@article{wolfram_2023, title={Addressing Linguistic Inequality in Higher Education: A Proactive Model}, volume={152}, ISSN={["1548-6192"]}, DOI={10.1162/daed_a_02016}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={3}, journal={DAEDALUS}, author={Wolfram, Walt}, year={2023}, month={Aug}, pages={36–51} }
 @article{wolfram_hudley_valdes_2023, title={Language & Social Justice in the United States: An Introduction}, volume={152}, ISSN={["1548-6192"]}, DOI={10.1162/daed_e_02014}, abstractNote={In recent decades, the United States has witnessed a noteworthy escalation of academic responses to long-standing social and racial inequities in its society. In this process, research, advocacy, and programs supporting diversity and inclusion initiatives have grown. A set of themes and their relevant discourses have now developed in most programs related to diversity and inclusion; for example, current models are typically designed to include a range of groups, particularly reaching people by their race/ethnicity, sexual orientation, religious affiliation, gender, and other demographic categories. Unfortunately, one of the themes typically overlooked, dismissed, or even refuted as necessary is language. Furthermore, the role of language subordination in antiracist activities tends to be treated as a secondary factor under the rubric of culture. Many linguists, however, see language inequality as a central or even leading component related to all of the traditional themes included in diversity and inclusion strategies.1 In fact, writer and researcher Rosina Lippi-Green observes that “Discrimination based on language variation is so commonly accepted, so widely perceived as appropriate, that it must be seen as the last back door to discrimination. And the door stands wide open.”2 Even academics, one of the groups that should be exposed to issues of comprehensive inclusion, have seemingly decided that language is a low-priority issue. As noted in a 2015 article in The Economist:}, number={3}, journal={DAEDALUS}, author={Wolfram, Walt and Hudley, Anne H. Charity and Valdes, Guadalupe}, year={2023}, month={Aug}, pages={5–17} }
 @misc{wolfram_2023, title={The potential of sociolinguistic impact: Lessons from the first 50 years}, volume={17}, ISSN={["1749-818X"]}, DOI={10.1111/lnc3.12487}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={4}, journal={LANGUAGE AND LINGUISTICS COMPASS}, author={Wolfram, Walt}, year={2023}, month={Aug} }
 @article{bissell_wolfram_2022, title={OPPOSITIONAL IDENTITY AND BACK-VOWEL FRONTING IN A TRIETHNIC CONTEXT: THE CASE OF LUMBEE ENGLISH}, volume={97}, ISSN={["1527-2133"]}, DOI={10.1215/00031283-9116251}, abstractNote={This study considers the dynamic trajectory of fronting of the back vowels boot and boat for 27 speakers in a unique, longstanding context of a substantive, triethnic contact situation involving American Indians, European Americans, and African Americans over three disparate generations in Robeson County, North Carolina. The results indicate that the earlier status of Lumbee English fronting united them with the African American vowel system, particularly for the boot vowel, but that more recent generations have shifted toward alignment with European American speakers. Given that the biracial Southeastern United States historically identified Lumbee Indians as “free persons of color” and the persistent skepticism about the Lumbee Indians as merely a mixed group of European Americans and African Americans, the movement away from the African American pattern toward the European American pattern was interpreted as a case of oppositional identity in which Lumbee Indians disassociate themselves from African American vowel norms in subtle but socially meaningful ways.}, number={1}, journal={AMERICAN SPEECH}, author={Bissell, Marie and Wolfram, Walt}, year={2022}, month={Feb}, pages={51–68} }
 @article{wolfram_2021, title={REMEMBERING RON BUTTERS, 1940-2021: AMERICAN SPEECH AND THE AMERIC AN DIALECT SOCIETY}, volume={96}, ISSN={["1527-2133"]}, DOI={10.1215/00031283-9370864}, number={3}, journal={AMERICAN SPEECH}, author={Wolfram, Walt}, year={2021}, month={Aug}, pages={295–296} }
 @article{wolfram_bissell_2021, title={Stability and change in native American Indian English: the case of Lumbee English in North Carolina}, volume={52}, ISSN={["1982-7830"]}, DOI={10.18309/ranpoll.v52iesp.1586}, abstractNote={Esta descrição considera a variedade do inglês dos índios Lumbee da Carolina do Norte, o maior grupo de Índios Americanos Nativos a leste do Rio Mississippi. Eles perderam sua língua ancestral gerações atrás e viveram em um contexto rural relativamente estável, triétnico e isolado por várias gerações com afro-americanos e europeus americanos. Examinamos duas estruturas morfossintáticas proeminentes, o uso de perfective I'm em I'm a there e a remorfologização de was e were baseadas na polaridade (por exemplo, It weren’t me, e they was here) e um processo fonético menos saliente, a anteriorização da vogal BOOT. As estruturas morfossintáticas indicam traços de uma variedade remanescente regionalizada que diferenciam o Lumbee de suas variedades de grupo. O traço fonético, no entanto, mostra mudanças ao longo das gerações recentes à medida que o Lumbee passa de um alinhamento com Afro-Americanos para um com os Europeus Americanos. Explicamos o realinhamento do traço fonético para longe da Língua Afro-Americana em termos de uma identidade de oposição, na qual o Lumbee mantém sua distinção como um grupo etnolinguístico que não é Afro-Americano nem Europeu-Americano, mas especialmente não é Afro-Americano.}, number={SI}, journal={REVISTA DA ANPOLL}, author={Wolfram, Walt and Bissell, Marie}, year={2021}, pages={82–102} }
