@article{wolfram_2023, title={Addressing Linguistic Inequality in Higher Education: A Proactive Model}, volume={152}, ISSN={["1548-6192"]}, DOI={10.1162/daed_a_02016}, abstractNote={Abstract Although most institutions of higher education in the United States have now developed diversity, equity, and inclusion centers, programs, and initiatives, language equality tends to be excluded from the typical “canon of diversity.” Language remains an overlooked or dismissed issue in higher education while it insidiously serves as an active agent for promoting inequality in campus life. Based on two empirical studies, one of students from Southern Appalachia attending a large urban university in the South, and one of tenured faculty at the same university, I establish the need for the awareness of language inequality in higher education. I then describe a proactive “campus-infusion” program that includes activities and resources for student affairs, academic affairs, human resources, faculty affairs, and offices of institutional equity and diversity. As an interdisciplinary team from different administrative and disciplinary programs within the university, we used a variety of venues, resources, and techniques to educate the faculty, students, and staff about the significance of language inequality on campus that has had an ongoing effect on higher education.}, number={3}, journal={DAEDALUS}, author={Wolfram, Walt}, year={2023}, month={Aug}, pages={36–51} }
 @article{wolfram_hudley_valdes_2023, title={Language & Social Justice in the United States: An Introduction}, volume={152}, ISSN={["1548-6192"]}, DOI={10.1162/daed_e_02014}, abstractNote={In recent decades, the United States has witnessed a noteworthy escalation of academic responses to long-standing social and racial inequities in its society. In this process, research, advocacy, and programs supporting diversity and inclusion initiatives have grown. A set of themes and their relevant discourses have now developed in most programs related to diversity and inclusion; for example, current models are typically designed to include a range of groups, particularly reaching people by their race/ethnicity, sexual orientation, religious affiliation, gender, and other demographic categories. Unfortunately, one of the themes typically overlooked, dismissed, or even refuted as necessary is language. Furthermore, the role of language subordination in antiracist activities tends to be treated as a secondary factor under the rubric of culture. Many linguists, however, see language inequality as a central or even leading component related to all of the traditional themes included in diversity and inclusion strategies.1 In fact, writer and researcher Rosina Lippi-Green observes that “Discrimination based on language variation is so commonly accepted, so widely perceived as appropriate, that it must be seen as the last back door to discrimination. And the door stands wide open.”2Even academics, one of the groups that should be exposed to issues of comprehensive inclusion, have seemingly decided that language is a low-priority issue. As noted in a 2015 article in The Economist:As such, as the editors of this collection, we have commissioned thirteen essays that address specific issues of language inequality and discrimination, both in their own right and directly related to traditional themes of diversity and inclusion.Recent issues of Dædalus have addressed immigration, climate change, access to justice, inequality, and teaching in higher education, all of which relate to language in some way.4 The theme of the Summer 2022 issue is “The Humanities in American Life: Transforming the Relationship with the Public.” As an extension of that work, the essays in this volume focus on a humanistic social science approach to transforming our relationship with language both in the academy and at large.There is a growing inventory of research projects and written collections that consider issues of language and social justice, including dimensions such as raciolinguistics, linguistic profiling, multilingual education, gendered linguistics, and court cases that are linguistically informed. Those materials cover a comprehensive range of language issues related to social justice. The collection of essays in this Dædalus volume is unique in its breadth of coverage and extends from issues including linguistic profiling, raciolinguistics, and institutional linguicism to multilingualism, language teaching, migration, and climate change. The authors are experts in their respective areas of scholarship, who combine strong research records with extensive engagement in their topics of inquiry.The initial goal of this Dædalus issue is to demonstrate the vast array of social and political disparity manifested in language inequality, ranging from ecological conditions such as climate change, social conditions of interand intralanguage variation, and institutional policies that promulgate the notion and the stated practice of official languages and homogenized, monolithic norms of standardized language based on socially dominant speakers. These norms are socialized overtly and covertly into all sectors of society and often are adopted as consensus norms, even by those who are marginalized or stigmatized by these distinctions. As linguist Norman Fairclough notes in Language and Power, the exercise of power is most efficiently achieved through ideology-manufacturing consent instead of coercion.5 Practices that appear universal or common sense often originate in the dominant class, and these practices work to sustain an unequal power dynamic. Furthermore, there is power behind discourse because the social order of discourses is held together as a hidden effect of power, such as standardization and national/official languages, and power in discourse as strategies of discourse reflect asymmetrical power relations between interlocutors in sets of routines, such as address forms, interruptions, and a host of other conversational routines. In this context, the first step in addressing these linguistic inequalities is to raise awareness of their existence, since many operate as implicit bias rather than overt, explicit bias recognized by the public.Unfortunately, and somewhat ironically, higher education has been slow in this process; in fact, several essays in this collection show that higher education has been an active agent in the reproduction of linguistic inequality at the same time that it advocates for equality in many other realms of social structure.6 Two essays in particular explore underlying notions of standardization and the use of language in social presentation and argumentation. The essays also address language rights as a fundamental human right. In “Language Standardization & Linguistic Subordination,” Anne Curzan, Robin M. Queen, Kristin VanEyk, and Rachel Elizabeth Weissler discuss how ideologies about standardized language circulate in higher education, to the detriment of many students, and they include a range of suggestions and examples for how to center linguistic justice and equity within higher education.Curzan and coauthors give us an important overview of language standardization:In “Addressing Linguistic Inequality in Higher Education: A Proactive Model,” Walt Wolfram describes a proactive “campus-infusion” program that includes activities and resources for student affairs, academic affairs, human resources, faculty affairs, and offices of institutional equity and diversity. Wolfram's essay shows directly and specifically how academics aren't always the solution but, as a whole, are complicit in linguistic exclusion. He writes:The absence of systemic language considerations from most diversity and inclusion programs and their limited role in antiracist initiatives is a major concern for these programs, since language is a critical component for discrimination among the central themes in the extant canon of diversity. Language is an active agent in discrimination and cannot be overlooked or minimized in the process.Some of the essays in this volume of Dædalus address the sociopolitical dominance of a restricted set of languages and its impact on the lives of speakers of devalued languages. The authors of these essays consider the effects of climate, social, educational, legal, and political dissonance confronted by speakers of nondominant languages. They also show how the metaphors of “disappearance” and “loss” obscure the colonial processes responsible for the suppression of Indigenous languages. People who speak an estimated 90 percent of the world's languages have now been linguistically and culturally harmed due to the increasing dominance of a selected number of “world languages” and changes in the physical and topographical ecology. The authors describe the implications of this extensive language subjugation and endangerment and the consequences for the speakers of these languages. Both physical and social ecology are implicated in this threat to multitudes of languages in the world.Linguistics in general, and sociolinguistics in particular, has a significant history of engagement in issues of social inequality. From the educational controversies over the language adequacy of marginalized, racialized groups of speakers in the 1960s, as in linguist William Labov's A Study of Non-Standard English, to ideological challenges to multilingualism and the social and cultural impact of the devaluing of the world's languages, as described in the essays by Wesley Y. Leonard, Guadalupe Valdés, and Julia C. Fine, Jessica Love-Nichols, and Bernard C. Perley, the role of language is a prominent consideration in the actualization and dispensation of social justice.10In addition, this collection addresses areas of research that are complementary to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences’ 2017 report by the Commission on Language Learning, America's Languages: Investing in Language Education for the 21st Century.11 In spite of the long-term presence of the teaching of languages other than English in the American educational system, concern over “world language capacity” has surfaced periodically over a period of many years because of the perceived limitations in developing functional additional language proficiencies. The consensus view (as in Congressman Paul Simon's 1980 report The Tongue-Tied American) has been that foreign/world language study in U.S. schools is generally unsuccessful, that Americans are poor language learners, and that focused attention must be given to the national defense implications of these language limitations.12 In the 2017 Language Commission report, foreign/world language study is presented as 1) critical to success in business, research, and international relations in the twenty-first century and 2) a contributing factor to “improved learning outcomes in other subjects, enhanced cognitive ability, and the development