C. and Louws, F.J. and Walgenbach, J.F. and Chaves, A. and Stern, J.D. and Storm, J.F. and Buhler, W.G.}, year={2003} }
 @book{cope_allen_sutton_chaves_stern_storm_buhler_2003, title={Los pesticidas y la salud humana: uvas}, number={AG-MED-21}, institution={North Carolina State University Cooperative Extension Service Press}, author={Cope, W.G. and Allen, R.A. and Sutton, T.B. and Chaves, A. and Stern, J.D. and Storm, J.F. and Buhler, W.G.}, year={2003} }
 @book{whipker_gibson_krug_warfield_casey_cloyd_buhler_2003, title={PICT guide of vegetative annual disorders}, institution={North Carolina Commercial Flower Growers’ Association}, author={Whipker, B.E. and Gibson, J.L. and Krug, B. and Warfield, C.Y. and Casey, C. and Cloyd, R.C. and Buhler, W.G.}, year={2003} }
 @book{cope_allen_sutton_chaves_stern_storm_buhler_2003, title={Pesticides and human health: grapes}, number={AG-MED-20}, institution={North Carolina State University Cooperative Extension Service Press}, author={Cope, W.G. and Allen, R.A. and Sutton, T.B. and Chaves, A. and Stern, J.D. and Storm, J.F. and Buhler, W.G.}, year={2003} }
 @book{cope_sanders_louws_walgenbach_chaves_stern_storm_buhler_2003, title={Pesticides and human health: tomatoes}, number={AG-MED-22}, institution={North Carolina State University Cooperative Extension Service Press}, author={Cope, W.G. and Sanders, D.C. and Louws, F.J. and Walgenbach, J.F. and Chaves, A. and Stern, J.D. and Storm, J.F. and Buhler, W.G.}, year={2003} }
 @inbook{buhler_2003, title={Sprayer Calibration (1/128th of an Acre Method)}, booktitle={Recordkeeping Manual for Private Pesticide Applicators}, publisher={United States Department of Agriculture}, author={Buhler, W.}, year={2003}, pages={44–50} }
 @article{buhler_whipker_2003, title={Using research to design and evaluate pesticide dealer training}, volume={5}, journal={Journal of Pesticide Safety Education}, author={Buhler, W. and Whipker, L.}, year={2003}, pages={7–24} }
 @book{whipker_gibson_cavins_warfield_cloyd_buhler_2002, title={PICT guide of bedding plant disorders}, institution={North Carolina Commercial Flower Growers’ Association}, author={Whipker, B.E. and Gibson, J.L. and Cavins, T.J. and Warfield, C.Y. and Cloyd, R.C. and Buhler, W.G.}, year={2002} }
 @book{whipker_gibson_cavins_warfield_cloyd_buhler_2002, title={PICT guide of poinsettia disorders}, institution={North Carolina Commercial Flower Growers’ Association}, author={Whipker, B.E. and Gibson, J.L. and Cavins, T.J. and Warfield, C.Y. and Cloyd, R.C. and Buhler, W.G.}, year={2002} }
 @article{buhler_mcrackan_weaver_brennan_bellinger_2002, title={The Southern Region Pesticide Safety Education Center: A Regional Approach to Train-the-Trainer}, volume={4}, journal={Journal of Pesticide Safety Education}, author={Buhler, W. and McRackan, R. and Weaver, M. and Brennan, B. and Bellinger, R.}, year={2002}, pages={22–36} }
 @book{buhler_2001, title={The calibration of turfgrass boom sprayers and spreaders}, number={AG-628}, institution={North Carolina State University Cooperative Extension Service Press}, author={Buhler, W.}, year={2001} }
 @book{buhler_haigler_toth_linker_2000, title={FQPA: The Food Quality Protection Act}, number={AG-609}, institution={North Carolina State University Cooperative Extension Service Press}, author={Buhler, W. and Haigler, J. and Toth, S. and Linker, M.}, year={2000} }
 @book{hudak_buhler_2000, place={Raleigh, NC}, title={Pesticide storage regulations}, institution={North Carolina Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services}, author={Hudak, C. and Buhler, W.}, year={2000} }
 @book{buhler_burnette_2000, title={Record-keeping manual for North Carolina Private Pesticide Applicators}, number={AG-611}, institution={North Carolina State University Cooperative Extension Service Press}, author={Buhler, W. and Burnette, J.}, year={2000} }
 @book{buhler_1999, title={1/128th acre calibration method (plastic wallet card)}, number={AG-601-2}, institution={North Carolina State University Cooperative Extension Service Press}, author={Buhler, W.}, year={1999} }
 @book{buhler_1999, title={Formula calibration method (plastic wallet card)}, number={AG-601-1}, institution={North Carolina State University Cooperative Extension Service Press}, author={Buhler, W.}, year={1999} }
