@article{brune_knollenberg_vilá_2024, title={Building Tourism Resilience through Communication}, url={https://doi.org/10.3390/tourhosp5010004}, DOI={10.3390/tourhosp5010004}, abstractNote={The impact of the COVID-19 crisis on the tourism industry called attention to how crucial it is for tourism operations to be resilient, as their ability to overcome crises also impacts communities and adjacent industries. The communication theory of resilience argues that resilience is a dynamic capability that can be developed through communication processes. Exploring the role of communication processes in building resilience is important to establishing holistic strategies that strengthen the tourism industry. This work applies the communication theory of resilience to explore the employment of communication processes by agritourism operators during the COVID-19 pandemic. Seven agritourism operators in North Carolina, USA, were interviewed about resilience strategies at three points in time in 2020. These interviews revealed the value of communication processes in building resilience in agritourism operations and the facilitating role of communication technologies. These findings reveal that resilience is built collaboratively through social engagement and interaction.}, journal={Tourism and Hospitality}, author={Brune, Sara and Knollenberg, Whitney and Vilá, Olivia}, year={2024}, month={Jan} }
 @book{bracken_srinivasan_knollenberg_2024, place={Raleigh, NC}, title={Sustainable Tourism Case Study: Voluntary Visitor Fee Programs}, institution={North Carolina State University Tourism Extension}, author={Bracken, M. and Srinivasan, C. and Knollenberg, W.}, year={2024} }
 @book{knollenberg_schroeder_2023, title={Actionable Advocacy Insight}, url={https://doi.org/10.52750/220764}, DOI={10.52750/220764}, author={Knollenberg, Whitney and Schroeder, Ashley}, year={2023}, month={Jan} }
 @book{knollenberg_schroeder_2023, title={Actionable Advocacy Insight}, url={https://doi.org/10.52750/667898}, DOI={10.52750/667898}, author={Knollenberg, Whitney and Schroeder, Ashley}, year={2023}, month={Jul} }
 @book{knollenberg_schroeder_2023, title={Actionable Advocacy Insight}, url={https://doi.org/10.52750/933947}, DOI={10.52750/933947}, author={Knollenberg, Whitney and Schroeder, Ashley}, year={2023}, month={Jul} }
 @article{brune_knollenberg_vila_2023, title={Agritourism resilience during the COVID-19 crisis}, volume={99}, ISSN={["1873-7722"]}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2023.103538}, DOI={10.1016/j.annals.2023.103538}, abstractNote={Resilience is critical to the sustainability of the tourism industry, which was made particularly evident during the COVID-19 crisis. COVID-19 impacted all sectors of the tourism industry revealing previously unknown strengths and weaknesses. Through a longitudinal qualitative approach, we identified the evolving challenges and coping strategies of agritourism operations under the COVID-19 crisis in North Carolina, USA. The results indicate that agritourism operations not only withstood the health crisis but also advanced the management of their operation and customer satisfaction through diversification and reorganization strategies. We use chaos theory to show how agritourism operations took advantage of the context of uncertainty to employ practices that ultimately showcased their resilience.}, journal={ANNALS OF TOURISM RESEARCH}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Brune, Sara and Knollenberg, Whitney and Vila, Olivia}, year={2023}, month={Mar} }
 @article{arroyo_barbieri_knollenberg_kline_2023, title={Can craft beverages shape a destination's image? A cognitive intervention to measure pisco-related resources on conative image}, volume={95}, ISSN={["1879-3193"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2022.104677}, DOI={10.1016/j.tourman.2022.104677}, abstractNote={Assessing potential tourists' perceptions is vital to build a destination image and brand capable to attract new and repeated visitors. The increasing popularity of craft beverage tourism in recent years is incentivizing destinations to (re)design their offerings and (re)brand their image based on their craft beverages. This study investigated how the image of an emerging craft beverage tourism destination (Ica, Peru) is formed among potential tourists by inducing cognitive image (knowledge presented through picture-text dyads) of Ica's iconic resources, staple craft beverage (pisco), and resources associated with its production. Additionally, it measured the impact of local resources' characteristics, affective image, and personal characteristics on conative image (interest to visit and willingness to recommend) at different intervention stages. Results indicate that pisco-related resources are powerful enough to motivate travel, and that the characteristics of a mix of resources should be combined with beverage-specific information when developing branding strategies for craft beverage tourism destinations.}, journal={TOURISM MANAGEMENT}, author={Arroyo, Claudia Gil and Barbieri, Carla and Knollenberg, Whitney and Kline, Carol}, year={2023}, month={Apr} }
 @article{vila_cutts_knollenberg_rivers_2023, title={Environmental justice in disaster recovery: Recognition of the Latinx community by nonprofit leaders}, volume={40}, ISSN={["2212-0963"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.crm.2023.100502}, abstractNote={Nonprofit organizations are important sources of aid and assistance in the aftermath of disasters, directly contributing to disaster recovery efforts in communities and in some cases broader environmental justice objectives. However, there is a need to better align nonprofit organization processes and programs to address the needs of disadvantaged communities. This study examines how leaders of nonprofit organizations navigate and address the needs and experiences of Latinx persons in their community. We draw from 18 semi-structured interviews with leaders of nonprofit organizations involved in disaster recovery in Wilmington, North Carolina after Hurricane Florence in 2018. Interviews focused on the degree that nonprofit leaders involved in disaster recovery recognize the Latinx community, how the process of recognition manifests among these leaders, and how recognition by these leaders is related to procedural and distributional justice. Findings suggest that leaders adopt more sophisticated recognition of disaster recovery needs of the Latinx community when they have direct experience working with Latinx persons, collaborate with individuals who understand the Latinx community, partner with other organizations, or leverage geospatial or other data on disaster impacts and demographics. Data generated in this study underscores the role that recognition can play in promoting progress towards procedural and distributional justice in the disaster recovery context. These findings suggest that assigned leaders of nonprofits can and do function to exacerbate inequities through their disaster recovery services. However, the findings also showcase nonprofit leaders are interested in promoting just outcomes, and one possible route is through greater emphasis on the role of recognition. This work can inform approaches to resilience planning and help leaders of nonprofit organizations understand the needs and experiences of disadvantaged communities, so they can restructure organization policies and programs to address the needs of those who are most vulnerable to environmental hazards.}, journal={CLIMATE RISK MANAGEMENT}, author={Vila, Olivia and Cutts, Bethany and Knollenberg, Whitney and Rivers, Louie}, year={2023} }