of empathy and effective interpretive skills.”13The Academy's report presents information about languages spoken at home by U.S. residents (76.7 percent English, 12.6 percent Spanish). It also includes a graphic illustrating the prevalence of thirteen other languages (including Chinese, Hindi, Filipino and Tagalog, and Vietnamese) commonly spoken by 0.13 percent to 0.2 percent of the population, as well as a category identified as all other languages (a small category comprising 2.2 percent of residents of the United States).14 The report focuses on languages - rather than speakers-and recommends: 1) new activities that will increase the number of language teachers, 2) expanded efforts that can supplement language instruction across the education system, and 3) more opportunities for students to experience and immerse themselves in “languages as they are used in everyday interactions and across all segments of society.” It also specifically mentions needed support for heritage languages so these languages can “persist from one generation to the next,” and for targeted programming for Native American languages.15While it effectively interrupted the monolingual, English-only ideologies that permeate ideas on language in the United States, the conceptualization of language undergirding the report needs to be greatly expanded. The report focuses on developing expertise in additional language acquisition as the product of deliberative study. For example, in the case of heritage languages (defined as those non-English languages spoken by residents of the United States), the report highlights efforts such as the Seal of Biliteracy. Through this effort (now endorsed by many states around the country), high school students who complete a sequence of established language classes and pass a state-approved language assessment can obtain an official Seal of Biliteracy endorsement. Unfortunately, the series of courses and the assessments required to obtain the Seal are only available in a limited number of languages. The report mentions other efforts, including dual language immersion programs, yet it does not recognize family- and community-gained bilingualism and biliteracy. Notably, the report specifically laments what are viewed as limited literacy abilities of heritage language speakers and recommends making available curricula specially designed for heritage language learners and Native American languages.The view of language that the report is based on is a narrow one and does not represent the linguistic realities of the majority of bilingual and multilingual students. In her contribution to this volume, “Social Justice Challenges of ‘Teaching’ Languages,” Guadalupe Valdés “specifically problematize[s] language instruction as it takes place in classroom settings and the impact of what I term the curricularization of language as it is experienced by Latinx students who ‘study’ language qua language in instructed situations.”16 Valdés shows us how these specific issues play out in what is typically viewed as the neutral “teaching” of languages. She writes that challenges toIn “Refusing ‘Endangered Languages’ Narratives,” Wesley Y. Leonard draws from his experiences as a member of a Native American community whose language was wrongly labeled “extinct”:Leonard encourages us to directly refute “dominant endangered languages narratives” and replace the focus on the actors of harm in Indigenous communities with a focus on the creativity and resolve of native scholars working to revitalize native language and culture. As he states, the “ultimate goal of this essay is to promote a praxis of social justice by showing how language shift occurs largely as a result of injustices, and by offering possible interventions.”19In “Climate & Language: An Entangled Crisis,” Julia C. Fine, Jessica Love-Nichols, and Bernard C. PerleyFine, Love-Nichols, and Perley present models of how language and climate are intertwined. They write, “Scholars and activists have documented the intersections of climate change and language endangerment, with special focus paid to their compounding consequences.” The authors “consider the relationship between language and environmental ideologies, synthesizing previous research on how metaphors and communicative norms in Indigenous and colonial languages influence environmental beliefs and actions.”21The essays in this volume profile a wide range of language issues related to social justice, from everyday hegemonic comments to legislative policies and courtroom testimony that depend on language reliability and the linguistic credibility of witnesses who do not communicate in a mainstream American English variety. In 1972, the president of the Linguistic Society of America, Dwight Bolinger, gave his presidential address titled “Truth is a Linguistic Question” as a forewarning of the linguistic accountability of public reporting of national events. In his other work, he describes language as “a loaded weapon.” Through these essays, we find both concepts to be true.22Over recent decades, the field of linguistics has developed a robust specialization in areas that pay primary attention to the application of a full range of legal and nonlegal verbal, digital, and document communication that is at the heart of equitable communication strategies. Language variation is also a highly politicized behavior, extending from the construct of a “standardized language” considered essential for writing and speaking to the use of language in negotiating the administration of social and political justice. The essays on linguistic variation and sociopolitical ideology, by Curzan and coauthors, Jonathan Rosa and Nelson Flores, and H. Samy Alim, examine both the ideological underpinnings of consensual constructs such as “standard” versus “nonmainstream” and their use in the political process of persuasion and sociopolitical implementation.23 The authors in this section address key issues of language variation and language discrimination that demonstrate the vitality of language in issues of social justice, both independent of and related to other attributes of social justice. This model includes standardization in media platforms, as described in Rosa and Flores's essay, demonstrating the systemic othering of those who do not speak this variety as their default dialect.In “Rethinking Language Barriers & Social Justice from a Raciolinguistic Perspective,” Rosa and Flores show how “the trope of language barriers and the toppling thereof is widely resonant as a reference point for societal progress.”Rosa and Flores present and update their raciolinguistics model in current spaces where race meets technology. With this emerging technology as a reference point, they demonstrate why “it is crucial to reconsider the logics that inform contemporary digital accent-modification platforms and the broader ways that purportedly benevolent efforts to help marked subjects modify their language practices become institutionalized as assimilationist projects masquerading as assistance.” They also note that disability has always been part of the story-and needs to be brought back to light-sharing that Mabel Hubbard and Ma Bell, who were both influential on modern linguistic technology, were deaf women.25In “Black Womanhood: Raciolinguistic Intersections of Gender, Sexuality & Social Status in the Aftermaths of Colonization,” Aris Moreno Clemons and Jessica A. Grieser “call for an exploration of social life that considers the raciolinguistic intersections of gender, sexuality, and social class as part and parcel of overarching social formations.” They center the Black woman as the prototypical Other, her condition being interpreted neither by conventions of race nor gender. As such, we take “Black womanhood as the point of departure for a description of the necessary intersecting and variable analyses of social life.” Clemons and Greiser “interrogate the intersections of gender, sexuality, and social status, focusing on the experiences of Black women who fit into and lie at the margins of these categories.”They highlight the work of semiotician Krystal A. Smalls, who “reveals a model for how interdisciplinary reading across fields such as Black feminist studies, Black anthropology, Black geographies, and Black linguistics can result in expansive and inclusive worldmaking.”26In “Asian American Racialization & Model Minority Logics in Linguistics,” Joyhanna Yoo, Cheryl Lee, Andrew Cheng, and Anusha Ànand “consider historical and contemporary racializing tactics with respect to Asians and Asian Americans.” Such racializing tactics, which they call model minority logics,The authors consider the often-overlooked linguistic experiences of Asian Americans in linguistics and show how “ideological positioning of Asian Americans as “honorary whites” is based on selective and heavily skewed images of Asian American economic and educational achievements that circulate across institutional and dominant media channels.”28In “Inventing ‘the White Voice’: Racial Capitalism, Raciolinguistics & Culturally Sustaining Pedagogies,” H. Samy Alim exploresAlim digs deep into models of aspirational whiteness in Sorry to Bother You and shows how it goes past the mark. In the script, Boots states, “It's not really a white voice. It's what they wish they sounded like. So, it's like, what they think they're supposed to sound like.” All of the authors in this section examine varied kinds of intervention strategies and programs in institutional education and social action that can raise awareness of and help to ameliorate linguistic subordination and sociolinguistic inequality in American society.From our perspective, it is not sufficient to raise awareness and describe linguistic inequality without attempting to confront and ameliorate that inequality. Thus, our third and final set of papers by John Baugh, Sharese King and John R. Rickford, and Norma Mendoza-Denton offer legal and policy alternatives that implement activities and programs that directly confront issues of institutional inequality. As linguist Jan Blommaert puts it, “we need an activist attitude, one in which the battle for power-through-knowledge is engaged, in which knowledge is activated as a key instrument for the liberation of people, and as a central tool underpinning any effort to arrive at a more just and equitable society.”30 Our authors illustrate the communicative processes involved when we use our human capacity for language to work toward justice.In “Linguistic Profiling across International Geopolitical Landscapes,” Baugh “explore[s] various forms of linguistic profiling throughout the world, culminating with observations intended to promote linguistic human rights and the aspirational goal of equality among people who do not share common sociolinguistic backgrounds.”31 Baugh extends his previous work on linguistic profiling into the international geopolitical