 @article{smith_wolfram_cullinan_2020, title={SIGNING BLACK IN AMERICA: THE STORY OF BLACK AMERICAN SIGN LANGUAGE}, volume={95}, ISSN={["1527-2133"]}, DOI={10.1215/00031283-8501401}, abstractNote={Research Article| May 01 2020 Signing Black in America: The Story of Black American Sign Language Alison Smith; Alison Smith North Carolina State University Alison Smith (née Eggerth) recently graduated from North Carolina State University with an M.A. in English with a concentration in linguistics. Prior to that, she obtained a degree in American Sign Language from the University of North Carolina at Greensboro. During her graduate studies, Alison assisted Language and Life Project producers Danica Cullinan and Neal Hutcheson with the Signing Black in America documentary, and her graduate career culminated with a capstone that focused on the importance of incorporating education about different varieties of ASL into ASL interpreter training programs. Email: aeggerth@gmail.com. Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google Walt Wolfram; Walt Wolfram Walt Wolfram is William C. Friday Distinguished University Professor at North Carolina State University and director of the Language and Life Project. He has pioneered research on social and ethnic varieties of English since the 1960s and is a frequent contributor to American Speech. He is currently directing a four-part series on African American Language (AAL). Signing Black in America is the first episode in this series; other episodes will focus on the earlier history of AAL, the social and educational implications of its usage, and performing in AAL. Email: wolfram@ncsu.edu. Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google Danica Cullinan Danica Cullinan Danica Cullinan is a documentary producer for the Language and Life Project at North Carolina State University. In addition to Signing Black in America (with Neal Hutcheson), her television documentaries include Talking Black in America (with Neal Hutcheson), Cedars in the Pines, Spanish Voices, and First Language: The Race to Save Cherokee (with Neal Hutcheson). She has a background in sociolinguistics, information and library science, and film production, and she directs many of the outreach and engagement activities of the Language and Life Project. Email: danica.cullinan@gmail.com. Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google American Speech (2020) 95 (2): 253–260. https://doi.org/10.1215/00031283-8501401 Cite Icon Cite Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Permissions Search Site Citation Alison Smith, Walt Wolfram, Danica Cullinan; Signing Black in America: The Story of Black American Sign Language. American Speech 1 May 2020; 95 (2): 253–260. doi: https://doi.org/10.1215/00031283-8501401 Download citation file: Zotero Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search Books & JournalsAll JournalsAmerican Dialect SocietyAmerican Speech Search Advanced Search The text of this article is only available as a PDF. Copyright 2020 by the American Dialect Society2020 Article PDF first page preview Close Modal You do not currently have access to this content.}, number={2}, journal={AMERICAN SPEECH}, author={Smith, Alison and Wolfram, Walt and Cullinan, Danica}, year={2020}, month={May}, pages={253–260} }
 @article{forrest_wolfram_2019, title={THE STATUS OF (ING) IN AFRICAN AMERICAN LANGUAGE: A QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF SOCIAL FACTORS AND INTERNAL CONSTRAINTS}, volume={94}, ISSN={["1527-2133"]}, DOI={10.1215/00031283-7308049}, abstractNote={This article examines variability in the social factors and internal linguistic constraints on (ING) in African American Language (AAL) based on a comparison of the two Corpus of Regional African American Language (CORAAL) components from Washington, D.C., CORAAL:DCA (recorded 1968–69) and CORAAL:DCB (recorded 2015–17). It also compares DCA with an early study of (ING) in Detroit in 1968. The analysis indicates important differences in how social factors correlate with (ING) over both space and time, as socioeconomic status and gender show differential intersections that distinguish the earlier AAL sample from Washington, D.C., from a comparable AAL sample from Detroit, as well as the D.C. sample a half-century later. Internal constraints from the current CORAAL study tend to align with those indicted in other studies, but some minor constraint effects indicate structural diversity. The comparative results point to a more nuanced understanding of the features that characterize AAL over time and place as well as a more informed perspective on how (ING) functions as a general sociolinguistic variable.}, number={1}, journal={AMERICAN SPEECH}, author={Forrest, Jon and Wolfram, Walt}, year={2019}, month={Feb}, pages={72–90} }
