@article{johansson_whitaker_hagler_bowman_slate_payne_2006, title={Predicting aflatoxin and fumonisin in shelled corn lots sing poor-quality grade components}, volume={89}, number={2}, journal={Journal of AOAC International}, author={Johansson, A. S. and Whitaker, T. B. and Hagler, W. M. and Bowman, D. T. and Slate, A. B. and Payne, G.}, year={2006}, pages={433–440} }
 @article{fairchild_grimes_porter_croom_daniel_hagler_2005, title={Effects of diacetoxyscirpenol and fusaric acid on poults: Individual and combined effects of dietary diacetoxyscirpenol and fusaric acid on turkey poult performance}, volume={4}, ISBN={1682-8356}, DOI={10.3923/ijps.2005.350.355}, abstractNote={Turkey poults were randomly placed in batteries and fed one of four dietary treatments: control (C); control plus 4ppm diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS); control plus 300ppm Fusaric Acid (FA); and control plus 4ppm DAS and 300ppm FA (FD). There were 10 poults per pen with 6 replicate pens per treatment. Individual BW, BW gains (BWG) and feed consumption by pen were determined at d6, d12, and d18. Period and cumulative feed to gain were calculated. Mouth lesions were scored for treatments at d18. On d18 poults were euthanized for determination of organ weights and jejunal histomorphometrics. FA had no effect on BW or BWG at any period compared to C. Poults fed FD had reduced BW and BWG compared to C, while poults fed DAS had lower BW than all treatments at every period. Poults fed FA or C had better feed to gain (P<0.05) than poults fed DAS or FD at d6. There were no differences among the treatments at d12 or d18. Poults fed FA had significantly lower relative intestine wt than poults fed the other diets, and significantly higher relative bursa wt at d18 when compared to poults fed DAS or FD. DAS, FA and FD altered intestinal architecture. Poults fed DAS or FD had higher mouth lesion scores than poults fed FA or C, but mouth lesion scores in DAS and FD poults were not different from each other. Dietary DAS resulted in decreased poult performance, while dietary FA had little or no effect. Fusaric acid fed in combination with DAS resulted in some protective effect towards DAS.}, number={6}, journal={International Journal of Poultry Science}, author={Fairchild, A. S. and Grimes, J. L. and Porter, J. K. and Croom, W. J. and Daniel, L. R. and Hagler, W. M.}, year={2005}, pages={350} }
 @article{diaz_hagler_blackwelder_eve_hopkins_anderson_jones_whitlow_2004, title={Aflatoxin Binders II: Reduction of aflatoxin M1 in milk by sequestering agents of cows consuming aflatoxin in feed}, volume={157}, ISSN={["1573-0832"]}, DOI={10.1023/B:MYCO.0000020587.93872.59}, number={2}, journal={MYCOPATHOLOGIA}, author={Diaz, DE and Hagler, WM and Blackwelder, JT and Eve, JA and Hopkins, BA and Anderson, KL and Jones, FT and Whitlow, LW}, year={2004}, month={Feb}, pages={233–241} }
 @article{thibodeau_poore_hagler_rogers_2004, title={Effect of fermentation on sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas) toxicity in mice}, volume={52}, ISSN={["1520-5118"]}, DOI={10.1021/jf034885k}, abstractNote={Unfortunate bovine fatalities occurring after ingestion of mold-damaged sweetpotatoes preclude the use of the culled tubers in livestock feed. In cattle, mold-damaged sweetpotatoes induce an acute respiratory distress syndrome resulting in asphyxiation. Because of this potential toxicity and the general abundance of culled sweetpotatoes, the detoxification efficacy of ensiling was explored since it is an easy and economically viable technique often applied to preserve livestock feed. Sweetpotato slices with or without mold damage were stored either frozen (to represent unfermented samples) or fermented for 6 weeks at room temperature. Following fermentation, organic extracts were generated for administration to mice. Thirty hours following administration of the extracts, mice were evaluated for gross and microscopic lesions affecting the lungs, liver, and kidneys. Fermentation of 6 weeks duration was observed to inadequately eliminate the lung, liver, and kidney toxicity caused by mold-damaged sweetpotatoes. In fact, fermentation exacerbated the hepatotoxicity of mold-damaged sweetpotatoes. This is also the first demonstration that sweetpotato regions lacking visible mold damage can induce lung and kidney injury, which, however, is preventable by fermentation.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY}, author={Thibodeau, MS and Poore, MH and Hagler, WM and Rogers, GM}, year={2004}, month={Jan}, pages={380–384} }