landscape and notes, in countries that have them, the role that language academies play in reinforcing narrow norms, showing how those practices relate to practices in countries where these processes are more organic and situated in the educational systems.In “Language on Trial,” King and Rickford draw on their case study of the testimony of Rachel Jeantel, a close friend of Trayvon Martin, in the 2013 trial of George Zimmerman v. The State of Florida.32 They show that despite being an ear-witness (by cell phone) to all but the final minutes of Zimmerman's interaction with Trayvon, and despite testifying for nearly six hours about it, her testimony was dismissed in jury deliberations. “Through a linguistic analysis of Jeantel's speech, comments from a juror, and a broader contextualization of stigmatized speech forms and linguistic styles,” they show that “lack of acknowledgment of dialectal variation has harmful social and legal consequences for speakers of stigmatized dialects.”33 Their work complements legal scholar D. James Greiner's essay on empiricism in law, from a previous volume of Dædalus, to show how empirical linguistic analysis should be included in such models.34 As King and Rickford state:In “Currents of Innuendo Converge on an American Path to Political Hate,” Norma Mendoza-Denton shows that politicians’ “innuendo such as enthymemes, sarcasm, and dog whistles” gave us “an early warning about the type of relationship that has now obtained between Christianity and politics, and specifically the rise of Christian Nationalism as facilitated by President Donald Trump.” She demonstrates that “two currents of indirectness in American politics, one religious and the other racial, have converged like tributaries leading to a larger body of water.”36Anne H. Charity Hudley concludes the collection with “Liberatory Linguistics,” offering the model as “a productive, unifying framework for the scholarship that will advance strategies for attaining linguistic justice […] [e]merging from the synthesis of various lived experiences, academic traditions, and methodological approaches.” She highlights promising strategies from her work with Black undergraduates, graduate students, postdoctoral scholars, and faculty members as they endeavor to embed a justice framework throughout the study of language broadly conceived that can “improve current approaches to engaging with structural realities that impede linguistic justice.”37 Charity Hudley ends by noting how this set of essays is in conversation with the 2022 Annual Review of Applied Linguistics on social justice in applied linguistics, and the forthcoming Oxford volumes Decolonizing Linguistics and Inclusion in Linguistics, which “set frameworks for the professional growth of those who study language and create direct roadmaps for scholars to establish innovative agendas for integrating their teaching and research and outreach in ways that will transform linguistic theory and practice for years to come.”38As our summaries suggest, this collection of essays is diverse and comprehensive, representing a range of situations and conditions calling for justice in language. We hope these essays, along with other publications on this topic, broaden the conversations across higher education on language and justice. We are extremely grateful to the authors who have shared their knowledge, research, advocacy, and perspectives in such lucid, accessible presentations.}, number={3}, journal={DAEDALUS}, author={Wolfram, Walt and Hudley, Anne H. Charity and Valdes, Guadalupe}, year={2023}, month={Aug}, pages={5–17} }
 @misc{wolfram_2023, title={The potential of sociolinguistic impact: Lessons from the first 50 years}, volume={17}, ISSN={["1749-818X"]}, DOI={10.1111/lnc3.12487}, abstractNote={Along with its focus on foundational research, one of the enduring concerns of variationist sociolinguistics over the past half-century has been a tradition of application and engagement. As research paradigms have developed in variation studies, so have traditions of engagement with issues of social and educational language equality. In the formative era of the field, the primary concern of engagement was one in which sociolinguists took a strong, united stance on language variation as simply ‘different’ rather than ‘deficient’. This stance has had a strong impact on language assessment in determining language normalcy in early child development and beyond. In the period of ‘proactive engagement’, sociolinguists aligned with technological development, producing sociolinguistic audiovisual materials, physical and digital museums, social media, and other venues for raising language awareness consonant with the age of digitisation. The current period of raciolinguistics examines more critical, systemic issues of colonialism and structural racism confronting the field, ranging from the significant under-representation of minority scholars in sociolinguistics to confronting sociolinguistic inequality in institutions of higher learning where most sociolinguists reside. The essay further addresses the devaluation of engagement in the academic meritocracy, despite recent attempts to legitimise engaged research, arguing that engagement provides social meaning and personal gratification for the professional sociolinguist.}, number={4}, journal={LANGUAGE AND LINGUISTICS COMPASS}, author={Wolfram, Walt}, year={2023}, month={Aug} }
 @article{bissell_wolfram_2022, title={OPPOSITIONAL IDENTITY AND BACK-VOWEL FRONTING IN A TRIETHNIC CONTEXT: THE CASE OF LUMBEE ENGLISH}, volume={97}, ISSN={["1527-2133"]}, DOI={10.1215/00031283-9116251}, abstractNote={This study considers the dynamic trajectory of the back-vowel fronting of the BOOT and BOAT vowels for 27 speakers in a unique, longstanding context of a substantive, tri-ethnic contact situation involving American Indians, European Americans, and African Americans over three disparate generations in Robeson County, North Carolina. The results indicate that the earlier status of Lumbee English fronting united them with the African American vowel system, particularly for the BOOT vowel, but that more recent generations have shifted towards alignment with European American speakers. Given the biracial Southeastern U.S. that historically identified Lumbee Indians as “free persons of color” and the persistent skepticism about the Lumbee Indians as merely a mixed group of European Americans and African Americans, the movement away from the African American pattern towards the European American pattern was interpreted as a case of oppositional identity in which Lumbee Indians disassociate themselves from African American vowel norms in subtle but socially meaningful ways.}, number={1}, journal={AMERICAN SPEECH}, author={Bissell, Marie and Wolfram, Walt}, year={2022}, month={Feb}, pages={51–68} }
 @article{wolfram_2021, title={REMEMBERING RON BUTTERS, 1940-2021: AMERICAN SPEECH AND THE AMERIC AN DIALECT SOCIETY}, volume={96}, ISSN={["1527-2133"]}, DOI={10.1215/00031283-9370864}, number={3}, journal={AMERICAN SPEECH}, author={Wolfram, Walt}, year={2021}, month={Aug}, pages={295–296} }
 @article{wolfram_bissell_2021, title={Stability and change in native American Indian English: the case of Lumbee English in North Carolina}, volume={52}, ISSN={["1982-7830"]}, DOI={10.18309/ranpoll.v52iesp.1586}, abstractNote={Esta descrição considera a variedade do inglês dos índios Lumbee da Carolina do Norte, o maior grupo de Índios Americanos Nativos a leste do Rio Mississippi. Eles perderam sua língua ancestral gerações atrás e viveram em um contexto rural relativamente estável, triétnico e isolado por várias gerações com afro-americanos e europeus americanos. Examinamos duas estruturas morfossintáticas proeminentes, o uso de perfective I'm em I'm a there e a remorfologização de was e were baseadas na polaridade (por exemplo, It weren’t me, e they was here) e um processo fonético menos saliente, a anteriorização da vogal BOOT. As estruturas morfossintáticas indicam traços de uma variedade remanescente regionalizada que diferenciam o Lumbee de suas variedades de grupo. O traço fonético, no entanto, mostra mudanças ao longo das gerações recentes à medida que o Lumbee passa de um alinhamento com Afro-Americanos para um com os Europeus Americanos. Explicamos o realinhamento do traço fonético para longe da Língua Afro-Americana em termos de uma identidade de oposição, na qual o Lumbee mantém sua distinção como um grupo etnolinguístico que não é Afro-Americano nem Europeu-Americano, mas especialmente não é Afro-Americano.}, number={SI}, journal={REVISTA DA ANPOLL}, author={Wolfram, Walt and Bissell, Marie}, year={2021}, pages={82–102} }
 @article{smith_wolfram_cullinan_2020, title={SIGNING BLACK IN AMERICA: THE STORY OF BLACK AMERICAN SIGN LANGUAGE}, volume={95}, ISSN={["1527-2133"]}, DOI={10.1215/00031283-8501401}, number={2}, journal={AMERICAN SPEECH}, author={Smith, Alison and Wolfram, Walt and Cullinan, Danica}, year={2020}, month={May}, pages={253–260} }
 @article{forrest_wolfram_2019, title={THE STATUS OF (ING) IN AFRICAN AMERICAN LANGUAGE: A QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF SOCIAL FACTORS AND INTERNAL CONSTRAINTS}, volume={94}, ISSN={["1527-2133"]}, DOI={10.1215/00031283-7308049}, abstractNote={This article examines variability in the social factors and internal linguistic constraints on (ING) in African American Language (AAL) based on a comparison of the two Corpus of Regional African American Language (CORAAL) components from Washington, D.C., CORAAL:DCA (recorded 1968–69) and CORAAL:DCB (recorded 2015–17). It also compares DCA with an early study of (ING) in Detroit in 1968. The analysis indicates important differences in how social factors correlate with (ING) over both space and time, as socioeconomic status and gender show differential intersections that distinguish the earlier AAL sample from Washington, D.C., from a comparable AAL sample from Detroit, as well as the D.C. sample a half-century later. Internal constraints from the current CORAAL study tend to align with those indicted in other studies, but some minor constraint effects indicate structural diversity. The comparative results point to a more nuanced understanding of the features that characterize AAL over time and place as well as a more informed perspective on how (ING) functions as a general sociolinguistic variable.}, number={1}, journal={AMERICAN SPEECH}, author={Forrest, Jon and Wolfram, Walt}, year={2019}, month={Feb}, pages={72–90} }