 @article{reilly_stevenson_cutts_brune_knollenberg_barbieri_2023, title={Family matters: intergenerational influences on children's agricultural literacy}, volume={9}, ISSN={["1940-1892"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1080/00958964.2023.2257884}, DOI={10.1080/00958964.2023.2257884}, abstractNote={AbstractAgricultural and environmental literacy are essential public goods, but associated education efforts struggle to reach broad audiences. Understanding learner backgrounds and lived experiences can help address this challenge. We assessed the relative importance of demographics, parent views of agriculture, interactions with farmers and parents, and learning setting in predicting agricultural literacy among 525 elementary school children in North Carolina, USA. We used classification and regression trees and random forest models, which account for non-linear and interacting relationships. Knowing a farmer and engagement with parents were more predictive of children agricultural literacy than demographics, countering historically held deficit-based assumptions around agricultural and environmental literacy.Keywords: agricultural literacyenvironmental literacyclassification and regression tree analysisculturally responsive programming AcknowledgementsWe would like to thank the participating families who took time out of their farm visits or busy days to share their thoughts and feelings on local foods. We also thank the teachers who partnered with us on this project, particularly those who continued as COVID-19 posed a myriad of challenges.Disclosure statementNo potential competing interest was reported by the author(s).}, journal={JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION}, author={Reilly, Caitlin and Stevenson, Kathryn T. and Cutts, Bethany B. and Brune, Sara and Knollenberg, Whitney and Barbieri, Carla}, year={2023}, month={Sep} }
 @article{baby_barbieri_knollenberg_2023, title={How Memorable Are Agrifood Travel Experiences?}, url={https://www.mdpi.com/2673-5768/4/4/35}, DOI={10.3390/tourhosp4040035}, abstractNote={Destinations seek to increase their competitiveness by offering memorable experiences that can stimulate repeat visitation and positive word of mouth. Travel experiences centered on agrifood systems (i.e., agrifood tourism) encompass a set of attributes (e.g., authenticity and interaction with locals) that tend to be memorable. However, the extent to which these attributes contribute to memorability warrants further investigation. Thus, this study identified common and distinct elements of memorability across agritourism, culinary tourism, and craft-beverage tourism compared to beach tourism (control group). We surveyed a panel (n = 1019) in 2023 using a hypothetical travel scenario with four experience options. A multivariate analysis of variance showed high levels of memorability across various attributes of the agrifood experiences (e.g., learning opportunities and hands-on participation), with few differences across them, as compared to beach tourism. This study advances the scholarly construct of agrifood tourism by incorporating memorability within its complex dynamics. The study results also provide insights that marketers and managers of destinations with a mix of agrifood experiences can use to improve destination competitiveness and memorability (e.g., increasing educational offerings and adding more participative activities).}, journal={Tourism and Hospitality}, author={Baby, Jibin and Barbieri, Carla and Knollenberg, Whitney}, year={2023}, month={Nov} }
 @inbook{knollenberg_brune_harrison_savage_2023, title={Identifying a community capital investment portfolio to sustain a tourism workforce}, url={https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003435457-11}, DOI={10.4324/9781003435457-11}, author={Knollenberg, Whitney and Brune, Sara and Harrison, Jane and Savage, Ann E.}, year={2023}, month={Dec} }
 @book{nardino_knollenberg_2023, place={Raleigh, NC}, title={Sustainable Tourism Case Study: Policies and planning for tourism workforce housing}, url={https://tourism.ces.ncsu.edu/destination-leadership-resources/sustainable-tourism-case-studies/}, institution={North Carolina State University}, author={Nardino, M. and Knollenberg, W.}, year={2023} }
 @book{srinivasan_knollenberg_2023, place={Raleigh, NC}, title={Sustainable Tourism Case Study: Use of oyster reefs to reduce coastal degradation in tourism destination communities}, url={https://tourism.ces.ncsu.edu/destination-leadership-resources/sustainable-tourism-case-studies/}, institution={North Carolina State University}, author={Srinivasan, C. and Knollenberg, W.}, year={2023} }
 @article{brune_knollenberg_barbieri_stevenson_2023, title={Towards a unified definition of local food}, volume={103}, ISSN={["1873-1392"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2023.103135}, DOI={10.1016/j.jrurstud.2023.103135}, abstractNote={Despite the growing popularity of local food, there is still no unified definition used across the board. The lack of unified definition of local food can prevent effective marketing, policymaking, and research efforts. Given the inconsistencies on local food definitions, we sought to fill this gap by surveying consumers’ understanding of local food in North Carolina (NC, USA) departing from three categories of definitions found in the literature; local food defined in terms of: (1) market outlet (e.g., food bought directly from the farmer); (2) locality or political boundaries (e.g., food produced within the country); and (3) distance (e.g., food produced within 100 miles of commercialization). Informed by our study results, we propose defining local food in terms of the specific locality where is produced (e.g., county or state) as opposed to defining local food in terms of distance or market outlet. While the meaning of local food will remain contested among activists, governmental entities, and researchers, this study confirms that a shared meaning among consumers is emerging that should be incorporated across policy making, marketing, and research efforts.}, journal={JOURNAL OF RURAL STUDIES}, author={Brune, Sara and Knollenberg, Whitney and Barbieri, Carla and Stevenson, Kathryn}, year={2023}, month={Oct} }