 @article{wolfram_waldorf_2019, title={Talking Black in America The role of the documentary in public education}, volume={35}, ISSN={["1474-0567"]}, DOI={10.1017/S0266078418000500}, abstractNote={African American Language (AAL) is the most widely recognized – and controversial – ethnic variety of English in the world. In the United States national controversies about the speech of African Americans have erupted periodically for more than a half-century now, from the difference-deficit debates in the 1960s (Labov, 1972) to the Ebonics controversy in the 1990s (Rickford, 1999) and linguistic profiling in the 2000s (Baugh, 2003, 2018). Further, the adoption of performance genres from AAL into languages other than English, such as hip-hop and rap, has given the speech of African Americans even wider international recognition and global status (Omoniyi, 2006). The curiosities and controversies about African American speech symbolically reveal (1) the depth of people's beliefs and opinions about language differences; (2) the widespread level of public misinformation about language diversity; and (3) the need for informed knowledge about language variation in public life and in education.}, number={1}, journal={ENGLISH TODAY}, author={Wolfram, Walt and Waldorf, Kellynoel}, year={2019}, month={Mar}, pages={3–13} }
 @book{myrick_wolfram_2019, place={Sheffield, South Yorkshire ; Bristol, CT}, title={The five-minute linguist : bite-sized essays on language and languages /}, publisher={Equinox Publishing Ltd}, year={2019} }
 @article{wolfram_2018, title={CHANGING ETHNOLINGUISTIC PERCEPTIONS IN THE SOUTH}, volume={93}, ISSN={["1527-2133"]}, DOI={10.1215/00031283-7271228}, abstractNote={The American South has undergone unprecedented change over the last half century, including the dynamics of ethnic group configuration and ethnolinguistic variation. This article considers symbolic dimensions of language and ethnicity representing three different types of ethnic group situations in the South. Two of the situations, involving Native American Indians and African Americans, represent long-standing ethnic contact situations that are being reconfigured over time and place in the American South; the third situation involves an emerging ethnolinguistic variety related to the more recent influx of large numbers of immigrants from Mexico and Central America. Demographic, economic, social, and cultural-ideological variables come into play in each case, but the relative contribution of these factors varies for different situations. It is further essential to recognize the intersection of sociohistorical and sociopsychological factors with the dynamics of linguistic structures and properties that has led to different outcomes in the ethnolinguistic configuration of various groups. Though the moniker “New South” may be applicable to the contemporary configuration of language and ethnicity compared with the past, we demonstrate how each situation is also unique and complex in its own right.}, number={3-4}, journal={AMERICAN SPEECH}, author={Wolfram, Walt}, year={2018}, month={Aug}, pages={344–373} }
 @article{wolfram_2018, title={The (in)significance of facts in sociolinguistic engagement}, volume={47}, ISSN={0047-4045 1469-8013}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0047404518000325}, DOI={10.1017/S0047404518000325}, abstractNote={Critical reflexivity seems expedient in a robust, burgeoning field such as sociolinguistics. Assumptions, principles, and approaches nurture implicit and explicit disciplinary canonization based on our cognitive framing and background experience—and these tenets deserve to be scrutinized judiciously. In fact, I have to admit that some of my own research unwittingly contributed to the construction of a set of ‘sociolinguistic myths’ about the development and status of African American Language (Wolfram 2007) as well as some questionable assumptions about the nature of social engagement (Wolfram 1998; Wolfram, Reaser, & Vaughn 2008). I therefore welcome this critique of theprinciple of error correctionas a theory underlying social change. The study of language in its social context is historically embedded in an ideological struggle that pits ‘popular beliefs’ against ‘expert authority’, thus making it vulnerable to overstatement and overgeneralization—by the sociolinguistic intelligentsia as well as those speaking for popular culture.}, number={3}, journal={Language in Society}, publisher={Cambridge University Press (CUP)}, author={Wolfram, Walt}, year={2018}, month={Jun}, pages={374–377} }