 @article{wolfram_waldorf_2019, title={Talking Black in America The role of the documentary in public education}, volume={35}, ISSN={["1474-0567"]}, DOI={10.1017/S0266078418000500}, abstractNote={African American Language (AAL) is the most widely recognized – and controversial – ethnic variety of English in the world. In the United States national controversies about the speech of African Americans have erupted periodically for more than a half-century now, from the difference-deficit debates in the 1960s (Labov, 1972) to the Ebonics controversy in the 1990s (Rickford, 1999) and linguistic profiling in the 2000s (Baugh, 2003, 2018). Further, the adoption of performance genres from AAL into languages other than English, such as hip-hop and rap, has given the speech of African Americans even wider international recognition and global status (Omoniyi, 2006). The curiosities and controversies about African American speech symbolically reveal (1) the depth of people's beliefs and opinions about language differences; (2) the widespread level of public misinformation about language diversity; and (3) the need for informed knowledge about language variation in public life and in education.}, number={1}, journal={ENGLISH TODAY}, author={Wolfram, Walt and Waldorf, Kellynoel}, year={2019}, month={Mar}, pages={3–13} }
 @book{myrick_wolfram_2019, place={Sheffield, South Yorkshire ; Bristol, CT}, title={The five-minute linguist : bite-sized essays on language and languages /}, publisher={Equinox Publishing Ltd}, year={2019} }
 @article{wolfram_2018, title={CHANGING ETHNOLINGUISTIC PERCEPTIONS IN THE SOUTH}, volume={93}, ISSN={["1527-2133"]}, DOI={10.1215/00031283-7271228}, abstractNote={The American South has undergone unprecedented change over the last half century, including the dynamics of ethnic group configuration and ethnolinguistic variation. This article considers symbolic dimensions of language and ethnicity representing three different types of ethnic group situations in the South. Two of the situations, involving Native American Indians and African Americans, represent long-standing ethnic contact situations that are being reconfigured over time and place in the American South; the third situation involves an emerging ethnolinguistic variety related to the more recent influx of large numbers of immigrants from Mexico and Central America. Demographic, economic, social, and cultural-ideological variables come into play in each case, but the relative contribution of these factors varies for different situations. It is further essential to recognize the intersection of sociohistorical and sociopsychological factors with the dynamics of linguistic structures and properties that has led to different outcomes in the ethnolinguistic configuration of various groups. Though the moniker “New South” may be applicable to the contemporary configuration of language and ethnicity compared with the past, we demonstrate how each situation is also unique and complex in its own right.}, number={3-4}, journal={AMERICAN SPEECH}, author={Wolfram, Walt}, year={2018}, month={Aug}, pages={344–373} }
 @article{wolfram_2018, title={The (in)significance of facts in sociolinguistic engagement}, volume={47}, ISSN={0047-4045 1469-8013}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0047404518000325}, DOI={10.1017/S0047404518000325}, abstractNote={Critical reflexivity seems expedient in a robust, burgeoning field such as sociolinguistics. Assumptions, principles, and approaches nurture implicit and explicit disciplinary canonization based on our cognitive framing and background experience—and these tenets deserve to be scrutinized judiciously. In fact, I have to admit that some of my own research unwittingly contributed to the construction of a set of ‘sociolinguistic myths’ about the development and status of African American Language (Wolfram 2007) as well as some questionable assumptions about the nature of social engagement (Wolfram 1998; Wolfram, Reaser, & Vaughn 2008). I therefore welcome this critique of the principle of error correction as a theory underlying social change. The study of language in its social context is historically embedded in an ideological struggle that pits ‘popular beliefs’ against ‘expert authority’, thus making it vulnerable to overstatement and overgeneralization—by the sociolinguistic intelligentsia as well as those speaking for popular culture.}, number={3}, journal={Language in Society}, publisher={Cambridge University Press (CUP)}, author={Wolfram, Walt}, year={2018}, month={Jun}, pages={374–377} }
 @article{dunstan_eads_jaeger_wolfram_2018, title={The Importance of Graduate Student Engagement in a Campus Language Diversity Initiative}, volume={46}, ISSN={["1552-5457"]}, DOI={10.1177/0075424218783446}, abstractNote={In 2012, North Carolina State University launched a campus-wide linguistic diversity program, “Educating the Educated,” with a goal of engaging the campus community about language as a key element of diversity and increasing general knowledge of language and dialect differences. The program has successfully grown over the past several years since its launch, in large part due to the leadership efforts of the program’s student ambassadors. Student ambassadors are involved in peer education on campus, seek out opportunities to engage the campus and local communities, and develop partnerships on campus with existing organizations to enhance diversity education efforts with the inclusion of language diversity. A majority of these student ambassadors are graduate students in the linguistics Masters program. In this paper, we discuss the importance of the student ambassadors to the success of the program in terms of their contributions and advancement of program objectives. We also highlight the importance of graduate students being engaged on their campus, drawing from higher education research literature on graduate student engagement and the critical role it plays in academic and professional development.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF ENGLISH LINGUISTICS}, author={Dunstan, Stephany Brett and Eads, Amanda and Jaeger, Audrey J. and Wolfram, Walt}, year={2018}, month={Sep}, pages={215–228} }
 @article{wolfram_rick_forrest_fox_2016, title={THE SIGNIFICANCE OF LINGUISTIC VARIATION IN THE SPEECHES OF REV. DR. MARTIN LUTHER KING JR.}, volume={91}, ISSN={["1527-2133"]}, DOI={10.1215/00031283-3701015}, number={3}, journal={AMERICAN SPEECH}, author={Wolfram, Walt and Rick, Caroline My and Forrest, Jon and Fox, Michael J.}, year={2016}, month={Aug}, pages={269–300} }
 @article{dunstan_wolfram_jaeger_crandall_2015, title={EDUCATING THE EDUCATED: LANGUAGE DIVERSITY IN THE UNIVERSITY BACKYARD}, volume={90}, ISSN={["1527-2133"]}, DOI={10.1215/00031283-3130368}, number={2}, journal={AMERICAN SPEECH}, author={Dunstan, Stephany Brett and Wolfram, Walt and Jaeger, Andrey J. and Crandall, Rebecca E.}, year={2015}, month={May}, pages={266–280} }
 @book{wolfram_2014, title={Talkin' tar heel: How our voices tell the story of North Carolina}, publisher={Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press}, author={Wolfram, W.}, year={2014} }
 @article{wolfram_2012, title={In the Profession: Connecting with the Public}, volume={40}, ISSN={["0075-4242"]}, DOI={10.1177/0075424211428269}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF ENGLISH LINGUISTICS}, author={Wolfram, Walt}, year={2012}, month={Mar}, pages={111–117} }
 @misc{wolfram_2011, title={Investigating variation: The effects of social organization and social setting.}, volume={87}, DOI={10.1353/lan.2011.0093}, abstractNote={Reviewed by: Investigating variation: The effects of social organization and social setting Walt Wolfram Investigating variation: The effects of social organization and social setting. By Nancy C. Dorian. New York: Oxford University Press, 2010. Pp. xxii, 350. ISBN 9780195385922. $49.95. Since 1963, when she uncovered Scottish Gaelic while conducting fieldwork for the Linguistic Survey of Scotland, Nancy Dorian has dedicated her research life to the study of language variation and language shift in the East Southerland villages of Brora, Golspie, and Embo. Almost a half-century of study has led to an impressive portfolio of published papers and books on these communities. Previous books provided a general description of varieties of Gaelic (Dorian 1978), the investigation of language death (Dorian 1981), and an oral history of East Sutherland fisherfolk (Dorian 1985); and a series of articles (e.g. Dorian 1973, 1980, 1994) have dealt with the issue of ‘personal-patterned variation’ versus group-based language variation. The sociolinguistic perspective offered by her long-term research involvement is unparalleled. Accordingly, her description, observations, and explanations of language variation warrant the full attention of variationists and sociolinguistics, as well as the general field of linguistics. The central issue in this study, the status of individually based vis-à-vis socially constrained language variation, has been at the heart of variation studies since its inception. Unfortunately, the controversy has sometimes been idealized into polarized caricatures in which the individual is set in opposition to the social group, an opposition that does not serve the delicate interaction between the individual and the group that should inform our genuine understanding of language variation. As D notes at the outset of her study, ‘Two equally interesting questions are at the heart of the book: how an extraordinary degree of idiosyncratic linguistic variation can coexist with an extraordinarily homogenous speaker population, and how linguists might overlook the possibility [End Page 904] of their coexistence’ (3). The first question is an observational-descriptive one that challenges a ‘common-sense’ understanding of sociolinguistic variation, namely, that small, socially homogeneous communities would be characterized by relative linguistic uniformity. Empirically, however, this simply is not the case, and some of our own studies of small, historically isolated, socioeconomically uniform communities (Wolfram & Beckett 2000, Wolfram & Thomas 2002) certainly reinforce D’s observations about ‘the high degree of unweighted idiosyncratic linguistic variation’ (11) often found in these communities. The second question is an ideological one since D claims that variationists have often failed to acknowledge the legitimacy of personally based language variation by theoretically and operationally following Labov’s (2001:34) observation that ‘the individual does not exist as a linguistic object’. D notes that ‘the methodological traditions that shape our investigative traditions…can block for longer or shorter periods our perception of certain phenomena or, if they register with us, our inclination to engage with them’ (11). Such is the case with respect to personal-based language variation. The introductory chapter (Ch. 1, ‘The variation puzzle’) lays out the kinds of expectations that D originally had for linking language variation with social meaning, including social and ethnic differentiation, language proficiency, geography, age, gender, style, and so forth. Following a sociohistorical and ethnographic description that situates the East Sutherland fishing communities and the possible connections of social grouping and language variation (Ch. 3, ‘The East Sutherland fishing communities’), D proceeds to the description of some illustrative examples of geographic, age, proficiency, and style-related variation in these communities (Ch. 4, ‘Dimensions of linguistic variation in a socioeconomically homogeneous population’). For the village of Embo, a comprehensive set of variables is examined in detail (Ch. 5, ‘A close look at some Embo variables and their use’), with more than twenty-five tables of fluctuating variant usage for each of the subjects. The descriptive approach presents fluctuating variants in their rawest form, cataloguing from two to five variants for each variable for each speaker. This format offers exceptional transparency of fluctuating variants at their most basic operational level; it also exposes some of the essential methodological, analytical, and descriptive issues in analyzing variation, where the potential occurrence of variables may vary drastically from variable to variable and from speaker to speaker. One of the immediate...}, number={4}, journal={Language}, author={Wolfram, W.}, year={2011}, pages={904–908} }