 @book{knollenberg_schroeder_2022, title={Actionable Advocacy Insight}, url={https://doi.org/10.52750/148130}, DOI={10.52750/148130}, author={Knollenberg, Whitney and Schroeder, Ashley}, year={2022}, month={Sep} }
 @book{knollenberg_schroeder_2022, title={Actionable Advocacy Insight}, url={https://doi.org/10.52750/210830}, DOI={10.52750/210830}, author={Knollenberg, Whitney and Schroeder, Ashley}, year={2022}, month={Dec} }
 @article{reilly_stevenson_warner_park_knollenberg_lawson_brune_barbieri_2022, title={Agricultural and environmental education: a call for meaningful collaboration in a U.S. context}, volume={28}, ISSN={["1469-5871"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1080/13504622.2022.2040431}, DOI={10.1080/13504622.2022.2040431}, abstractNote={Abstract Blending agricultural education (AE) and environmental education (EE) frameworks is a promising pathway towards the goals of boosting environmental engagement and support for local agricultural systems among broad public audiences. However, thoughtful and intentional collaboration between researchers is needed to facilitate these outcomes. We feel it is important to collapse existing disciplinary walls between AE and EE to effectively reposition both as critical public goods and address inequitable access to environmental and agricultural knowledge among the next generation. In this paper, we outline the historical context for the silos between U.S.-based AE and EE programmatic and research practice. We then present a new collaborative structure for scholars in both fields to work together to build agricultural and environmental literacy in support of environmentally sustainable, economically robust, and socially responsible agroecosystems. Ultimately, we aim to create structures for broader and more collaborative efforts through which to improve agricultural and environmental literacy for new generations of learners.}, number={9}, journal={Environmental Education Research}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Reilly, C. and Stevenson, K. and Warner, W. and Park, T. and Knollenberg, W. and Lawson, D. and Brune, S. and Barbieri, C.}, year={2022}, pages={1410–1422} }
 @article{knollenberg_brune_harrison_savage_2022, title={Identifying a community capital investment portfolio to sustain a tourism workforce}, volume={30}, ISSN={["1747-7646"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2021.1890094}, DOI={10.1080/09669582.2021.1890094}, abstractNote={Abstract Members of the tourism workforce are a crucial resource, whose quality and quantity determine the success of tourism businesses and destinations. Yet, they are frequently subjected to social, psychological, and economic stressors which can result in isolation from destination communities or limited interest in participation in the tourism workforce. Both of these outcomes threaten the sustainability of tourism businesses and destinations, but more importantly create a working environment that can be unjust or unsafe for tourism workforce members. This study relies upon the community capitals framework to identify the resources that currently support the tourism workforce in an island community whose economic and social structure is heavily reliant upon tourism. Analysis of data from in-depth interviews and focus groups with thirty-seven tourism stakeholders reveals the social, cultural, human, and natural capital assets used to support a tourism workforce. An “investment portfolio” for these capitals offers development strategies that can be implemented to help sustain the tourism workforce.}, number={12}, journal={JOURNAL OF SUSTAINABLE TOURISM}, author={Knollenberg, Whitney and Brune, Sara and Harrison, Jane and Savage, Ann E.}, year={2022}, month={Dec}, pages={2806–2822} }
 @article{brune_knollenberg_stevenson_barbieri_2022, title={Investigating Predictors of Public- and Private-Sphere Sustainable Behaviors in the Context of Agritourism}, volume={14}, ISSN={["2071-1050"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.3390/su14020663}, DOI={10.3390/su14020663}, abstractNote={Encouraging sustainable behaviors regarding food choices among the public is crucial to ensure food systems’ sustainability. We expand the understanding of sustainable behavioral change by assessing engagement in local food systems (LFSs) in the context of agritourism experiences. Using theory of planned behavior (TPB) and personal norms, we conducted pre–post-surveys at agritourism farms to measure the impact of changes in the TPB behavioral antecedents as predictors of the following behavioral intentions regarding LFS engagement: (1) purchasing local food (private-sphere behavior), (2) increasing monthly budget to purchase local food (private-sphere behavior) and (3) advocating for local food (public-sphere behavior). Our findings indicate that strategies to encourage LFS engagement should seek to activate moral considerations that can motivate action across private and public behaviors, which applies to various demographic groups. To stimulate collective action, strategies should target subjective norms specifically (e.g., encouraging social interaction around local food), while strategies encouraging private behaviors should focus on easing perceived barriers to buying local food (e.g., promoting local food outlets). As agritourism experiences effectively modify the three above-mentioned behavioral antecedents, we advocate for holistic experiences that provide opportunities for deeper engagement with local food, stimulate the senses, and facilitate social interaction around LFSs.}, number={2}, journal={SUSTAINABILITY}, publisher={MDPI AG}, author={Brune, Sara and Knollenberg, Whitney and Stevenson, Kathryn and Barbieri, Carla}, year={2022}, month={Jan} }
 @article{vukomanovic_barbieri_knollenberg_yoshizumi_arroyo_2022, title={To travel or not to travel during COVID-19: The influence of political ideology on travel intentions in the USA}, volume={3}, ISSN={["2666-9579"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.annale.2022.100078}, abstractNote={• Most respondents were very concerned about traveling during COVID-19. • There is a relationship between travel during COVID-19 and political ideology. • Political ideology is a good predictor of travel attitudes during COVID-19. • Right-leaning respondents were more likely to travel if COVID conditions remain. • Political ideology should be considered in tourism-related policy and planning.}, number={2}, journal={ANNALS OF TOURISM RESEARCH EMPIRICAL INSIGHTS}, author={Vukomanovic, Jelena and Barbieri, Carla and Knollenberg, Whitney and Yoshizumi, Alexander and Arroyo, Claudia Gil}, year={2022}, month={Nov} }