 @article{dunstan_eads_jaeger_wolfram_2018, title={The Importance of Graduate Student Engagement in a Campus Language Diversity Initiative}, volume={46}, ISSN={["1552-5457"]}, DOI={10.1177/0075424218783446}, abstractNote={ In 2012, North Carolina State University launched a campus-wide linguistic diversity program, “Educating the Educated,” with a goal of engaging the campus community about language as a key element of diversity and increasing general knowledge of language and dialect differences. The program has successfully grown over the past several years since its launch, in large part due to the leadership efforts of the program’s student ambassadors. Student ambassadors are involved in peer education on campus, seek out opportunities to engage the campus and local communities, and develop partnerships on campus with existing organizations to enhance diversity education efforts with the inclusion of language diversity. A majority of these student ambassadors are graduate students in the linguistics Masters program. In this paper, we discuss the importance of the student ambassadors to the success of the program in terms of their contributions and advancement of program objectives. We also highlight the importance of graduate students being engaged on their campus, drawing from higher education research literature on graduate student engagement and the critical role it plays in academic and professional development. }, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF ENGLISH LINGUISTICS}, author={Dunstan, Stephany Brett and Eads, Amanda and Jaeger, Audrey J. and Wolfram, Walt}, year={2018}, month={Sep}, pages={215–228} }
 @article{wolfram_rick_forrest_fox_2016, title={THE SIGNIFICANCE OF LINGUISTIC VARIATION IN THE SPEECHES OF REV. DR. MARTIN LUTHER KING JR.}, volume={91}, ISSN={["1527-2133"]}, DOI={10.1215/00031283-3701015}, abstractNote={Although Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.'s eloquence as a speaker is widely recognized and his rhetorical strategies have been extensively studied, no analyses have been conducted on his language variation in different speech settings. This article examines a set of variable structures in King's speech to determine how it indexes his regional, social, and ethnic identity as he accommodated different audiences and interactions. The use of unstressed (ING), medial and final /t/ release, postvocalic nonrhoticity, coda-final cluster reduction, copula/auxiliary absence, the vowel system, and syllable timing are considered for four different speech events: the “I Have a Dream” speech (1963), the Nobel Prize acceptance speech (1964), a conversation with talk-show host Merv Griffin (1967), and the “I've Been to the Mountaintop” speech (1968). The analysis indicates stability across speech events for some variables and significant variation for others based on the speech event. His indexical profile indicates that he consistently embodied his Southern-based, African American preacherly stance while fluidly shifting features that indexed performance and formality based on audience, interaction, and intentional purpose. His language embraced ethnolinguistic tradition and transcended linguistic diversity, modeling linguistic equality in practice.}, number={3}, journal={AMERICAN SPEECH}, author={Wolfram, Walt and Rick, Caroline My and Forrest, Jon and Fox, Michael J.}, year={2016}, month={Aug}, pages={269–300} }
 @article{dunstan_wolfram_jaeger_crandall_2015, title={EDUCATING THE EDUCATED: LANGUAGE DIVERSITY IN THE UNIVERSITY BACKYARD}, volume={90}, ISSN={["1527-2133"]}, DOI={10.1215/00031283-3130368}, abstractNote={Review Article| May 01 2015 Educating the Educated: Language Diversity in the University Backyard Stephany Brett Dunstan; Stephany Brett Dunstan Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google Walt Wolfram; Walt Wolfram Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google Andrey J. Jaeger; Andrey J. Jaeger Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google Rebecca E. Crandall Rebecca E. Crandall Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google American Speech (2015) 90 (2): 266–280. https://doi.org/10.1215/00031283-3130368 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Email Tools Icon Tools Permissions Cite Icon Cite Search Site Citation Stephany Brett Dunstan, Walt Wolfram, Andrey J. Jaeger, Rebecca E. Crandall; Educating the Educated: Language Diversity in the University Backyard. American Speech 1 May 2015; 90 (2): 266–280. doi: https://doi.org/10.1215/00031283-3130368 Download citation file: Zotero Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search Books & JournalsAll JournalsAmerican Dialect SocietyAmerican Speech Search Advanced Search The text of this article is only available as a PDF. Copyright 2015 by the American Dialect Society2015 Article PDF first page preview Close Modal Issue Section: Teaching American Speech You do not currently have access to this content.}, number={2}, journal={AMERICAN SPEECH}, author={Dunstan, Stephany Brett and Wolfram, Walt and Jaeger, Andrey J. and Crandall, Rebecca E.}, year={2015}, month={May}, pages={266–280} }
 @book{wolfram_2014, title={Talkin' tar heel: How our voices tell the story of North Carolina}, publisher={Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press}, author={Wolfram, W.}, year={2014} }