 @article{bush_carson_cubeta_hagler_payne_2004, title={Infection and fumonisin production by Fusarium verticillioides in developing maize kernels}, volume={94}, ISSN={["0031-949X"]}, DOI={10.1094/PHYTO.2004.94.1.88}, abstractNote={Fusarium ear rot and fumonisin contamination are serious problems for maize growers, particularly in the southeastern United States. The lack of maize genotypes highly resistant to infection by Fusarium verticillioides or to fumonisin contamination emphasizes the need for management strategies to prevent contamination by this mycotoxin. Information on the initial appearance of infection and fumonisin contamination of kernels and their increase over time is needed to determine if early harvest may be an appropriate control strategy. Maize ears from replicated studies at two locations in eastern North Carolina were harvested weekly, starting 2 weeks after pollination and continuing for 14 weeks. The percentage of kernels infected with F. verticillioides and the fumonisin contamination in the harvested samples were determined. Kernel infection by F. verticillioides and fumonisin contamination appeared as kernels neared physiological maturity and increased up to the average harvest date for maize in North Carolina. Beyond this date, the concentrations of fumonisin fluctuated. Under years conducive for fumonisin contamination, early harvest (greater than 25% grain moisture) may help reduce the level of contamination.}, number={1}, journal={PHYTOPATHOLOGY}, author={Bush, BJ and Carson, ML and Cubeta, MA and Hagler, WM and Payne, GA}, year={2004}, month={Jan}, pages={88–93} }
 @article{whitlow_hagler_2004, title={Mycotoxins in feeds}, volume={76}, ISBN={0014-9624}, number={38}, journal={Feedstuffs}, author={Whitlow, L. W. and Hagler, W. M., Jr.}, year={2004}, pages={66} }
 @article{diaz_hagler_hopkins_whitlow_2003, title={Aflatoxin binders I: In vitro binding assay for aflatoxin B1 by several potential sequestering agents}, volume={156}, ISSN={["0301-486X"]}, DOI={10.1023/A:1023388321713}, number={3}, journal={MYCOPATHOLOGIA}, author={Diaz, DE and Hagler, WM and Hopkins, BA and Whitlow, LW}, year={2003}, pages={223–226} }
 @article{palencia_torres_hagler_meredith_williams_riley_2003, title={Total fumonisins are reduced in tortillas using the traditional nixtamalization method of mayan communities}, volume={133}, ISSN={["0022-3166"]}, DOI={10.1093/jn/133.10.3200}, abstractNote={Fumonisin B1 (FB1) is a maize mycotoxin. In tortilla preparation, maize is treated with lime (nixtamalization), producing hydrolyzed FB1 (HFB1) due to loss of the tricarballylic acid side chains. This study determined the following: 1) whether nixtamalization by Mayan communities reduces total fumonisins, and 2) the steps in the process at which reduction occurs. Tortillas prepared by the traditional process contained FB1, FB2 and FB3 and their hydrolyzed counterparts. There were equimolar amounts of FB1 and HFB1 in the tortillas, but the total fumonisins were reduced 50%. The total FB1 plus HFB1 in the residual lime water and water washes of the nixtamal accounted for 50% of the total FB1 in the uncooked maize. HFB1 and FB1 were present in a 1:1 mol/L ratio in the water washes of the nixtamal, the masa dough and the cooked tortillas, whereas the ratio of HFB1:FB1 in lime water after steeping was 21. Water washes contained 11% of the FB1 that was in the uncooked maize. The results show that the traditional method reduced the total fumonisins in tortillas and reduced the sphinganine elevation (a biomarker closely correlated with fumonisin toxicity) in cells treated with extracts of tortillas compared with cells treated with extracts of contaminated maize.}, number={10}, journal={JOURNAL OF NUTRITION}, author={Palencia, E and Torres, O and Hagler, W and Meredith, FI and Williams, LD and Riley, RT}, year={2003}, month={Oct}, pages={3200–3203} }
 @article{fremy_usleber_goto_hagler_hite_nowicki_shephard_van egmond_champenari_vindiola_2002, title={Committee on Natural Toxins and Food Allergens}, volume={85}, number={1}, journal={Journal of AOAC International}, author={Fremy, J. M. and Usleber, E. and Goto, T. and Hagler, W. M. and Hite, D. and Nowicki, T. and Shephard, G. S. and Van Egmond, H. P. and Champenari, A. M. and Vindiola, A.}, year={2002}, pages={281–284} }