 @article{knollenberg_arroyo_barbieri_boys_2021, title={Craft beverage tourism development: The contributions of social capital}, volume={20}, ISSN={["2212-5752"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2021.100599}, DOI={10.1016/j.jdmm.2021.100599}, abstractNote={This study investigates the role that social capital plays in synergizing two growing components of economic development for many communities - the tourism and craft beverage industries. By focusing on an emerging craft beverage tourism destination, Wake County in North Carolina (United States), this study illustrates the economic development outcomes that can be generated by craft beverage tourism and the forms of social capital needed to establish and sustain this type of niche tourism. Thematic analysis of semi-structured interviews with 30 stakeholders revealed that craft beverage tourism contributes to economic development outcomes such as: (1) community capacity, (2) firm and industry capacity, (3) entrepreneurial activity, and (4) innovative infrastructure. Both bridging and bonding social capital supported these outcomes in the forms of (1) collaboration among stakeholders, (2) support for new members of the industry, (3) craft beverage stakeholders' involvement with the community, and (4) creation of a craft beverage destination. Results indicate that bonding social capital is a crucial resource for establishing and sustaining Wake County's craft beverage industry and its development as a craft beverage destination. However, there is only limited utilization of bridging social capital in efforts to advance craft beverage tourism development. Collectively, these findings outline the economic development benefits of craft beverage tourism and the social capital resources needed to achieve those benefits. These insights can facilitate the development of CBT products.}, journal={JOURNAL OF DESTINATION MARKETING & MANAGEMENT}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Knollenberg, Whitney and Arroyo, Claudia Gil and Barbieri, Carla and Boys, Kathryn}, year={2021}, month={Jun} }
 @article{knollenberg_duffy_kline_kim_2021, title={Creating Competitive Advantage for Food Tourism Destinations Through Food and Beverage Experiences}, volume={7}, url={https://doi.org/10.1080/21568316.2020.1798687}, DOI={10.1080/21568316.2020.1798687}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT Food and beverage experiences (FBEs) are an important travel motivator in tourists’ decision-making process. This study determines how food tourism destinations within North Carolina (NC), U.S.A. can optimally market FBEs to different types of food tourists. Using survey data from potential visitors across three NC food tourism destinations, 10 foodie traveler profiles were created based on enjoyment of food/beverage-related activities. Differences in willingness to travel for FBEs and interest in seeking out FBEs at the destination were also examined. Potential visitors to each destination had significantly different food and travel behaviors indicating there are opportunities for destinations to capitalize upon the differences in the foodie travelers. By being strategic about which type of foodie they attract, destinations can build competitive advantage by targeting different segments of the foodie traveler market, thus optimizing the overall number of foodie travelers coming to NC.}, journal={Tourism Planning & Development}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Knollenberg, Whitney and Duffy, Lauren N. and Kline, Carol and Kim, Gyunghoon}, year={2021}, month={Jul}, pages={1–19} }
 @article{soulard_mcgehee_knollenberg_2021, title={Developing and Testing the Transformative Travel Experience Scale (TTES)}, volume={5}, url={https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287520919511}, DOI={10.1177/0047287520919511}, abstractNote={ Transformative travel encourages tourists to self-reflect, question their assumptions, and develop a more tolerant worldview. While this form of travel is gaining attention, there is unmet demand for a scale that measures the complex transformative travel experience and potential outcomes. This study focuses on developing the Transformative Travel Experience Scale (TTES). The study applies a well-tested approach based on DeVellis and Podsakoff et al. to reveal that a four-dimensional scale, composed of the dimensions of local residents and culture, self-assurance, disorienting dilemma, and joy, can be successfully used to measure the process and outcomes of transformative travel. From a theoretical perspective, the findings suggest that the disorienting dilemma might occur at different points in time. The Transformative Travel Experience Scale is helpful to organizations that want to capture the positive changes resulting from participation in transformative travel when applying for certifications, awards, and grants. }, journal={Journal of Travel Research}, publisher={SAGE Publications}, author={Soulard, Joelle and McGehee, Nancy and Knollenberg, Whitney}, year={2021}, month={May}, pages={004728752091951} }
 @article{arroyo_knollenberg_barbieri_2021, title={Inputs and outputs of craft beverage tourism: The Destination Resources Acceleration Framework}, volume={86}, ISSN={["1873-7722"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.annals.2020.103102}, abstractNote={Craft beverage tourism is a growing niche in the United States and an attractive strategy for sustainable community development. A new integrated framework analyzes the development of craft beverage tourism by combining two theoretical models: The Community Capitals Framework and Creative Placemaking. The resulting Destination Resources Acceleration Framework was applied in North Carolina (United States). Semi-structured interviews with 30 craft beverage tourism stakeholders revealed creativity and meaning accelerate the generation of the community capitals which support and result from craft beverage tourism. This study contributes to the understanding of the resource inputs a community needs to develop a new economic activity such as craft beverage tourism, and the resources generated by this form of development.}, journal={ANNALS OF TOURISM RESEARCH}, author={Arroyo, Claudia Gil and Knollenberg, Whitney and Barbieri, Carla}, year={2021}, month={Jan} }