 @article{van hofwegen_wolfram_2010, title={Coming of age in African American English: A longitudinal study}, volume={14}, ISSN={["1360-6441"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1467-9841.2010.00452.x}, abstractNote={This study examines trajectories of development in the use of African American English (AAE) for 32 speakers through the first 17 years of their lives based on a unique, longitudinal database. Temporal data points in the analysis include 48 months, Grade 1 (about age 6), Grade 4 (about age 9), Grade 6 (about age 11), Grade 8 (about age 13), and Grade 10 (about age 15). Complementary methods of analysis for assessing AAE include a token-based Dialect Density Measure (DDM), a type-based vernacular diversity index, and frequency-based variation analysis. The study reveals different trajectories and peak periods for the use of AAE, including a ‘roller coaster’ and a curvilinear trajectory; at the same time, there is a common dip among speakers in the overall use of vernacular AAE from Grade 1 through Grade 4. Examination of a selective set of demographic and self-regard measures shows no significant differences for gender, school racial density, racial peer contacts, and measures of Afro-centrality, but does show a significant correlation between mothers’ and child use of AAE as well as age/grade.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF SOCIOLINGUISTICS}, author={Van Hofwegen, Janneke and Wolfram, Walt}, year={2010}, month={Sep}, pages={427–455} }
 @book{engagement_2010, title={Integrating learning, discovery, and engagement through the scholarship of engagement}, journal={Technical Report- Not held in TRLN member libraries}, institution={Raleigh, NC: NCSU Office of Extension, Engagement, and Economic Development}, author={Engagement, Task Force}, year={2010} }
 @article{kendall_wolfram_2009, title={Local and External Language Standards in African American English}, volume={37}, ISSN={["1552-5457"]}, DOI={10.1177/0075424209339281}, abstractNote={This investigation attempts to determine the social distribution and contextual shifting of African American English (AAE) within rural Southern African American communities. The study compares selective diagnostic AAE variables and features of speech rate and pause in the speech of three recognized sociopolitical leaders in public presentations and sociolinguistic interviews. The results show that there are not significant shifts in the use of AAE from the sociolinguistic interview to the public presentation settings and that leaders do not necessarily align their speech with their age and sex cohorts in terms of vernacular AAE usage. The authors conclude that the relative autonomy of the community, its endocentric versus exocentric orientation, the primary public service constituency of the leader, the different social affiliations and divisions within the community, the speaker’s personal background and history, and the socialized demands and expectations for public presentation are all factors in understanding the leaders’ use of local vernacular and mainstream standard variants.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF ENGLISH LINGUISTICS}, author={Kendall, Tyler and Wolfram, Walt}, year={2009}, month={Dec}, pages={305–330} }
 @book{produced_neal hutcheson_producer_2008, title={The Carolina brogue}, publisher={[Raleigh, NC]: North Carolina Language and Life Project,|cc2008}, author={produced and Neal Hutcheson and producer, Walt Wolfram}, year={2008} }
 @book{wolfram_schilling-estes_2006, title={American English: Dialects and variation}, ISBN={1405112654}, journal={(Language in society (Oxford, England); 25)}, publisher={Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishers}, author={Wolfram, W. and Schilling-Estes, N.}, year={2006} }
 @book{american voices: how dialects differ from coast to coast_2006, ISBN={1405121084}, publisher={Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing}, year={2006} }
 @inbook{wolfram_2006, title={Dialect in danger (Outer Banks, NC)}, ISBN={1405121084}, booktitle={American voices: How dialects differ from coast to coast}, publisher={Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing}, author={Wolfram, W.}, editor={W. Wolfram and Ward, B.Editors}, year={2006} }
 @inbook{wolfram_2006, title={From the brickhouse to the swamp (Lumbee vernacular English)}, ISBN={1405121084}, booktitle={American voices: How dialects differ from coast to coast}, publisher={Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing}, author={Wolfram, W.}, editor={W. Wolfram and Ward, B.Editors}, year={2006} }
 @inbook{wolfram_2006, title={Islands of diversity (Bahamas)}, ISBN={1405121084}, booktitle={American voices: How dialects differ from coast to coast}, publisher={Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing}, author={Wolfram, W.}, editor={W. Wolfram and Ward, B.Editors}, year={2006} }
 @inbook{wolfram_schilling-estes_2006, title={Language evolution or dying traditions?: The state of American dialects}, ISBN={1405121084}, booktitle={American voices: How dialects differ from coast to coast}, publisher={Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing}, author={Wolfram, W. and Schilling-Estes, N.}, editor={W. Wolfram and Ward, B.Editors}, year={2006} }
 @book{hutcheson_wolfram_2005, title={Queen family [videorecording]: Appalachian tradition & back porch music}, publisher={Raleigh, NC: North Carolina State University Humanities Extension}, author={Hutcheson, N. and Wolfram, W.}, year={2005} }
 @article{wolfram_carter_moriello_2004, title={Emerging Hispanic English: New dialect formation in the American South}, volume={8}, ISSN={["1467-9841"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1467-9841.2004.00264.x}, abstractNote={Although stable Hispanic populations have existed in some regions of the United States for centuries, other regions, including the mid-Atlantic South, are just experiencing the emergence of permanent Hispanic communities. This situation offers an ideal opportunity to examine the dynamics of new dialect formation in progress, and the extent to which speakers acquire local dialect traits as they learn English as a second language. We focus on the production of the /ai/ diphthong among adolescents in two emerging Hispanic communities, one in an urban and one in a rural context. Though both English and Spanish have the diphthong /ai/, the Southern regional variant of the benchmark local dialect norm is unglided, thus providing a local dialect alternative. The instrumental analysis of /ai/ shows that there is not pervasive accommodation to the local norm by Hispanic speakers learning English. There is, however, gradient, incremental adjustment of the /ai/, and individual speakers who adopt local cultural values may accommodate to the local dialect pattern.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF SOCIOLINGUISTICS}, author={Wolfram, W and Carter, P and Moriello, B}, year={2004}, month={Aug}, pages={339–358} }
 @book{hutcheson_wolfram_2004, title={Voices of North Carolina [videorecording]: Language, dialect, and identity in the Tarheel state}, publisher={Raleigh, NC: North Carolina State University Humanities Extension}, author={Hutcheson, N. and Wolfram, W.}, year={2004} }
 @article{wolfram_2003, title={African Americans by the sea}, volume={5}, number={2}, journal={Mullet Wrapper}, author={Wolfram, W.}, year={2003} }
 @inbook{wolfram_2003, title={Dialect enclaves in the South}, booktitle={Language in the New South}, publisher={Cambridge: Cambridge University Press}, author={Wolfram, W.}, editor={S. Nagle and Sanders, S.Editors}, year={2003}, pages={141–158} }
 @inbook{wolfram_schilling-estes_2003, title={Dialectology and language diffusion}, DOI={10.1002/9780470756393.ch24}, booktitle={The handbook of historical linguistics}, publisher={Malden, MA: Blackwell Pub.}, author={Wolfram, W. and Schilling-Estes, N.}, editor={Joseph, B. D. and Janda, R. D.Editors}, year={2003}, pages={713–735} }
 @article{wolfram_schilling-estes_2003, title={Language change in "conservative" dialects: The case of past tense be in southern enclave communities}, volume={78}, ISSN={["0003-1283"]}, DOI={10.1215/00031283-78-2-208}, abstractNote={Research Article| May 01 2003 LANGUAGE CHANGE IN “CONSERVATIVE” DIALECTS: THE CASE OF PAST TENSE BE IN SOUTHERN ENCLAVE COMMUNITIES WALT WOLFRAM; WALT WOLFRAM Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google NATALIE SCHILLING-ESTES NATALIE SCHILLING-ESTES Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google American Speech (2003) 78 (2): 208–227. https://doi.org/10.1215/00031283-78-2-208 Cite Icon Cite Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Permissions Search Site Citation WALT WOLFRAM, NATALIE SCHILLING-ESTES; LANGUAGE CHANGE IN “CONSERVATIVE” DIALECTS: THE CASE OF PAST TENSE BE IN SOUTHERN ENCLAVE COMMUNITIES. American Speech 1 May 2003; 78 (2): 208–227. doi: https://doi.org/10.1215/00031283-78-2-208 Download citation file: Zotero Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search Books & JournalsAll JournalsAmerican Dialect SocietyAmerican Speech Search Advanced Search The text of this article is only available as a PDF. American Dialect Society2003 Article PDF first page preview Close Modal Issue Section: Articles You do not currently have access to this content.}, number={2}, journal={AMERICAN SPEECH}, author={Wolfram, W and Schilling-Estes, N}, year={2003}, pages={208–227} }