 @article{whitlow_hagler_2002, title={Mycotoxins in feeds}, volume={74}, ISBN={0014-9624}, number={28}, journal={Feedstuffs}, author={Whitlow, L. W. and Hagler, W. M., Jr.}, year={2002}, pages={68} }
 @article{whitaker_hagler_giesbrecht_johansson_2002, title={Sampling wheat for deoxynivalenol}, ISBN={0306467801}, DOI={10.1007/978-1-4615-0629-4_8}, journal={Mycotoxins and food safety  (Advances in experimental medicine and biology; v. 504)}, publisher={New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers}, author={Whitaker, T. B. and Hagler, W. M. and Giesbrecht, F. G. and Johansson, A. S.}, editor={J. W. DeVries, M. W. Trucksess and Jackson, L. S.Editors}, year={2002}, pages={73–83} }
 @article{whitaker_hagler_johansson_giesbrecht_trucksess_2001, title={Distribution among sample test results when testing shelled corn lots for fumonisin}, volume={84}, number={3}, journal={Journal of AOAC International}, author={Whitaker, T. B. and Hagler, W. M. and Johansson, A. S. and Giesbrecht, F. G. and Trucksess, M. W.}, year={2001}, pages={770–776} }
 @article{walker_leath_hagler_murphy_2001, title={Variation among isolates of Fusarium graminearum associated with Fusarium head blight in North Carolina}, volume={85}, ISSN={["0191-2917"]}, DOI={10.1094/PDIS.2001.85.4.404}, abstractNote={Fusarium head blight (FHB) can reduce yield of wheat and decrease the value of harvested grain by accumulation of detrimental toxins. Understanding the variability of the fungal population associated with infection could improve disease control strategies. Sixty-six isolates of Fusarium graminearum associated with FHB were collected in North Carolina and tested for in vitro growth rate, in vitro production of deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone, and pathogenicity on three cultivars of soft red winter wheat. Significant differences among isolates were found for all three traits. Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis revealed high levels of genotypic diversity among isolates. Isolates of F. graminearum, F. culmorum, and F. avenaceum acquired from the Pennsylvania State University Fusarium Center were included for comparison in all tests. In vivo levels of DON were measured for the five isolates associated with the highest levels of disease and the five isolates associated with the lowest levels of disease, and no significant differences were found. However, all ten isolates produced detectable levels of DON in vivo. Mean disease ratings ranged from 3.4 to 96.4%, in vitro (DON) levels ranged from 0 to 7176.2 ppm, and zearalenone ranged from 0 to 354.7 ppm, among isolates. A multiple regression model using in vitro growth, in vitro DON, and zearalenone production, collection location, wheat cultivar of isolate origin, plot, tillage conditions, and previous crop as independent variables and percent blighted tissue as the dependent variable was developed. The cumulative R 2 value for the model equaled 0.27 with in vitro rate of growth making the largest contribution. Analysis of phenotype and genotype among isolates demonstrated diversity in a single plot, in a single location, and in North Carolina. Genotypic and phenotypic diversity were significant under both conventional and reduced tillage conditions, and diversity was high regardless of whether the previous crop had been a host or non-host for F. graminearum. These data indicate a variable pathogen population of F. graminearum exists in North Carolina, and members of this population can be both highly pathogenic on wheat and produce high levels of detrimental toxins, indicating a potential threat for problems with FHB within the state.}, number={4}, journal={PLANT DISEASE}, author={Walker, SL and Leath, S and Hagler, WM and Murphy, JP}, year={2001}, month={Apr}, pages={404–410} }
 @article{whitlow_diaz_hopkins_hagler_2000, title={Mycotoxins and milk safety: The potential to block transfer to milk}, ISBN={1897676751}, journal={Biotechnology in the feed industry. proceedings of Alltech's 16th Annual Symposium: the future of food}, publisher={Nottingham : Nottingham University Press}, author={Whitlow, L. W. and Diaz, D. E. and Hopkins, B. A. and Hagler, W. M., Jr.}, year={2000}, pages={391} }