 @article{knollenberg_brune_harrison_savage_2021, title={Strategies to facilitate the integration of Hispanic migrants in a tourism-dependent community}, volume={13}, ISSN={["1940-7971"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1080/19407963.2019.1592827}, DOI={10.1080/19407963.2019.1592827}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT Tourism employers and tourism-dependent communities have come to rely on migrants to fill the considerable labor needs of the tourism industry. However, migrants are not always well integrated into the communities that they support, leaving them, the tourism industry, and tourism-dependent communities vulnerable. Set in a community where migrants have been welcomed and well integrated this study utilized in-depth interviews and focus groups with migrants, residents, tourism business owners, and policymakers to identify strategies that have helped Hispanic migrants integrate into a tourism-dependent community. Analysis of this qualitative data was guided by the social exclusion framework. This analysis revealed how economic, social, political, and cultural dimensions play a role in migrants’ integration into the community. The findings reveal the importance of applying a multidimensional approach to integrating migrants into tourism-dependent communities—e.g. language, an element of the social dimension, facilitated activities related to the political dimension. Based upon these findings multiple strategies for integrating migrants into tourism-dependent communities are presented. These strategies move the literature beyond a descriptive identification of the challenges migrants face in integrating into tourism-dependent communities. Such strategies provide opportunities for tourism-dependent communities to improve the well-being of the tourism industry through the well-being of migrants.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF POLICY RESEARCH IN TOURISM LEISURE AND EVENTS}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Knollenberg, Whitney and Brune, Sara and Harrison, Jane and Savage, Ann}, year={2021}, month={Jan}, pages={1–19} }
 @article{brune_knollenberg_stevenson_barbieri_schroeder-moreno_2021, title={The Influence of Agritourism Experiences on Consumer Behavior toward Local Food}, volume={7}, url={https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287520938869}, DOI={10.1177/0047287520938869}, abstractNote={ Agritourism—visiting a working farm for education or recreation—may serve as a tool to increase local food consumption as it often includes opportunities to purchase local food on-site. Yet, the influence of agritourism on consumers’ local food purchasing behavior remains underexplored. Thus, this study measures the impact of agritourism experiences on consumers’ intentions to purchase local food. To do so, visitors were surveyed at six agritourism farms with similar agritourism activities (e.g., U-pick, educational displays, and on-site market) located across North Carolina (USA) before (pre) and after (post) their visits ( n = 328). Data, collected during the 2018–2019 peak agritourism season, were analyzed using repeated measures multivariate analysis of variance. Findings indicate that agritourism experiences effectively increase consumers’ intentions to purchase local food. These findings advance the scholarship of agritourism. They also provide useful information to design effective marketing campaigns to promote the purchase and consumption of local food and strengthen local agricultural systems. }, journal={Journal of Travel Research}, publisher={SAGE Publications}, author={Brune, Sara and Knollenberg, Whitney and Stevenson, Kathryn T. and Barbieri, Carla and Schroeder-Moreno, Michelle}, year={2021}, month={Jul}, pages={004728752093886} }
 @article{knollenberg_mcgehee_perdue_andereck_2021, title={We’re All in This Together: Understanding How Tourism Advocates Build Relationships across the Tourism Industry}, volume={3}, url={https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287520906216}, DOI={10.1177/0047287520906216}, abstractNote={ The tourism industry has long been concerned with gaining political influence to ensure supportive policies and governance. Tourism advocates are leaders who seek political influence by creating a unified industry voice and setting a prioritized legislative agenda. This requires tourism advocates to have strong relationships with members of the tourism industry. We use a political advocacy framework to explore how tourism advocates develop as leaders and the behaviors they utilize to build relationships within the tourism industry in the context of a state tourism advocacy association in the United States. The findings suggest that there are many paths to becoming a tourism advocate, but all require supportive organizational resources, industry knowledge, and social capital as these attributes are vital in efforts to build the relationships with tourism industry members. }, journal={Journal of Travel Research}, publisher={SAGE Publications}, author={Knollenberg, Whitney and McGehee, Nancy G. and Perdue, Richard R. and Andereck, Kathleen L.}, year={2021}, month={Feb}, pages={004728752090621} }
 @article{knollenberg_schroeder_2020, title={The Power of Data and Coalitions to Tell a Compelling Story about the Value of Parks, Recreation, and Tourism}, volume={38}, ISSN={["2160-6862"]}, DOI={10.18666/JPRA-2020-10172}, abstractNote={Policy decisions have always impacted park, recreation, and tourism (PRT) stakeholders. However, these issues continue to significantly impact stakeholders’ ability to operate. Therefore, it is imperative that PRT stakeholders have a voice in the political decision-making process. Consequently, advocacy plays a critical role for PRT stakeholders. To be effective in their advocacy strategies, PRT stakeholders must tell a compelling story about the value of their organizations and the resources that they manage. Accordingly, this research note uses examples from practice to demonstrate the potential for PRT stakeholders to tell a compelling story about their value, as well as the potential for using data to foster coalition building among PRT stakeholders. While these examples serve as best practices, there is still room for improvement. This research note concludes with recommendations for addressing these areas, which can ultimately increase the effectiveness of PRT advocacy efforts. Subscribe to JPRA}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF PARK AND RECREATION ADMINISTRATION}, author={Knollenberg, Whitney and Schroeder, Ashley}, year={2020}, pages={145–153} }
 @article{carrillo_barbieri_knollenberg_edwards_2020, title={The stress from my tour leading job: Differences between genders}, volume={44}, ISSN={["1839-5260"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.jhtm.2020.06.013}, abstractNote={This study compared job stressors between female and male Tour Leaders (TLs) operating in South America, mainly Peru and Bolivia. In 2017, 82 TLs were surveyed about their level of stress on 30 items representing four sources of job stress: job roles, nature of the job, tourists’ attitudes and behaviors, and external factors. Statistical tests determined that female TLs perceive higher levels of stress from sexual harassment, natural disasters, facilitating the tourists-locals interaction, having limited free time during trips and constant packing/unpacking. Male TLs reported higher levels of stress when tourists supersede their authority. These results indicate the need to amend policy and managerial guidelines to increase gender equity in the tour leading profession.}, journal={JOURNAL OF HOSPITALITY AND TOURISM MANAGEMENT}, author={Carrillo, Brendali and Barbieri, Carla and Knollenberg, Whitney and Edwards, Michael B.}, year={2020}, month={Sep}, pages={211–214} }