 @article{wolfram_2012, title={In the Profession: Connecting with the Public}, volume={40}, ISSN={["0075-4242"]}, DOI={10.1177/0075424211428269}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF ENGLISH LINGUISTICS}, author={Wolfram, Walt}, year={2012}, month={Mar}, pages={111–117} }
 @misc{wolfram_2011, title={Investigating variation: The effects of social organization and social setting.}, volume={87}, DOI={10.1353/lan.2011.0093}, abstractNote={Reviewed by: Investigating variation: The effects of social organization and social setting Walt Wolfram Investigating variation: The effects of social organization and social setting. By Nancy C. Dorian. New York: Oxford University Press, 2010. Pp. xxii, 350. ISBN 9780195385922. $49.95. Since 1963, when she uncovered Scottish Gaelic while conducting fieldwork for the Linguistic Survey of Scotland, Nancy Dorian has dedicated her research life to the study of language variation and language shift in the East Southerland villages of Brora, Golspie, and Embo. Almost a half-century of study has led to an impressive portfolio of published papers and books on these communities. Previous books provided a general description of varieties of Gaelic (Dorian 1978), the investigation of language death (Dorian 1981), and an oral history of East Sutherland fisherfolk (Dorian 1985); and a series of articles (e.g. Dorian 1973, 1980, 1994) have dealt with the issue of ‘personal-patterned variation’ versus group-based language variation. The sociolinguistic perspective offered by her long-term research involvement is unparalleled. Accordingly, her description, observations, and explanations of language variation warrant the full attention of variationists and sociolinguistics, as well as the general field of linguistics. The central issue in this study, the status of individually based vis-à-vis socially constrained language variation, has been at the heart of variation studies since its inception. Unfortunately, the controversy has sometimes been idealized into polarized caricatures in which the individual is set in opposition to the social group, an opposition that does not serve the delicate interaction between the individual and the group that should inform our genuine understanding of language variation. As D notes at the outset of her study, ‘Two equally interesting questions are at the heart of the book: how an extraordinary degree of idiosyncratic linguistic variation can coexist with an extraordinarily homogenous speaker population, and how linguists might overlook the possibility [End Page 904] of their coexistence’ (3). The first question is an observational-descriptive one that challenges a ‘common-sense’ understanding of sociolinguistic variation, namely, that small, socially homogeneous communities would be characterized by relative linguistic uniformity. Empirically, however, this simply is not the case, and some of our own studies of small, historically isolated, socioeconomically uniform communities (Wolfram & Beckett 2000, Wolfram & Thomas 2002) certainly reinforce D’s observations about ‘the high degree of unweighted idiosyncratic linguistic variation’ (11) often found in these communities. The second question is an ideological one since D claims that variationists have often failed to acknowledge the legitimacy of personally based language variation by theoretically and operationally following Labov’s (2001:34) observation that ‘the individual does not exist as a linguistic object’. D notes that ‘the methodological traditions that shape our investigative traditions…can block for longer or shorter periods our perception of certain phenomena or, if they register with us, our inclination to engage with them’ (11). Such is the case with respect to personal-based language variation. The introductory chapter (Ch. 1, ‘The variation puzzle’) lays out the kinds of expectations that D originally had for linking language variation with social meaning, including social and ethnic differentiation, language proficiency, geography, age, gender, style, and so forth. Following a sociohistorical and ethnographic description that situates the East Sutherland fishing communities and the possible connections of social grouping and language variation (Ch. 3, ‘The East Sutherland fishing communities’), D proceeds to the description of some illustrative examples of geographic, age, proficiency, and style-related variation in these communities (Ch. 4, ‘Dimensions of linguistic variation in a socioeconomically homogeneous population’). For the village of Embo, a comprehensive set of variables is examined in detail (Ch. 5, ‘A close look at some Embo variables and their use’), with more than twenty-five tables of fluctuating variant usage for each of the subjects. The descriptive approach presents fluctuating variants in their rawest form, cataloguing from two to five variants for each variable for each speaker. This format offers exceptional transparency of fluctuating variants at their most basic operational level; it also exposes some of the essential methodological, analytical, and descriptive issues in analyzing variation, where the potential occurrence of variables may vary drastically from variable to variable and from speaker to speaker. One of the immediate...}, number={4}, journal={Language}, author={Wolfram, W.}, year={2011}, pages={904–908} }