 @article{whitaker_hagler_giesbrecht_johansson_2000, title={Sampling, sample preparation, and analytical variability associated with testing wheat for deoxynivalenol}, volume={83}, number={5}, journal={Journal of AOAC International}, author={Whitaker, T. B. and Hagler, W. M. and Giesbrecht, F. G. and Johansson, A. S.}, year={2000}, pages={1285–1292} }
 @article{johansson_whitaker_hagler_giesbrecht_young_bowman_2000, title={Testing shelled corn for aflatoxin, Part I: Estimation of variance components}, volume={83}, number={5}, journal={Journal of AOAC International}, author={Johansson, A. S. and Whitaker, T. B. and Hagler, W. M. and Giesbrecht, F. G. and Young, J. H. and Bowman, D. T.}, year={2000}, pages={1264–1269} }
 @article{johansson_whitaker_giesbrecht_hagler_young_2000, title={Testing shelled corn for aflatoxin, Part III: Evaluating the performance of aflatoxin sampling plans}, volume={83}, number={5}, journal={Journal of AOAC International}, author={Johansson, A. S. and Whitaker, T. B. and Giesbrecht, F. G. and Hagler, W. M. and Young, J. H.}, year={2000}, pages={1279–1284} }
 @article{woodall_dauterman_hagler_demarini_1999, title={Cytosol is required for the modulation by dietary casein of the hepatic microsomal activation of aflatoxin B1 to mutagenic metabolites detectable in Salmonella}, volume={14}, ISSN={["0267-8357"]}, DOI={10.1093/mutage/14.4.365}, abstractNote={We have shown previously that dietary protein (casein) levels can affect the ability of rat liver S9 to metabolize aflatoxin B1 (AFB) as well as other promutagens detectable in Salmonella strain TA98 [Mutat. Res. (1997), 360, 115–126 and 127–143]. The mutagenic potency of AFB was greatest when metabolized by the Aroclor 1254-induced hepatic S9 prepared from F344 male rats that consumed an isocaloric, semisynthetic diet for 6 weeks that contained an adequate (12%) level of methionine-supplemented casein as the sole protein source, compared with S9s from rats fed diets that contained nominally deficient (8%) or high (22%) levels of casein. Here we have extended this observation by performing (i) mutagenicity studies with microsomes, cytosols and reconstituted S9s (recombinations of microsomes and cytosols across dietary groups), and (ii) in vitro incubations followed by analysis of metabolites by fluorescence high-pressure liquid chromatography. Microsomes, but not cytosols, activated AFB; however, activation to the level observed with S9 occurred only when microsomes from the rats fed 12% casein were combined with cytosols from any dietary group. Consistent with the mutagenicity results, the greatest metabolism of the AFB parent compound and the highest level of the glutathione conjugate of the presumptively identified AFB-exo-8,9-epoxide (the ultimate mutagenic form of AFB) were produced by S9s from the rats fed the 12% casein diet. The levels of these metabolites and the mutagenicity of AFB changed in parallel with changes in dietary casein levels. In summary, cytosolic elements, which are not affected by dietary casein levels, interact with microsomal enzymes, which are modulated by dietary casein levels, to influence the ability of hepatic S9 to activate AFB to a mutagen.}, number={4}, journal={MUTAGENESIS}, author={Woodall, GM and Dauterman, WC and Hagler, WM and DeMarini, D}, year={1999}, month={Jul}, pages={365–373} }
 @article{whitaker_hagler_giesbrecht_1999, title={Performance of sampling plans to determine aflatoxin in farmers' stock peanut lots by measuring aflatoxin in high-risk- grade components}, volume={82}, number={2}, journal={Journal of AOAC International}, author={Whitaker, T. B. and Hagler, W. M. and Giesbrecht, F. G.}, year={1999}, pages={264–270} }
 @article{qureshi_brake_hamilton_hagler_nesheim_1998, title={Dietary exposure of broiler breeders to aflatoxin results in immune dysfunction in progeny chicks}, volume={77}, ISSN={["1525-3171"]}, DOI={10.1093/ps/77.6.812}, abstractNote={Broiler breeder hens were fed diets amended with 0 and 10 mg/kg (Trial 1) or 0, 0.2, 1, or 5 mg/kg (Trial 2) of aflatoxin (AF). Fertile eggs collected during 14 d of AF feeding were examined for AF residues. Various immunological endpoints were examined in chicks hatched from these eggs. Eggs collected at 7 d of AF feeding (Trial 1) had 0.15 to 0.48 ng/g of AFB1 and 0.22 to 0.51 ng/g of aflatoxicol, whereas eggs collected at 14 d of AF feeding had 0.05 to 0.60 ng of AFB1/g and 0.19 to 1.20 ng of aflatoxicol/g. In both trials, AF dietary exposure resulted in embryonic mortality and reduction in hatchability compared to controls. The AF progeny