 @article{brune_knollenberg_stevenson_barbieri_2020, title={U-Pick Farms: Harvesting More than Pumpkins}, volume={38}, ISSN={["2160-6862"]}, DOI={10.18666/JPRA-2020-10038}, abstractNote={Recreational experiences offer many benefits to individuals and society, including improved mental and physical health. Yet, limited evidence is available on the potential benefits of recreation as a path to stimulate desired behavioral outcomes. The purpose of this work is to discuss preliminary findings of whether participating in agritourism influences intended local foods purchasing behavior. To achieve this purpose, we surveyed 173 recreationists before and after visiting a farm offering recreational activities (agritourism) in 2018. Results of repeated measures multivariate analysis of variance indicate that agritourism influenced participants’ attitudes and intended behavior toward local foods although subjective norms and perceived behavioral control remained unchanged. However, the regression analysis indicated that changes in subjective norms and perceived behavioral control predicted changes in intended behavior. We conclude that agritourism can encourage consumers’ purchasing intentions of local foods, supporting an underexplored additional benefit of recreational experiences as a path to promote desirable behaviors. Further, agritourism experiences may be most effective at encouraging local foods purchasing when they show that buying local foods is socially supported and relatively easy. Subscribe to JPRA}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF PARK AND RECREATION ADMINISTRATION}, author={Brune, Sara and Knollenberg, Whitney and Stevenson, Kathryn T. and Barbieri, Carla}, year={2020}, pages={135–144} }
 @article{knollenberg_kline_jordan_boley_2020, title={Will US travelers be good guests to Cuba? Examining US traveler segments' sustainable behavior and interest in visiting Cuba}, volume={18}, url={https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2020.100505}, DOI={10.1016/j.jdmm.2020.100505}, abstractNote={For US travelers, access to Cuba as a tourism destination has changed markedly since 2014. Policy changes that permitted US leisure travel to the island resulted in a considerable increase in US arrivals to Cuba. With this increase came concerns that US travelers would generate undesirable economic and cultural change on the island. This work aims to identify whether there are segments of US travelers whose sustainable travel behaviors would limit the negative impacts of increased tourism in Cuba. Using these behaviors as well as US travelers' interest in travel to Cuba, sense of urgency to travel to Cuba, perceptions of travel to Cuba, and preferences for Cuban travel experiences four profiles of potential US travelers were created. The Committed Sustainable Traveler segment (n = 277; 37%) holds the greatest potential to provide limited negative impacts to Cuba through their sustainable travel behaviors. This segment also has the greatest interest in traveling to Cuba. These findings indicate that there are “good guests” among US travelers who could be targeted through product development and marketing strategies if policies allow less restricted travel to Cuba.}, journal={Journal of Destination Marketing & Management}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Knollenberg, Whitney and Kline, Carol and Jordan, Evan and Boley, B. Bynum}, year={2020}, month={Dec}, pages={100505} }
 @article{gil arroyo_barbieri_sotomayor_knollenberg_2019, title={Cultivating Women’s Empowerment through Agritourism: Evidence from Andean Communities}, volume={11}, ISSN={2071-1050}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11113058}, DOI={10.3390/su11113058}, abstractNote={Tourism has the potential to empower women, particularly in rural areas. However, little is known about whether it can have the same effect in Andean communities, mainly because the traditional social and cultural structures of those communities have limited women’s ability to empower themselves through traditional economic activities. Through interviews with residents participating in agritourism development in seven communities across the Cusco and Puno regions (Peru, South America), this study examined the role of agritourism development in the empowerment of women in those communities as well as the ways in which it has changed traditional gender roles. Study findings revealed that agritourism contributes to four areas of empowerment for women: psychological, social, political, and economic. However, the culture of the Andean communities still has considerable influence on gender dynamics and may prevent women from garnering all the benefits of tourism development. Agritourism development in those communities should incorporate gender-related cultural considerations to navigate and overcome barriers, thereby allowing the maximization of empowerment benefits for women.}, number={11}, journal={Sustainability}, publisher={MDPI AG}, author={Gil Arroyo, Claudia and Barbieri, Carla and Sotomayor, Sandra and Knollenberg, Whitney}, year={2019}, month={May}, pages={3058} }
 @article{carrillo_barbieri_knollenberg_edwards_2019, title={Tour Leading in South America: Job Inputs and Outcomes}, volume={59}, ISSN={0047-2875 1552-6763}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0047287519880018}, DOI={10.1177/0047287519880018}, abstractNote={ Tour Leader’s (TLs) performance is a key determinant of tourists’ satisfaction. Yet, research on the set of rewards and stressors (job inputs) that TLs experience and how these affect their quality of life and job satisfaction (job outcomes) is scant. This study, framed within the facet analysis model, fills this knowledge gap using data collected from 82 TLs operating in South America. Respondents were satisfied with nonfinancial rewards and perceived low stress levels resulting from their jobs. Although most reported positive psychological outcomes, they also acknowledged a decrease in their quality of convivial life. Analysis indicated that job inputs significantly affected TLs’ psychological and convivial well-being and job satisfaction. Study results expand the scholarship of the inputs and outcomes of tour leading and provides managerial and policy insights to increase TLs’ quality of life and job satisfaction, which is critical to enhance job performance. }, number={7}, journal={Journal of Travel Research}, publisher={SAGE Publications}, author={Carrillo, Brendali and Barbieri, Carla and Knollenberg, Whitney and Edwards, Michael B.}, year={2019}, month={Oct}, pages={004728751988001} }