 @article{van hofwegen_wolfram_2010, title={Coming of age in African American English: A longitudinal study}, volume={14}, ISSN={["1360-6441"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1467-9841.2010.00452.x}, abstractNote={This study examines trajectories of development in the use of African American English (AAE) for 32 speakers through the first 17 years of their lives based on a unique, longitudinal database. Temporal data points in the analysis include 48 months, Grade 1 (about age 6), Grade 4 (about age 9), Grade 6 (about age 11), Grade 8 (about age 13), and Grade 10 (about age 15). Complementary methods of analysis for assessing AAE include a token‐based Dialect Density Measure (DDM), a type‐based vernacular diversity index, and frequency‐based variation analysis. The study reveals different trajectories and peak periods for the use of AAE, including a ‘roller coaster’ and a curvilinear trajectory; at the same time, there is a common dip among speakers in the overall use of vernacular AAE from Grade 1 through Grade 4. Examination of a selective set of demographic and self‐regard measures shows no significant differences for gender, school racial density, racial peer contacts, and measures of Afro‐centrality, but does show a significant correlation between mothers’ and child use of AAE as well as age/grade.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF SOCIOLINGUISTICS}, author={Van Hofwegen, Janneke and Wolfram, Walt}, year={2010}, month={Sep}, pages={427–455} }
 @book{engagement_2010, title={Integrating learning, discovery, and engagement through the scholarship of engagement}, journal={Technical Report- Not held in TRLN member libraries}, institution={Raleigh, NC: NCSU Office of Extension, Engagement, and Economic Development}, author={Engagement, Task Force}, year={2010} }
 @article{kendall_wolfram_2009, title={Local and External Language Standards in African American English}, volume={37}, ISSN={["1552-5457"]}, DOI={10.1177/0075424209339281}, abstractNote={This investigation attempts to determine the social distribution and contextual shifting of African American English (AAE) within rural Southern African American communities. The study compares selective diagnostic AAE variables and features of speech rate and pause in the speech of three recognized sociopolitical leaders in public presentations and sociolinguistic interviews. The results show that there are not significant shifts in the use of AAE from the sociolinguistic interview to the public presentation settings and that leaders do not necessarily align their speech with their age and sex cohorts in terms of vernacular AAE usage. The authors conclude that the relative autonomy of the community, its endocentric versus exocentric orientation, the primary public service constituency of the leader, the different social affiliations and divisions within the community, the speaker’s personal background and history, and the socialized demands and expectations for public presentation are all factors in understanding the leaders’ use of local vernacular and mainstream standard variants.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF ENGLISH LINGUISTICS}, author={Kendall, Tyler and Wolfram, Walt}, year={2009}, month={Dec}, pages={305–330} }
 @book{produced_neal hutcheson_producer_2008, title={The Carolina brogue}, publisher={[Raleigh, NC]: North Carolina Language and Life Project,|cc2008}, author={produced and Neal Hutcheson and producer, Walt Wolfram}, year={2008} }
 @book{wolfram_schilling-estes_2006, title={American English: Dialects and variation}, ISBN={1405112654}, journal={(Language in society (Oxford, England); 25)}, publisher={Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishers}, author={Wolfram, W. and Schilling-Estes, N.}, year={2006} }
 @book{american voices: how dialects differ from coast to coast_2006, ISBN={1405121084}, publisher={Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing}, year={2006} }
 @inbook{wolfram_2006, title={Dialect in danger (Outer Banks, NC)}, ISBN={1405121084}, booktitle={American voices: How dialects differ from coast to coast}, publisher={Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing}, author={Wolfram, W.}, editor={W. Wolfram and Ward, B.Editors}, year={2006} }
 @inbook{wolfram_2006, title={From the brickhouse to the swamp (Lumbee vernacular English)}, ISBN={1405121084}, booktitle={American voices: How dialects differ from coast to coast}, publisher={Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing}, author={Wolfram, W.}, editor={W. Wolfram and Ward, B.Editors}, year={2006} }
 @inbook{wolfram_2006, title={Islands of diversity (Bahamas)}, ISBN={1405121084}, booktitle={American voices: How dialects differ from coast to coast}, publisher={Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing}, author={Wolfram, W.}, editor={W. Wolfram and Ward, B.Editors}, year={2006} }