 @book{buhler_1999, title={Sprayer calibration (spray tank decal)}, number={AG-601-3}, institution={North Carolina State University Cooperative Extension Service Press}, author={Buhler, W.}, year={1999} }
 @book{buhler_harris_1999, title={The Worker Protection Standard for the use of agricultural pesticides on farms}, number={AG-600-1}, institution={North Carolina State University Cooperative Extension Service Press}, author={Buhler, W. and Harris, K.}, year={1999} }
 @article{buhler_edwards_bledsoe_gerber_gray_steffey_1998, title={Areawide pest management of Western Corn Rootworm in Indiana and Illinois -- turning the first corner}, volume={57}, number={2}, journal={Pflanzenschutzberichte}, author={Buhler, W. and Edwards, C. R. and Bledsoe, L. W. and Gerber, C. and Gray, M. E. and Steffey, K. L.}, year={1998}, pages={69} }
 @article{gibb_buhler_1998, title={Infectivity of Steinernema carpocapsae (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae) in Sterilized and Herbicide-Treated Soil}, volume={33}, ISSN={0749-8004}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-33.2.152}, DOI={10.18474/0749-8004-33.2.152}, abstractNote={The infectivity of the entomopathogenic nematode, Steinernema carpocapsae (Weiser), against larvae of the greater wax moth, Galleria mellonella (L.), was investigated in sterile, nonsterile, and glyphosate-treated soil cores from a stand of bentgrass, Agrostis palustris Hudson. Soil cores were sterilized by high-pressure steam or methyl bromide fumigation. Another set of soil cores was treated with the herbicide, glyphosate. Nematode infectivity was significantly greater in sterile soil than in nonsterile and glyphosate-treated soil on days 3 and 8 after nematode application. No significant differences were detected by day 15 after nematode treatment. Results suggest the presence of a biotic factor(s) that limits the persistence of insect control provided by entomopathogenic nematodes in bentgrass.}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Entomological Science}, publisher={Georgia Entomological Society}, author={Gibb, Timothy J. and Buhler, Wayne G.}, year={1998}, month={Apr}, pages={152–157} }
 @article{brust_foster_buhler_1997, title={Effect of Rye Incorporation, Planting Date, and Soil Temperature on Damage to Muskmelon Transplants by Seedcorn Maggot (
Diptera: Anthomyiidae
)}, volume={26}, ISSN={1938-2936 0046-225X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ee/26.6.1323}, DOI={10.1093/ee/26.6.1323}, abstractNote={Seedcorn maggot, Delia platura (Meigen), is an important pest of early-planted melons. Two field experiments were conducted over a 3-yr period to discern (1) the time intervals between incorporation of a rye, Secale cereale L., cover crop and the percentage of muskmelon, Cucumis melo , var. Superstar, transplants killed by seedcorn maggot and (2) the soil temperature that seedcorn maggot injury was not detectable. The 1st objective was accomplished by incorporating a rye cover crop into the soil 2, 1, and 0 wk before muskmelon transplants were set in the field. The 2nd objective was accomplished by transplanting muskmelon seedlings at 4 weekly intervals in 1994 and 1995 and 11 intervals (2–4 d) in 1996. Incorporation intervals did not influence seedcorn maggot injury. In 1994, no plants were killed with any incorporation time, whereas in 1995, a60% of plants in each of the 3 incorporation intervals were killed by seedcorn maggot. Soil temperature proved to be a better indicator of damage potential, as demonstrated in the 2nd trial. When soil temperatures were below 18°C, 30–60% of transplants were killed. However, when soil temperatures were above 21°C, <3% of plants were killed. Soil temperature under black plastic mulch appears to be the most important factor in determining if seedcorn maggots will damage early season muskmelon transplants.}, number={6}, journal={Environmental Entomology}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Brust, Gerald E. and Foster, Rick E. and Buhler, Wayne}, year={1997}, month={Dec}, pages={1323–1326} }