 @article{barbieri_stevenson_knollenberg_2018, title={Broadening the utilitarian epistemology of agritourism research through children and families}, volume={22}, ISSN={1368-3500 1747-7603}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2018.1497011}, DOI={10.1080/13683500.2018.1497011}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT The genesis of agritourism is rooted in diversifying income for farmers, and accordingly, epistemological framing of agritourism research has focused on understanding the direct economic value of farm visits. The literature has identified multiple measures of tourism values and we propose that a similar broad epistemological perspective is needed to expand the analysis of the full spectrum of benefits that agritourism can provide to farmers and food systems. We describe the potential, yet unmeasured, benefits of agritourism and propose to empirically examine the educational and marketing potential of agritourism through building agricultural literacy among young visitors and encouraging family-level support of local food systems. We offer this as one example of how to expand of the epistemological approach to agritourism research, which will allow for a more holistic account of its benefits.}, number={19}, journal={Current Issues in Tourism}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Barbieri, Carla and Stevenson, Kathryn T. and Knollenberg, Whitney}, year={2018}, month={Jul}, pages={2333–2336} }
 @article{jordan_boley_knollenberg_kline_2018, title={Predictors of Intention to Travel to Cuba across Three Time Horizons: An Application of the Theory of Planned Behavior}, volume={57}, ISSN={["1552-6763"]}, DOI={10.1177/0047287517721370}, abstractNote={As the relationship between Cuba and the United States evolves, many Americans are entertaining the idea of travel to Cuba. This study used the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) to examine predictors of US residents’ intentions to travel to Cuba across three time horizons: 1 year, 5 years, and 10 years. TPB constructs were administered to a cross-sectional panel of US residents. Results varied by time horizon, with US residents’ negative attitudes toward Cuba having a positive and significant influence on their intention to visit Cuba within one year. This finding suggests that some US residents match Plog’s Allocentric profile of tourists and that the current “rough edges” of Cuba are what attract them to travel in the short rather than long term. Findings from this study provide baseline data that is valuable for Cuban and American tourism organizations, should the US market become more accessible.}, number={7}, journal={JOURNAL OF TRAVEL RESEARCH}, author={Jordan, Evan J. and Boley, B. Bynum and Knollenberg, Whitney and Kline, Carol}, year={2018}, month={Sep}, pages={981–993} }
 @article{kline_lee_knollenberg_2018, title={Segmenting foodies for a foodie destination}, volume={35}, ISSN={["1540-7306"]}, DOI={10.1080/10548408.2018.1488647}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT The consumption of food is an integral part of a tourism experience. As foodie travellers seek out unique food experiences, it is valuable for tourism destination managers to understand their preferences and behaviours. Using a 61-item foodie activity scale, 2948 surveys were analyzed to determine clusters of foodies. The findings suggest that researchers or destination managers should avoid a “one size fits all” approach in the development of foodie destinations. Giving attention to the travel preferences and types of experiences that foodie segments prefer may allow communities reap the benefits of serving as a destination for foodie travellers.}, number={9}, journal={JOURNAL OF TRAVEL & TOURISM MARKETING}, author={Kline, Carol and Lee, Seungwoo John and Knollenberg, Whitney}, year={2018}, pages={1234–1245} }
 @article{soulard_knollenberg_boley_perdue_mcgehee_2018, title={Social capital and destination strategic planning}, volume={69}, ISSN={0261-5177}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/J.TOURMAN.2018.06.011}, DOI={10.1016/J.TOURMAN.2018.06.011}, abstractNote={Improving stakeholder engagement is a critical challenge for destination strategic planning. Using social capital as a theoretical lens, this paper explores the social dynamics which facilitate or inhibit successful tourism destination planning. Working with five recently completed destination plans (3 USA states, an Australian state, and an Oceanic country), in-depth interviews of 74 stakeholders explored the dimensions of trust, reciprocity, and cooperation in the contexts of bonding and bridging social capital. The study's results suggest stakeholder support for destination strategic plans will increase as bonding and bridging social capital intensifies. Recommendations are provided both for destination strategic planning processes as well as for how to best implement strategic plans. Further research examining the applications of social capital theory is recommended.}, journal={Tourism Management}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Soulard, Joelle and Knollenberg, Whitney and Boley, B. Bynum and Perdue, Richard R. and McGehee, Nancy Gard}, year={2018}, month={Dec}, pages={189–200} }
 @article{boley_jordan_kline_knollenberg_2018, title={Social return and intent to travel}, volume={64}, ISSN={["1879-3193"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.tourman.2017.08.008}, abstractNote={In recognition that not all travel experiences are evaluated equally, there is the opportunity for different travel experiences to generate varying levels of “Social Return.” “Social Return” is the amount of positive social feedback that one's social media posts of travel generate. This paper develops the Social Return Scale (SRS) and uses the scale to predict 758 U.S. travelers' intentions to visit the country of Cuba. The CFA of the SRS revealed strong construct validity based upon factor loadings above 0.85, an average variance explained estimate of 86%, and a construct reliability coefficient of 0.91. The SRS also had a positive and significant relationship with intention to visit Cuba across six structural equation models that varied by time horizon (1 year, 5 year and 10 years) and the inclusion of Theory of Planned Behavior constructs. Results suggest that “Social Return” is a salient symbolic factor in the destination selection process.}, journal={TOURISM MANAGEMENT}, author={Boley, B. Bynum and Jordan, Evan J. and Kline, Carol and Knollenberg, Whitney}, year={2018}, month={Feb}, pages={119–128} }