 @article{wolfram_2003, title={Language variation in the American South: An introduction}, volume={78}, ISSN={["1527-2133"]}, DOI={10.1215/00031283-78-2-123}, abstractNote={Research Article| May 01 2003 LANGUAGE VARIATION IN THE AMERICAN SOUTH: AN INTRODUCTION WALT WOLFRAM WALT WOLFRAM Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google American Speech (2003) 78 (2): 123–129. https://doi.org/10.1215/00031283-78-2-123 Cite Icon Cite Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Email Permissions Search Site Citation WALT WOLFRAM; LANGUAGE VARIATION IN THE AMERICAN SOUTH: AN INTRODUCTION. American Speech 1 May 2003; 78 (2): 123–129. doi: https://doi.org/10.1215/00031283-78-2-123 Download citation file: Zotero Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search Books & JournalsAll JournalsAmerican Dialect SocietyAmerican Speech Search Advanced Search The text of this article is only available as a PDF. American Dialect Society2003 Article PDF first page preview Close Modal Issue Section: Articles You do not currently have access to this content.}, number={2}, journal={AMERICAN SPEECH}, author={Wolfram, W}, year={2003}, pages={123–129} }
 @inbook{wolfram_2003, title={On constructing vernacular dialect norms}, booktitle={Handbook of historical linguistics}, publisher={Malden/Oxford: Blackwell}, author={Wolfram, W.}, editor={C. B. Paulston and Tucker, G. R.Editors}, year={2003}, pages={251–272} }
 @article{wolfram_2003, title={Reexamining the development of African American English: Evidence from isolated communities}, volume={79}, ISSN={["1535-0665"]}, DOI={10.1353/lan.2003.0144}, abstractNote={Despite extensive research over the past several decades, a number of issues concerning the development of AFRICAN AMERICAN VERNACULAR ENGLISH (AAVE) remain unresolved. These include the regional accommodation of earlier African American speech; the sources of its current, distinctive structural features; and the past and present trajectory of change. To address these questions, this study examines several longstanding, isolated biracial sociolinguistic situations in the coastal and the Appalachian regions of North Carolina. One of these situations involves a core community of African Americans, whereas two of the situations involve case studies of isolated speakers. A comparison of diagnostic phonological and morphosyntactic variables for speakers representing different generations of African Americans and baseline European American speakers suggests that extensive accommodation to localized dialects characterized earlier African American speech. At the same time, the maintenance of an exclusive subset of dialect features suggests persistent substrate influence and long-term ethnolinguistic distinctiveness along with local dialect accommodation. Younger African Americans in some historically isolated rural regions appear to be moving away from the localized dialects toward a more generalized AAVE norm.}, number={2}, journal={LANGUAGE}, author={Wolfram, W}, year={2003}, month={Jun}, pages={282–316} }
 @inbook{wolfram_2002, title={African Americans by the sea}, ISBN={192855637X}, booktitle={Life at the edge of the sea: Essays on North Carolina's coast and coastal culture (Essays on North Carolina's coast and coastal culture ; v. 1)}, publisher={Wilmington, NC: Coastal Carolina Press}, author={Wolfram, W.}, editor={C. Beal and Prioli, C.A.Editors}, year={2002}, pages={113–122} }
 @article{mallinson_wolfram_2002, title={Dialect accommodation in a bi-ethnic mountain enclave community: More evidence on the development of African American English}, volume={31}, ISSN={["0047-4045"]}, DOI={10.1017/S0047404502315021}, abstractNote={The investigation of isolated African American enclave communities has been instrumental in reformulating the historical reconstruction of earlier African American English and the current trajectory of language change in African American Vernacular English (AAVE). This case study examines a unique enclave sociolinguistic situation – a small, long-term, isolated bi-ethnic enclave community in the mountains of western North Carolina – to further understanding of the role of localized dialect accommodation and ethnolinguistic distinctiveness in the historical development of African American English. The examination of a set of diagnostic phonological and morphosyntactic variables for several of the remaining African Americans in this community supports the conclusion that earlier African American English largely accommodated local dialects while maintaining a subtle, distinctive ethnolinguistic divide. However, unlike the situation in some other African American communities, there is no current movement toward an AAVE external norm for the lone isolated African American teenager; rather, there is increasing accommodation to the local dialect. Contact-based, identity-based, and ideologically based explanations are appealed to in describing the past and present direction of change for the African Americans in this receding community.}, number={5}, journal={LANGUAGE IN SOCIETY}, author={Mallinson, C and Wolfram, W}, year={2002}, month={Nov}, pages={743–775} }
 @book{wolfram_dannenberg_knick_oxendine_2002, title={Fine in the world: Lumbee language in time and place}, publisher={Raleigh, NC: North Carolina State University, Humanities Extension/Publications}, author={Wolfram, W. and Dannenberg, C. and Knick, S. and Oxendine, L.}, year={2002} }
 @inbook{wolfram_2002, title={From definition to policy: The ideological struggle of African American vernacular English}, booktitle={Georgetown University Roundtable on Language and Linguistics}, publisher={Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press}, author={Wolfram, W.}, editor={J. E. Alatis and Tan, A.-H.Editors}, year={2002}, pages={292–313} }
 @inbook{wolfram_chambers_trudgill_schilling-estes_2002, title={Language death and dying}, booktitle={The handbook of language variation and change}, publisher={Malden, Mass.: Blackwell Publishers}, author={Wolfram, W. and Chambers, J. K. and Trudgill, P. and Schilling-Estes, N.}, editor={J. K. Chambers, P. Trudgill and Schilling-Estes, N.Editors}, year={2002}, pages={764–787} }
 @inbook{wolfram_2002, title={Speech at the beach: The Outer Banks brogue}, ISBN={192855637X}, booktitle={Life at the edge of the sea: Essays on North Carolina's coast and coastal culture (Essays on North Carolina's coast and coastal culture ; v. 1)}, publisher={Wilmington, NC: Coastal Carolina Press}, author={Wolfram, W.}, editor={C. Beal and Prioli, C.A.Editors}, year={2002}, pages={9–22} }
 @book{thomas_wolfram_2002, title={The development of African American English}, ISBN={0631230866}, publisher={Oxford, UK; Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishers}, author={Thomas, E. R. and Wolfram, W.}, year={2002} }
 @article{wolfram_2002, title={The significance of Lumbee dialect}, number={2002 Jan. 21}, journal={Carolina Indian Voice}, author={Wolfram, W.}, year={2002} }
 @article{wolfram_2002, title={Y?all}, journal={The companion to southern literature: Themes, genres, places, people, movements, and motifs}, publisher={Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press}, author={Wolfram, W.}, editor={J. M. Flora and MacKethan, L. H.Editors}, year={2002} }
 @misc{wolfram_2001, title={Both insider and outsider (Tangier Island:  people, place, and talk by David L. Shore)}, volume={76}, number={3}, journal={American Speech}, author={Wolfram, W.}, year={2001}, pages={320–323} }
 @article{wolfram_2001, title={From the brick house to the swamp}, volume={5}, number={4}, journal={American Language Review}, author={Wolfram, W.}, year={2001}, pages={34–38} }
 @article{wolfram_2001, title={On constructing vernacular dialect norms}, volume={36}, number={2}, journal={The morpho-syntax interface, the acquisition of syntax, and the myth of standard English}, author={Wolfram, W.}, year={2001}, pages={335–358} }
 @inbook{wolfram_2001, title={Ralph W. Fasold}, booktitle={Concise encyclopedia of sociolinguistics}, publisher={Amsterdam ; New York: Elsevier}, author={Wolfram, W.}, year={2001}, pages={863} }
 @inbook{wolfram_2001, title={Reconsidering the sociolinguistic agenda for African-American English}, booktitle={Sociocultural and historical contexts of African American vernacular English: University of Georgia, 29-30 September, 1998}, author={Wolfram, W.}, year={2001}, pages={309–340} }
 @misc{wolfram_2001, title={Tangier Island: Place, people, and talk}, volume={76}, number={3}, journal={American Speech}, author={Wolfram, W.}, year={2001}, pages={323–326} }
 @article{wolfram_2000, title={Dialect in danger}, volume={4}, number={6}, journal={American Language Review}, author={Wolfram, W.}, year={2000}, pages={21–24} }
 @article{peyton_griffin_wolfram_fasold_2000, title={Endangered dialects and social commitment}, journal={Language in action: New studies of language in society}, publisher={Cresskill, N.J.: Hampton Press}, author={Peyton, J. and Griffin, P. and Wolfram, W. and Fasold, R.W.}, year={2000}, pages={335–358} }
 @article{wolfram_2000, title={Everybody has a dialect}, volume={18}, number={Fall}, journal={Teaching Tolerance}, author={Wolfram, W.}, year={2000}, pages={18–23} }
 @article{wolfram_2000, title={Issues in reconstructing Earlier African American English}, volume={19}, number={1}, journal={World Englishes}, author={Wolfram, W.}, year={2000}, pages={39–58} }
 @article{wolfram_schilling-estes_2000, title={Language evolution or dying tradition: The state of American dialects}, volume={4}, number={May/June}, journal={American Language Review}, author={Wolfram, W. and Schilling-Estes, N.}, year={2000}, pages={13–17} }
 @article{wolfram_2000, title={Linguistic diversity and the public interest}, volume={75}, ISSN={["0003-1283"]}, DOI={10.1215/00031283-75-3-278}, number={3}, journal={AMERICAN SPEECH}, author={Wolfram, W}, year={2000}, pages={278–280} }
 @inbook{wolfram_2000, title={On constructing vernacular dialect norms}, booktitle={CLS 36. [Part 2], the panels: The 36th meeting of the Chicago Linguistic Society}, publisher={Chicago, Ill.: The Society}, author={Wolfram, W.}, editor={A. Okrent and Boyle, J. PEditors}, year={2000}, pages={335–358} }
 @inproceedings{wolfram_2000, title={Reconstructing the history of AAVE: New data on an old theme}, volume={26}, DOI={10.3765/bls.v26i1.1152}, abstractNote={Proceedings of the Twenty-Sixth Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society: General Session and Parasession on Aspect (2000)}, number={2000}, booktitle={Berkeley Linguistics Society: Conference Program, 26 February 18-21, 2000 Session III: Sociolinguistics}, author={Wolfram, W.}, year={2000}, pages={333–348} }
 @article{wolfram_2000, title={The changing scope of dialect variation: A transcontinental perpsective}, number={41}, journal={Te Reo}, author={Wolfram, W.}, year={2000}, pages={45–61} }