 @inbook{wolfram_schilling-estes_2006, title={Language evolution or dying traditions?: The state of American dialects}, ISBN={1405121084}, booktitle={American voices: How dialects differ from coast to coast}, publisher={Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing}, author={Wolfram, W. and Schilling-Estes, N.}, editor={W. Wolfram and Ward, B.Editors}, year={2006} }
 @book{hutcheson_wolfram_2005, title={Queen family [videorecording]: Appalachian tradition & back porch music}, publisher={Raleigh, NC: North Carolina State University Humanities Extension}, author={Hutcheson, N. and Wolfram, W.}, year={2005} }
 @article{wolfram_carter_moriello_2004, title={Emerging Hispanic English: New dialect formation in the American South}, volume={8}, ISSN={["1467-9841"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1467-9841.2004.00264.x}, abstractNote={Although stable Hispanic populations have existed in some regions of the United States for centuries, other regions, including the mid‐Atlantic South, are just experiencing the emergence of permanent Hispanic communities. This situation offers an ideal opportunity to examine the dynamics of new dialect formation in progress, and the extent to which speakers acquire local dialect traits as they learn English as a second language. We focus on the production of the /ai/ diphthong among adolescents in two emerging Hispanic communities, one in an urban and one in a rural context. Though both English and Spanish have the diphthong /ai/, the Southern regional variant of the benchmark local dialect norm is unglided, thus providing a local dialect alternative. The instrumental analysis of /ai/ shows that there is not pervasive accommodation to the local norm by Hispanic speakers learning English. There is, however, gradient, incremental adjustment of the /ai/, and individual speakers who adopt local cultural values may accommodate to the local dialect pattern.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF SOCIOLINGUISTICS}, author={Wolfram, W and Carter, P and Moriello, B}, year={2004}, month={Aug}, pages={339–358} }
 @book{hutcheson_wolfram_2004, title={Voices of North Carolina [videorecording]: Language, dialect, and identity in the Tarheel state}, publisher={Raleigh, NC: North Carolina State University Humanities Extension}, author={Hutcheson, N. and Wolfram, W.}, year={2004} }
 @article{wolfram_2003, title={African Americans by the sea}, volume={5}, number={2}, journal={Mullet Wrapper}, author={Wolfram, W.}, year={2003} }
 @inbook{wolfram_2003, title={Dialect enclaves in the South}, booktitle={Language in the New South}, publisher={Cambridge: Cambridge University Press}, author={Wolfram, W.}, editor={S. Nagle and Sanders, S.Editors}, year={2003}, pages={141–158} }
 @inbook{wolfram_schilling-estes_2003, title={Dialectology and language diffusion}, DOI={10.1002/9780470756393.ch24}, abstractNote={This chapter contains sections titled: Orderly Variation and Diffusion Traditional Models of Linguistic Diffusion The Gravity Model Limitations of the Gravity Model Amplifiers and Barriers to Diffusion Contra-Hierarchical Diffusion Notes}, booktitle={The handbook of historical linguistics}, publisher={Malden, MA: Blackwell Pub.}, author={Wolfram, W. and Schilling-Estes, N.}, editor={Joseph, B. D. and Janda, R. D.Editors}, year={2003}, pages={713–735} }
 @article{wolfram_schilling-estes_2003, title={Language change in "conservative" dialects: The case of past tense be in southern enclave communities}, volume={78}, ISSN={["0003-1283"]}, DOI={10.1215/00031283-78-2-208}, abstractNote={�� edge the potential for independent, internal linguistic change in such language varieties, the role of innovation tends to be overlooked in favor of the relic assumption, namely, that dialect forms in peripheral dialects will remain relatively static and resistant to language innovation. Indeed, Andersen (1988) maintains that this assumption has led researchers to slight the role of system-internal innovations in language in peripheral communities in favor of explanations grounded in hypothetical (and often unlikely or even impossible) contact situations resulting in the diffusion of change from outside areas. Andersen notes, there are internally motivated innovations which arise independently of any external stimulus. These too have an areal dimension and may appear to spread merely because they arise in different places at different times. [54] Andersen not only admits the potential of internally motivated change but asserts that peripheral varieties existing in closed, concentrated communities actually may show more dramatic changes than those occurring in more mainstream varieties, including “exorbitant phonetic developments” (70). In this study, we compare the trajectory of language change for a single morphosyntactic feature—past tense be leveling—in a set of representative enclave communities in the mid-Atlantic South to examine its path of change over the past century and the general role of innovation in peripheral dialect communities. Though enclave dialect situations have always}, number={2}, journal={AMERICAN SPEECH}, author={Wolfram, W and Schilling-Estes, N}, year={2003}, pages={208–227} }