 @article{brust_foster_buhler_1996, title={Comparison of Insecticide Use Programs for Managing the Striped Cucumber Beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) in Muskmelon}, volume={89}, ISSN={1938-291X 0022-0493}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jee/89.4.981}, DOI={10.1093/jee/89.4.981}, abstractNote={A scheduled, weekly spray program was compared with a program that determined the need for treatment based on sampling (threshold) and an untreated control for management of the striped cucumber beetle, Acalymma vittatum (F.), a vector of the pathogen that causes bacterial wilt in muskmelon. Treatments were compared at 2 locations during 2 yr for their effects on prevention of bacterial wilt, melon yield, and net income. Insecticides Were applied in the threshold treatment whenever beetle populations reached or exceeded a threshold of 0.5 beetle per plant before melon fruit appeared, and 1 beetle per plant when fruit set. Yields in the threshold treatment were equal to or better than the schedule treatment at 3 of the 4 study sites. The threshold treatment generated higher net income than the other treatments. In addition to economic considerations, the use of fewer insecticide sprays for striped cucumber beetle management is favorable for protecting natural enemies, insect pollinators, and prolonging the usefulness of a limited number of insecticides registered for use on muskmelon by reducing selection for resistance.}, number={4}, journal={Journal of Economic Entomology}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Brust, Gerald E. and Foster, Rick E. and Buhler, Wayne G.}, year={1996}, month={Aug}, pages={981–986} }
 @inbook{gibb_buhler_1995, place={Lanham, MD}, title={The Status of Turfgrass Insect Pests in the United States}, ISBN={9780938522522}, booktitle={Handbook of Turfgrass Insect Pests}, publisher={Entomological Society of America}, author={Gibb, T. and Buhler, W.}, editor={Brandenburg, R.L. and Villani, M.G.Editors}, year={1995}, pages={7–8} }
 @article{buhler_gibb_1993, title={Persistence of entomopathogenic nematodes against black cutworm on bentgrass}, volume={87}, number={3}, journal={Journal of Economic Entomology}, author={Buhler, W. and Gibb, T.}, year={1993}, pages={638–642} }
 @book{buhler_1993, title={Varroa mite on honey bees}, number={E-201}, institution={Purdue University Extension Service}, author={Buhler, W.}, year={1993} }
 @book{gibb_buhler_1992, title={Black Cutworms on Turfgrass}, number={ME-22}, institution={Purdue University Extension Service}, author={Gibb, T. and Buhler, W.}, year={1992} }
 @article{buhler_york_turco_1992, title={Effect of Enhanced Biodegradation of Carbofuran on the Control of Striped Cucumber Beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) on Muskmelon}, volume={85}, ISSN={1938-291X 0022-0493}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jee/85.5.1910}, DOI={10.1093/jee/85.5.1910}, abstractNote={Soils traditionally used for muskmelon, Cucumis mela L., production in Indiana were studied for their capacity to develop enhanced (rapid) rates of carbofuran (2,3-dihydro-2,2-dimethyl-7-benzofuranyl methylcarbamate) breakdown. The rate of car-bofuran degradation in soils with a history of carbofuran treatment was compared with similar soils with no previous carbofuran treatment. Degradation estimates were based on bioassay with larval western corn rootworms, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte, and measurement of the release of 14C-CO2 from 14C-carbofuran. Uptake of carbofuran by muskmelon plants growing in enhanced (soil in which a pesticide is rapidly degraded by populations of microorganisms previously exposed to the pesticide or a structurally related compound) and nonenhanced soils was also estimated. Both estimates of degradation showed rapid loss of carbofuran occurring in history soils as opposed to a much slower rate of degradation in nonhistory soils. Plant uptake of carbofuran, measured by bioassay with striped cucumber beetle, Acalymma vittatum (F.), and residue analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was dependent upon the concentration of the insecticide in soil. The control of striped cucumber beetle on plants growing in history soils was reduced compared with plants growing in nonenhanced soil.}, number={5}, journal={Journal of Economic Entomology}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Buhler, Wayne G. and York, Alan C. and Turco, Ronald F.}, year={1992}, month={Oct}, pages={1910–1918} }