 @article{wolfram_thomas_green_2000, title={The regional context of earlier African American speech: Evidence for reconstructing the development of AAVE}, volume={29}, ISSN={["1469-8013"]}, DOI={10.1017/S0047404500003018}, abstractNote={Despite extensive research over the past four decades, a number of issues concerning the historical and current development of African American Vernacular English (AAVE) remain unresolved. This study utilizes a unique sociolinguistic situation – a long-standing, isolated, biracial community situated in a distinctive dialect region of coastal North Carolina – to address questions of localized dialect accommodation and ethnolinguistic distinctiveness in earlier African American English. A comparison of diagnostic phonological and morphosyntactic variables for a sample of four different generations of African Americans and a baseline European American group shows that considerable accommodation of the localized dialect occurred in earlier African American speech. Nonetheless, certain dialect features – e.g., copula absence and 3rd person verbal s marking – were distinctively maintained by African Americans in the face of localized dialect accommodation; and this suggests long-term ethnolinguistic distinctiveness. Cross-generational change among African Americans indicates that younger speakers are moving away from the localized Pamlico Sound dialect toward a more generalized AAVE norm. Contact-based and identity-based explanations are offered for the current trend of localized dialect displacement.}, number={3}, journal={LANGUAGE IN SOCIETY}, author={Wolfram, W and Thomas, ER and Green, EW}, year={2000}, month={Sep}, pages={315–355} }
 @article{wolfram_beckett_2000, title={The role of the individual and group in earlier African American English}, volume={75}, ISSN={["1527-2133"]}, DOI={10.1215/00031283-75-1-3}, abstractNote={Research Article| February 01 2000 THE ROLE OF THE INDIVIDUAL AND GROUP IN EARLIER AFRICAN AMERICAN ENGLISH WALT WOLFRAM; WALT WOLFRAM Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google DAN BECKETT DAN BECKETT Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google American Speech (2000) 75 (1): 3–33. https://doi.org/10.1215/00031283-75-1-3 Cite Icon Cite Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Permissions Search Site Citation WALT WOLFRAM, DAN BECKETT; THE ROLE OF THE INDIVIDUAL AND GROUP IN EARLIER AFRICAN AMERICAN ENGLISH. American Speech 1 February 2000; 75 (1): 3–33. doi: https://doi.org/10.1215/00031283-75-1-3 Download citation file: Zotero Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search Books & JournalsAll JournalsAmerican Dialect SocietyAmerican Speech Search Advanced Search The text of this article is only available as a PDF. American Dialect Society2000 Article PDF first page preview Close Modal Issue Section: Articles You do not currently have access to this content.}, number={1}, journal={AMERICAN SPEECH}, author={Wolfram, W and Beckett, D}, year={2000}, pages={3–33} }
 @article{schilling-estes_wolfram_1999, title={Alternative models of dialect death: Dissipation vs. concentration}, volume={75}, DOI={10.2307/417058}, abstractNote={The comparison of the moribund dialects of Ocracoke Island, North Carolina, and Smith Island, Maryland, demonstrates that valuable insight into the patterning of variation and change in language death can be obtained by investigating moribund varieties of healthy languages. In addition, it is crucial to investigate not only cases of death by linguistic decay (DISSIPATION), but also cases of death by population attrition in which linguistic distinctiveness is maintained or heightened among fewer speakers (CONCENTRATION). The comparative investigation of both types of language death lends insight into the macrolevel socioeconomic and microlevel sociopsychological factors that lead to the maintenance or demise of moribund languages and language varieties, as well as the nature of change in language death. It is demonstrated that change in both concentrating and dissipating varieties is rapid but otherwise indistinct from change in healthy varieties and that unusual patterns of variation and change can be explained by appealing to the social significance of language features.}, number={3}, journal={Language}, author={Schilling-Estes, N. and Wolfram, W.}, year={1999}, pages={486–521} }
 @inbook{wolfram_adger_1999, title={Demythologizing the home/school dichotomy: Sociolinguistic reality and instructional practice}, booktitle={Language in action: New studies of language in society}, publisher={Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press, 1999.}, author={Wolfram, W. and Adger, C. T.}, year={1999} }
 @inbook{wolfram_1999, title={Dialect awareness programs in the school and community}, booktitle={Language alive in the classroom}, publisher={Westport, Conn.: Praeger}, author={Wolfram, W.}, year={1999}, pages={47–66} }
 @book{wolfram_adger_christian_1999, title={Dialects in schools and communities}, ISBN={0805828621}, publisher={Mahwah, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates}, author={Wolfram, W. and Adger, C. T. and Christian, D.}, year={1999} }
 @article{wolfram_1999, title={English with an accent: Language ideology and discrimination in the United States.}, volume={75}, ISSN={["0097-8507"]}, DOI={10.2307/417270}, abstractNote={Preface Introduction: Language Ideology or Science Fiction? 1. The Linguistic Facts of Life 2. Language in Motion 3. The Myth of Non-Accent 4. The Standard Language Myth 5. Language Subordination 6. The Educational System: Fixing the Message in Stone 7. Teaching Children How to Discriminate (What We Learn From the Big Bad Wolf) 8. The Information Industry 9. Real People with a Real Language: The Workplace and the Judicial System 10. The Real Trouble with Black English 11. Hillbillies, Hicks & Southern Belles: The Language Rebels 12. Defying Paradise: Hawai'i 13. The Other In The Mirror 14. !Ya Basta! 15. The Unassimilable Races: What It Means To Be Asian 16. Case Study: Moral Panic in Oakland 17. Case Study: Linguistic Profiling and Fair Housing 18. Conclusions: Civil (Dis)obedience And The Shadow of Language Glossary Bibliography I Bibliography II}, number={2}, journal={LANGUAGE}, author={Wolfram, W}, year={1999}, month={Jun}, pages={362–365} }
 @article{wolfram_sellers_1999, title={Ethnolinguistic marking of past be in Lumbee Vernacular English}, volume={27}, DOI={10.1177/007542429902700203}, abstractNote={Dans cet article, les As. se proposent d'elargir les etudes sociolinguistiques sur le nivellement par were dans le paradigme du passe avec be, en examinant la communaute linguistique de Robeson County en Caroline du Nord, ou des Indiens Lumbee, des Afro-Americains et des Anglo-Americains cohabitent depuis plusieurs siecles. Ils tentent ainsi d'etendre l'analyse descriptive de la dynamique structurale et fonctionnelle du nivellement du temps passe avec be et de determiner comment des communautes vernaculaires cohabitant depuis longtemps peuvent configurer cette variable pour marquer leur identite ethnique}, number={1999}, journal={Journal of English Linguistics}, author={Wolfram, W. and Sellers, J.}, year={1999}, pages={94–114} }
 @inproceedings{wolfram_1999, title={Repercusssions from the Oakland ebonics controversy: the critical role of dialect awareness}, booktitle={Making the connection: Language and academic achievement among African American students, proceedings of a conference of the Coalition on Language Diversity in Education  (Language in education; 2)}, publisher={[Washington: Center for Applied Linguistics; McHenry, IL: Delta Systems Co.}, author={Wolfram, W.}, editor={C. T. Adger, D. Christian and Taylor, O. L.Editors}, year={1999}, pages={61–80} }
 @article{wolfram_1999, title={Sociolinguistic perspectives: Papers on language in society, 1959-1994.}, volume={28}, ISSN={["0047-4045"]}, DOI={10.1017/s0047404599244041}, abstractNote={This collection of Ferguson's articles brings together his research over four decades. When Ferguson started writing about topics related to language and society, the term “sociolinguistics” was barely used and had no recognized status as a field of inquiry. Today, the term seems too diffuse for all the strands of specialization that range from the examination of micro-socio-phonetic detail to the consideration of broad-based macro-sociological and linguistic institutions. Perhaps better than those of any other individual scholar, Ferguson's research interests reflect the breadth of the field. His topics of study have ranged “from Arabic linguistics to applied linguistics, from child language acquisition to language planning, from language and religion to language universals, from Bengali syntax to American sports announcer talk” (p. 3). His impact on the field is undeniable; but because of his expansive interests in an age of increasingly (and sometimes myopic) specialization, few readers are familiar with the full range of sociolinguistic topics that bear this scholar's mark. In Huebner's selection of articles, Ferguson's overall contribution to the field is put in perspective, although the collection is hardly exhaustive of his impact. (See now also Huebner's 1999 obituary of Ferguson.)}, number={4}, journal={LANGUAGE IN SOCIETY}, author={Wolfram, W}, year={1999}, month={Dec}, pages={588–591} }
 @article{wolfram_1999, title={What's in a word?}, number={1999 Mar. 14}, journal={News and Observer [Raleigh, N.C.]}, author={Wolfram, W.}, year={1999}, pages={A21} }
 @book{wolfram_schilling-estes_1998, title={American English: Dialects and variation}, ISBN={0631204865}, publisher={Cambridge, Oxford; Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishers}, author={Wolfram, W. and Schilling-Estes, N.o}, year={1998} }
 @inbook{wolfram_1998, title={Black children are verbally deprived}, booktitle={Language myths}, publisher={London: Penguin Books, 1998.}, author={Wolfram, W.}, editor={L. Bauer and Trudgill, P.Editors}, year={1998}, pages={103–112} }
 @inbook{wolfram_1998, title={Dialect awareness and the study of language}, booktitle={Students as researchers of culture and language in their own communities}, publisher={Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press}, author={Wolfram, W.}, editor={A. Egan-Robertson and Bloome, D.Editors}, year={1998}, pages={167–190} }
 @article{wolfram_schilling-estes_1998, title={Endangered dialects: a neglected siutuation in the endangerment canon}, volume={14}, number={1998}, journal={Southwest Journal of Linguistics}, author={Wolfram, W. and Schilling-Estes, N.}, year={1998}, pages={117–131} }
 @article{dannerberg_wolfram_1998, title={Ethnic identity and grammatical restructuring: be(s) in Lumbee English}, volume={73}, ISSN={["0003-1283"]}, DOI={10.2307/455737}, abstractNote={L'A. analyse , dans une perspective sociolinguistique, l'usage de be dans une variete d'anglais vernaculaire, utilise par une communaute rurale d'amerindiens de la Caroline du Nord. L'analyse porte sur la structure linguistique (morphosyntaxique et semantico-pragmatique) de be et sur sa distribution sociolinguistique}, number={2}, journal={AMERICAN SPEECH}, author={Dannerberg, C and Wolfram, W}, year={1998}, pages={139–159} }