 @article{moran_boley_woosnam_jordan_kline_knollenberg_2018, title={The battle of the socials: Which socially symbolic factors best predict intent to travel?}, volume={68}, ISSN={["1879-3193"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.tourman.2018.03.023}, abstractNote={Tourists are flooded with travel options making competition fierce within their consideration sets. While most research emphasizes the functional attributes of destinations, as narcissism becomes more normalized, it is of increasing interest to examine the influence socially symbolic factors have on tourist decision making. Therefore, this study sought to examine the efficacy of four different socially symbolic predictors of travel—social norms, social self-concept (actual and ideal), and social return—for predicting a person's likelihood to travel to Cuba across three time horizons (1 year, 5 years, and 10 years). Results from a panel of 785 U.S. travelers found social norms to be the best predictor of travel across all three time horizons with social return also being significant across all time horizons. Implications to destination marketing are discussed such as some socially symbolic variables being easier to operationalize in marketing campaigns compared to others (e.g. social return vs. social norms).}, journal={TOURISM MANAGEMENT}, author={Moran, Casey and Boley, B. Bynum and Woosnam, Kyle M. and Jordan, Evan J. and Kline, Carol and Knollenberg, Whitney}, year={2018}, month={Oct}, pages={324–327} }
 @article{mcgehee_knollenberg_komorowski_2015, title={The central role of leadership in rural tourism development: a theoretical framework and case studies}, volume={23}, ISSN={0966-9582 1747-7646}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2015.1019514}, DOI={10.1080/09669582.2015.1019514}, abstractNote={In the unique environment of rural tourism, leadership is often credited for the initiation and governance of sustainable development, but has received little empirical examination. Rural tourism leaders face many challenges, such as managing factions and enclaves within communities, re-assuring new entrants about risk and vulnerability, securing long-term commitment amongst leaders, establishing continuity from one leader to the next, and coordinating cooperative governance across numerous governmental and non-governmental organizations. This article uses the case study method to provide sketches of three rural tourism leaders who have been successful in their communities. Each leader utilizes a different approach, including Servant, Shared/Community-Based, and Authentic Leadership. The Networks View of social capital is utilized to analyze each case to help discover the sources of success of these three individuals and their communities. While this approach has been previously utilized at the community level, this study explores an individuals' ability to embody social capital. The article concludes with observations that both bridging and bonding social capital are important to the success of these rural tourism leaders, regardless of their leadership approach. Such observations are valuable for rural communities as they struggle with the challenges of cultivating and sustaining effective leadership and governance.}, number={8-9}, journal={Journal of Sustainable Tourism}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={McGehee, Nancy Gard and Knollenberg, Whitney and Komorowski, Amy}, year={2015}, month={Mar}, pages={1277–1297} }
 @article{knollenberg_mcgehee_boley_clemmons_2014, title={Motivation-based transformative learning and potential volunteer tourists: facilitating more sustainable outcomes}, volume={22}, ISSN={0966-9582 1747-7646}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2014.902065}, DOI={10.1080/09669582.2014.902065}, abstractNote={Transformative learning (TL) is an important component of sustainable volunteer tourism experiences, potentially reducing unsustainable outcomes, and educating and enlightening volunteers. This paper reviews theories and issues about TL in volunteer tourism, and analyzes data from 1008 useable responses to an online survey of potential volunteer tourists. A factor–cluster analysis of potential volunteer tourists’ motivations identified key volunteer tourist segments and assessed differences in expectations of TL across each segment. Altruism remains the primary motivation, with personal development an expectation, but the study also found desires to experience different cultures, build relationships with family, and to escape one's daily life. Three motivation segments emerged: Volunteers, Voluntourists, and Tourists. Differences in the three clusters’ expectations for TL were assessed through multiple analysis of variance using items representing Taylor's three elements of TL: self-reflection, engaging in dialogue, and intercultural experience. Differences in TL expectations varied significantly across the three segments. Potential Voluntourists were most likely to expect to participate in TL opportunities. The paper concludes with suggestions for maximizing TL for each segment. Volunteers and Tourists may require activities that include different, less obvious forms of TL. Volunteer tourism organizations need to invest significantly in staff training in TL.}, number={6}, journal={Journal of Sustainable Tourism}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Knollenberg, Whitney and McGehee, Nancy G. and Boley, B. Bynum and Clemmons, David}, year={2014}, month={Apr}, pages={922–941} }
 @article{mcgehee_kline_knollenberg_2014, title={Social movements and tourism-related local action}, volume={48}, ISSN={0160-7383}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/J.ANNALS.2014.06.004}, DOI={10.1016/J.ANNALS.2014.06.004}, abstractNote={Social movements often emerge as a response to oppression generated from uncertain economic conditions. This study focuses on the role of HandMade in America, a regional economic development organization, in cultivating the change-agent components of social movements (consciousness-raising, networking, and self-efficacy) in seven tourism-reliant communities. Results from interviews, focus groups, and a review of archived publications indicate that HandMade’s distinctive approach cultivates social movement components via its Visioning and Charrettes, Clean, Green and Screen Projects, Project and Grants Cycles, Annual Cluster Meetings, and Ongoing Contact with HandMade. These important findings force a theoretical debate as to what constitutes a social movement organization and a practical debate for tourism developers to view their efforts in a different light.}, journal={Annals of Tourism Research}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={McGehee, Nancy Gard and Kline, Carol and Knollenberg, Whitney}, year={2014}, month={Sep}, pages={140–155} }