@article{ma_kaber_gil_clamann_jeon_zhu_currie_2018, title={A Comparison of Virtual Reality-Based Psychomotor Task Training with Visual and Haptic Aiding}, volume={596}, ISBN={["978-3-319-60017-8"]}, ISSN={["2194-5365"]}, DOI={10.1007/978-3-319-60018-5_26}, abstractNote={The objective of this research was to compare learning effects of motor and cognitive skill training with three types of virtual reality (VR) simulation. The VR simulations included haptic (guidance forces), visual (attentional cues) and a combination of haptic and visual assistance designed to accelerate training. The results of the experiment revealed that conditions providing haptic assistance (alone and in combination with visual aids) provided more cognitive skill training than the visual-only aiding condition. Similarly, the visual condition resulted in better training of fine motor skill than the haptic condition. The combination condition led to some of the smallest training effects. The present investigation incorporating healthy participants was designed as part of an ongoing research effort to provide insight for the design of VR simulations to support rehabilitation of motor skills among disabled populations or training of new skills for occupational tasks.}, journal={ADVANCES IN HUMAN FACTORS IN TRAINING, EDUCATION, AND LEARNING SCIENCES, AHFE 2017}, author={Ma, Wenqi and Kaber, David and Gil, Guk-Ho and Clamann, Michael and Jeon, Wooram and Zhu, Biwen and Currie, Nancy}, year={2018}, pages={265–277} }
 @article{kaber_pankok_corbett_ma_hummer_rasdorf_2015, title={Driver behavior in use of guide and logo signs under distraction and complex roadway conditions}, volume={47}, ISSN={["1872-9126"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.apergo.2014.09.005}, abstractNote={White-on-blue logo signs on the sides of highways are typically used to notify drivers of food, gas, and lodging at an upcoming interchange. The current research assessed driver performance and attention allocation in a simulated freeway driving task when exposed to six-panel logo signs, nine-panel logo signs, mileage guide signs, and roadway work zones both with and without an in-car navigation device. The objective was to identify the impact of signage types on driver behavior under realistic driving conditions. Results revealed glance durations and fixation frequencies to guide signs to be significantly lower than with six-panel and nine-panel logo signs, but no differences were found between six-panel and nine-panel logo signs. There were also statistical differences among the independent variables for speed deviation and lane deviation, but magnitudes were not large enough to be considered practically significant in terms of driving safety. Overall, there were minor differences in sign processing time between logo signs and mileage guide signs, but such differences did not translate to degradations in vehicle control.}, journal={APPLIED ERGONOMICS}, author={Kaber, David and Pankok, Carl, Jr. and Corbett, Brendan and Ma, Wenqi and Hummer, Joseph and Rasdorf, William}, year={2015}, month={Mar}, pages={99–106} }
 @article{kaber_tupler_clamann_gil_zhu_swangnetr_jeon_zhang_qin_ma_et al._2014, title={Evaluation of an Augmented Virtual Reality and Haptic Control Interface for Psychomotor Training}, volume={26}, ISSN={["1949-3614"]}, DOI={10.1080/10400435.2013.800923}, abstractNote={This study investigated the design of a virtual reality (VR) simulation integrating a haptic control interface for motor skill training. Twenty-four healthy participants were tested and trained in standardized psychomotor control tasks using native and VR forms with their nondominant hands in order to identify VR design features that might serve to accelerate motor learning. The study was also intended to make preliminary observations on the degree of specific motor skill development that can be achieved with a VR-based haptic simulation. Results revealed significant improvements in test performance following training for the VR with augmented haptic features with insignificant findings for the native task and VR with basic haptic features. Although performance during training was consistently better with the native task, a correspondence between the VR training and test task interfaces led to greater improvement in test performance as reported by a difference between baseline and post-test scores. These findings support use of VR-based haptic simulations of standardized psychomotor tests for motor skill training, including visual and haptic enhancements for effective pattern recognition and discrete movement of objects. The results may serve as an applicable guide for design of future haptic VR features.}, number={1}, journal={ASSISTIVE TECHNOLOGY}, author={Kaber, David and Tupler, Larry A. and Clamann, Michael and Gil, Guk-Ho and Zhu, Biwen and Swangnetr, Manida and Jeon, Wooram and Zhang, Yu and Qin, Xiaofeng and Ma, Wenqi and et al.}, year={2014}, pages={51–60} }
 @article{clamann_ma_kaber_2013, title={Evaluation of a Virtual Reality and Haptic Simulation of a Block Design Test}, ISSN={["1062-922X"]}, DOI={10.1109/smc.2013.155}, abstractNote={The objective of this research was to develop a computer-based system for psychomotor skill assessment and training. The focus was on virtual reality (VR) simulation of an established pattern assembly task incorporating a haptic interface. A prototype VR and haptic-based system was developed to replicate established testing protocols, facilitate automated test scoring, and produce quantitative test output. The prototype was also compared to a native version of the test. Participants completed multiple training trials of the VR or native tests. Training effects were measured by comparing performance on objective baseline and post-tests administered before and after training, respectively. Results revealed training in either the VR or the native versions of the task to produce significant (p<;0.0001) performance increases from baseline, but neither version resulted in significant improvements over the other. The VR-haptic simulation was found to represent a viable psychomotor test and training method.}, journal={2013 IEEE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SYSTEMS, MAN, AND CYBERNETICS (SMC 2013)}, author={Clamann, Michael and Ma, Wenqi and Kaber, David B.}, year={2013}, pages={882–887} }