 @article{wolfram_1998, title={Language ideology and dialect: Understanding the Oakland ebonics controversy}, volume={26}, DOI={10.1177/007542429802600203}, abstractNote={L'A. reexamine quelques questions centrales du grand debat sur l'anglais vernaculaire de la communaute noire americaine. Ces questions sont liees aux croyances particulieres sur la nature du langage et des activites impliquant la langue. L'interpretation et la representation des questions concernant la langue sont soustendues par une ideologie. L'A. analyse les differences entre les interpretations populaires des questions de langue et le point de vue professionnel et sociolinguistique de ces questions}, number={2}, journal={Journal of English Linguistics}, author={Wolfram, W.}, year={1998}, pages={108–121} }
 @inbook{wolfram_1998, title={Linguistic and sociolinguistic prerequisites for teaching language}, booktitle={Language study in middle, high school, and beyond}, publisher={Newark, DE: International Reading Association}, author={Wolfram, W.}, editor={J. S. Simmons and Baines, L.Editors}, year={1998}, pages={72–109} }
 @article{wolfram_1998, title={Scrutinizing linguistic gratuity: A view from the field}, volume={2}, DOI={10.1111/1467-9481.00044}, abstractNote={Journal of SociolinguisticsVolume 2, Issue 2 p. 271-279 Scrutinizing Linguistic Gratuity: Issues from the Field Walt Wolfram, Walt Wolfram North Carolina State UniversitySearch for more papers by this author Walt Wolfram, Walt Wolfram North Carolina State UniversitySearch for more papers by this author First published: 16 December 2002 https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9481.00044Citations: 21AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume2, Issue2June 1998Pages 271-279 RelatedInformation}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Sociolinguistics}, author={Wolfram, W.}, year={1998}, pages={271–279} }
 @article{wolfram_sellers_1998, title={The Carolina connection in Cherokee Sound}, volume={7}, number={1998}, journal={North Carolina Literary Review}, author={Wolfram, W. and Sellers, J.}, year={1998}, pages={86–87} }
 @inbook{martin_wolfram_1998, title={The sentence in African American vernacular English}, booktitle={African American vernacular English: Features, evolution, educational implications}, publisher={Malden, Mass.: Blackwel Publishers}, author={Martin, S. and Wolfram, W.}, year={1998}, pages={11–37} }
 @inbook{wolfram_1997, title={Dialect in society}, booktitle={The handbook of sociolinguistics}, publisher={Oxford, UK ; Cambridge, Mass.: Blackwell Publishers}, author={Wolfram, W.}, year={1997}, pages={107–126} }
 @inbook{wolfram_fasold_1997, title={Field methods in the study of social dialects}, booktitle={Sociolinguistics: A reader and coursebook}, publisher={New York: Arnold}, author={Wolfram, W. and Fasold, R. W.}, year={1997}, pages={89–116} }
 @book{wolfram_schilling-estes_1997, title={Hoi toide on the Outer Banks: The story of the Ocracoke brogue}, ISBN={080782318X}, publisher={Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press}, author={Wolfram, W. and Schilling-Estes, N.}, year={1997} }
 @article{wolfram_hazen_tamburro_1997, title={Isolation within isolation: a solitary century of African American vernacular English}, volume={1}, DOI={10.1111/1467-9481.00002}, abstractNote={The nature of language diversity in small, isolated communities is considered by examining a unique sociolingustic situation in which a one African-American family has resided for over 130 years on a small island community located off the Southeastern coast of the United States. The Anglo-American community maintained a distinctive dialect due to their isolation from the mainland United States, while the sole African-American family maintained a variety heavily influenced by African-American Vernacular English. Although some assimilation to the surrounding Anglo-American variety has taken place, a number of salient African-American Vernacular English features are still used by the single African-American resident of the island. At the same time, the most marked items of the Anglo-American Outer Banks variety have not been assimilated, thus demonstrating the symbolic exclusion of the African-American speaker from the Anglo community despite her life-long residency.}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Sociolinguistics}, author={Wolfram, W. and Hazen, K. and Tamburro, J. R.}, year={1997}, pages={7–38} }
 @article{wolfram_1997, title={Issues in dialect obsolescence + Linguistics, American speech: An introduction}, volume={72}, ISSN={["1527-2133"]}, DOI={10.2307/455605}, abstractNote={L'A. propose une synthese des questions concernant la disparition des dialectes des langues du monde dans les recherches actuelles, en particulier la disparition des differentes varietes d'anglais et des dialectes non-anglais aux Etats Unis}, number={1}, journal={AMERICAN SPEECH}, author={Wolfram, W}, year={1997}, pages={3–11} }
 @article{wolfram_1997, title={Old wine in new bottles: Understanding the Oakland ebonics controversy}, volume={4}, DOI={10.1044/lle4.2.3}, abstractNote={No AccessPerspectives on Language Learning and EducationArticle1 Oct 1997Old Wine in New Bottles: Understanding the Oakland Ebonics Controversy Walt Wolfram Walt Wolfram North Carolina State University Google Scholar More articles by this author https://doi.org/10.1044/lle4.2.3 SectionsAboutFull TextPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationTrack Citations ShareFacebookTwitterLinked In References Alvarez, L. & Kolker, A. (Producers). (1986). American tongues [Video].New York, NY: Center for New American Media. Google Scholar American Association for Applied Linguistics. (1997). Resolution on the application of dialect knowledge to education. Annual Meeting of AAAL.Orlando, FL. Google Scholar American Speech-Language-Hearing Association. (1983). Social dialects: A position paper.Asha, 25, 23–24. Google Scholar Baugh, J. (1988). Language and race: Some implications for linguistic science.In F. J. Newmeyer (Ed.), The Cambridge survey Vol. IV. language: The socio-cultural context (pp. 64–74) . New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. Google Scholar Blanton, P., & Waters, K. (Producers). (1994). The Ocracoke brogue. Raleigh, NC: The North Carolina Language and Life Project. Google Scholar Fairclough, N. (1989). Language and power. London: Longman. Google Scholar Getridge, C. M. (1997). Statement of Carolyn M. Getridge. U. S. Senate Committee on Appropriations: Subcommittee on Labor Health and Human Services of Education.Washington, DC: United States Senate. Google Scholar Gruendler, S., Holden, C, Wolfram, W., & Schilling-Estes, N. (1997). An exhibit on the Ocracoke Brogue. Ocracoke, NC: The Museum of the Ocracoke Preservation Society. Google Scholar Hock, H. H. (1991). Principles of historical linguistics (2nd ed.). New York: Mouton de Gruyter. Google Scholar Kamhi, A. G.,Pollock, K. E., & Harris, J. L. (1996). Communication development and disorders in African American children: Research, assessment, and intervention. Baltimore: Paul H. Brookes. Google Scholar Linguistic Society of America. (1997, January4). LSA resolution on the Oakland Ebonics issue 1997. . Resolution adopted at the Linguistic Society of America Annual Meeting.Chicago, IL. Google Scholar Montgomery, M., & Fuller, J. M. (1996). What was verbal -s in 19 th African American English.E. W. Schneider (Ed.), Focus on the USA (pp. 211–230). Philadelphia: John Benjamins. Google Scholar Mufwene, S. S. (1996). The development of American Englishes: Some questions from a creole genesis perspective.In E. W. Schneider (Ed.), Focus on the USA (pp. 231–264). Philadelphia: John Benjamins. Google Scholar Taylor, O. L. (Ed.). (1986). Nature of communication disorders in culturally and linguistically diverse populations. San Diego, CA: College- Hill Press. Google Scholar Taylor, O. L. (1997). Testimony of Orlando Taylor on the subject of Ebonics. U.S. Senate Committee on Appropriations: Subcommittee on Labor Health and Human Services of Education.Washington, DC: United States Senate. Google Scholar Wolfram, W. (1991). Dialects and American English. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. Google Scholar Wolfram, W. (1993). A proactive role for speech-language pathologists in sociolinguistic education, Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools. 24, 181–85. Google Scholar Wolfram, W. (1995). Reconsidering dialects in Teaching English to Speakers of Other Languages.(TESOL), TESOL Matters, 5(No. 2, April/May), 1, 22. Google Scholar Wolfram, W. & Schilling-Estes, N. (1997). Hoi toide on the Outer Banks: The Story of the Ocracoke Brogue.Chapel Hill, NC: The University of North Carolina Press. Google Scholar Wolfram, W. & Schilling-Estes, N. (1997). American English: Dialects and variation.Cambridge, MA: Basil Blackwell. Google Scholar Additional Resources FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Volume 4Issue 2October 1997Pages: 3-8 Get Permissions Add to your Mendeley library History Published in issue: Oct 1, 1997 Metrics Downloaded 25 times Topicsasha-topicsleader-topicsasha-article-typesasha-sigsCopyright & Permissions© 1997 American Speech-Language-Hearing AssociationLoading ...}, number={2}, journal={Special Interest Divisions. Language Learning and Education.}, author={Wolfram, W.}, year={1997}, pages={3–8} }
 @inproceedings{wolfram_1997, title={Orderly approches to disorderly change}, number={1997}, booktitle={Anglistentag 1997 Dresden}, publisher={Dresden, Germany: Wissenschaftlicher Verlag Trier}, author={Wolfram, W.}, year={1997}, pages={1–14} }
 @inbook{wolfram_1997, title={Revolving dialect status: levels of evidence in the establishment of African American vernacular English forms}, booktitle={Language variety in the South revisited}, publisher={Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press}, author={Wolfram, W.}, editor={C. Bernstein, T. Nunnally and Sabino, R.Editors}, year={1997}, pages={490–508} }
 @article{wolfram_schilling-estes_1997, title={Symbolic identity and language change: A comparative analysis of post-insular /ay/ and /aw/}, volume={4}, number={1}, journal={University of Pennsylvania Working Papers in Linguistics}, author={Wolfram, W. and Schilling-Estes, N.}, year={1997}, pages={83–109} }
 @article{wolfram_1997, title={The role of dialect differences in cross-cultural communication: proactive dialect awareness}, volume={65}, number={1997}, journal={Bulletin Suisse De Linguistique Appliquee
 Bulletin Suisse De Linguistique Appliquee}, author={Wolfram, W.}, year={1997}, pages={143–154} }
 @inbook{wolfram_schilling-estes_hazen_craig_1997, title={The sociolinguistic complexity of quasi-isolated southern coastal communities}, booktitle={Language variety in the South revisited}, publisher={Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press}, author={Wolfram, W. and Schilling-Estes, N. and Hazen, K. and Craig, C.}, editor={C. Bernstein, T. Nunnally and Sabino, R.Editors}, year={1997}, pages={173–187} }