chicks in Trial 2 had total anti-SRBC antibodies similar to the controls during the primary antibody response. However, at 5 and 7 d after secondary SRBC injection, the antibody levels in the 1 and 5 mg/kg AF groups were lower than those of controls. Depression in anti-Brucella abortus antibodies occurred only in chicks from the 5 mg/kg AF group. Furthermore, phagocytosis of SRBC and reactive oxygen intermediate production by macrophages from AF progeny chicks were reduced as compared with the control chicks. The findings of this study imply that the progeny chicks from hens consuming a AF-amended diet may be increasingly susceptible to disease owing to suppression of humoral and cellular immunity.}, number={6}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Qureshi, MA and Brake, J and Hamilton, PB and Hagler, WM and Nesheim, S}, year={1998}, month={Jun}, pages={812–819} }
 @article{whitaker_hagler_giesbrecht_dorner_dowell_cole_1998, title={Estimating aflatoxin in farmers' stock peanut lots by measuring aflatoxin in various peanut-grade components}, volume={81}, number={1}, journal={Journal of AOAC International}, author={Whitaker, T. B. and Hagler, W. M. and Giesbrecht, F. G. and Dorner, J W. and Dowell, F. E. and Cole, R. J.}, year={1998}, pages={61–67} }
 @article{whitaker_trucksess_johansson_giesbrecht_hagler_bowman_1998, title={Variability associated with testing shelled corn for fumonisin}, volume={81}, number={6}, journal={Journal of AOAC International}, author={Whitaker, T. B. and Trucksess, M. W. and Johansson, A. S. and Giesbrecht, F. G. and Hagler, W. M. and Bowman, D. T.}, year={1998}, pages={1162–1168} }
 @article{kidd_qureshi_hagler_ali_1997, title={T-2 tetraol is cytotoxic to a chicken macrophage cell line}, volume={76}, ISSN={["0032-5791"]}, DOI={10.1093/ps/76.2.311}, abstractNote={Cytotoxic effects of T-2 tetraol, a T-2 toxin derivative, on the MQ-NCSU chicken macrophage cell line were quantified by direct in vitro exposure. Macrophage cultures were exposed to 1, 10, 20, 40, 80, 160, and 320 micrograms/mL of T-2 tetraol for 1 h. Macrophage viability after exposure to T-2 tetraol. Macrophage viability was reduced by increasing concentrations of T-2 tetraol (linear effect, P < or = 0.001; quadratic effect, P < or = 0.025). The ability of macrophages to adhere to glass surfaces was impaired by increasing concentrations of T-2 tetraol (linear effect, P < or = 0.003). This experiment demonstrates that T-2 tetraol is cytotoxic to chicken macrophages in vitro.}, number={2}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Kidd, MT and Qureshi, MA and Hagler, WM and Ali, R}, year={1997}, month={Feb}, pages={311–313} }
 @inproceedings{barnett_mowrey_hagler_bristol_mansmann_1995, title={The correlation of selected mycotoxins to the incidence of colic in horses}, booktitle={Proceedings of the fourteenth equine nutrition and physiology symposium.}, author={Barnett, D. T. and Mowrey, R. A. and Hagler, W. M. and Bristol, D. G. and Mansmann, R. A.}, year={1995}, pages={242–247} }
 @article{hagler_1991, title={Potential for detoxification of mycotoxin-contaminated commodities}, ISBN={0807116793}, journal={Mycotoxins, cancer, and health}, publisher={Baton Rouge : Louisiana State University Press}, author={Hagler, W. M., Jr.}, editor={G. A. Bray and Ryan, D. H.Editors}, year={1991}, pages={253} }
 @misc{croom_hagler_1989, title={Method of maintaining ruminants on high energy low fiber diet}, volume={4,857,534}, number={1989 Aug. 15}, publisher={Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office}, author={Croom, W. J. and Hagler, W. M.}, year={1989} }
 @inbook{hagler_croom_1989, title={Slaframine: occurrence, chemistry, and physiological activity}, ISBN={0849369908}, booktitle={Toxicants of plant origin.Volume I.Alkaloids}, publisher={Boca Raton, Fla.: CRC Press, Inc}, author={Hagler, W. M., Jr. and Croom, W. J., Jr.}, year={1989}, pages={257} }
 @misc{croom_hagler_1987, title={Method of maintaining ruminants on high energy low fiber diet}, volume={4,652,571}, number={1987 Mar. 24}, publisher={Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office}, author={Croom, W. J. and Hagler, W. M.}, year={1987} }
 @misc{croom_hagler_1987, title={Method of releasing growth hormones}, volume={4,647,567}, number={1987 Mar. 3}, publisher={Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office}, author={Croom, W. J. and Hagler, W. M.}, year={1987} }