 @article{wolfram_2003, title={Language variation in the American South: An introduction}, volume={78}, ISSN={["1527-2133"]}, DOI={10.1215/00031283-78-2-123}, abstractNote={Research Article| May 01 2003 LANGUAGE VARIATION IN THE AMERICAN SOUTH: AN INTRODUCTION WALT WOLFRAM WALT WOLFRAM Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google American Speech (2003) 78 (2): 123–129. https://doi.org/10.1215/00031283-78-2-123 Cite Icon Cite Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Email Permissions Search Site Citation WALT WOLFRAM; LANGUAGE VARIATION IN THE AMERICAN SOUTH: AN INTRODUCTION. American Speech 1 May 2003; 78 (2): 123–129. doi: https://doi.org/10.1215/00031283-78-2-123 Download citation file: Zotero Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search Books & JournalsAll JournalsAmerican Dialect SocietyAmerican Speech Search Advanced Search The text of this article is only available as a PDF. American Dialect Society2003 Article PDF first page preview Close Modal Issue Section: Articles You do not currently have access to this content.}, number={2}, journal={AMERICAN SPEECH}, author={Wolfram, W}, year={2003}, pages={123–129} }
 @inbook{wolfram_2003, title={On constructing vernacular dialect norms}, booktitle={Handbook of historical linguistics}, publisher={Malden/Oxford: Blackwell}, author={Wolfram, W.}, editor={C. B. Paulston and Tucker, G. R.Editors}, year={2003}, pages={251–272} }
 @article{wolfram_2003, title={Reexamining the development of African American English: Evidence from isolated communities}, volume={79}, ISSN={["1535-0665"]}, DOI={10.1353/lan.2003.0144}, abstractNote={
Despite extensive research over the past several decades, a number of issues concerning the development of AFRICAN AMERICAN VERNACULAR ENGLISH (AAVE) remain unresolved. These include the regional accommodation of earlier African American speech; the sources of its current, distinctive structural features; and the past and present trajectory of change. To address these questions, this study examines several longstanding, isolated biracial sociolinguistic situations in the coastal and the Appalachian regions of North Carolina. One of these situations involves a core community of African Americans, whereas two of the situations involve case studies of isolated speakers. A comparison of diagnostic phonological and morphosyntactic variables for speakers representing different generations of African Americans and baseline European American speakers suggests that extensive accommodation to localized dialects characterized earlier African American speech. At the same time, the maintenance of an exclusive subset of dialect features suggests persistent substrate influence and long-term ethnolinguistic distinctiveness along with local dialect accommodation. Younger African Americans in some historically isolated rural regions appear to be moving away from the localized dialects toward a more generalized AAVE norm.

}, number={2}, journal={LANGUAGE}, author={Wolfram, W}, year={2003}, month={Jun}, pages={282–316} }
 @inbook{wolfram_2002, title={African Americans by the sea}, ISBN={192855637X}, booktitle={Life at the edge of the sea: Essays on North Carolina's coast and coastal culture (Essays on North Carolina's coast and coastal culture ; v. 1)}, publisher={Wilmington, NC: Coastal Carolina Press}, author={Wolfram, W.}, editor={C. Beal and Prioli, C.A.Editors}, year={2002}, pages={113–122} }
 @article{mallinson_wolfram_2002, title={Dialect accommodation in a bi-ethnic mountain enclave community: More evidence on the development of African American English}, volume={31}, ISSN={["0047-4045"]}, DOI={10.1017/S0047404502315021}, abstractNote={The investigation of isolated African American 
enclave communities has been instrumental in reformulating the 
historical reconstruction of earlier African American English 
and the current trajectory of language change in African American 
Vernacular English (AAVE). This case study examines a unique 
enclave sociolinguistic situation – a small, long-term, 
isolated bi-ethnic enclave community in the mountains of western 
North Carolina – to further understanding of the role 
of localized dialect accommodation and ethnolinguistic 
distinctiveness in the historical development of African American 
English. The examination of a set of diagnostic phonological 
and morphosyntactic variables for several of the remaining African 
Americans in this community supports the conclusion that earlier 
African American English largely accommodated local dialects 
while maintaining a subtle, distinctive ethnolinguistic divide. 
However, unlike the situation in some other African American 
communities, there is no current movement toward an AAVE external 
norm for the lone isolated African American teenager; rather, 
there is increasing accommodation to the local dialect. 
Contact-based, identity-based, and ideologically based explanations 
are appealed to in describing the past and present direction 
of change for the African Americans in this receding community.}, number={5}, journal={LANGUAGE IN SOCIETY}, author={Mallinson, C and Wolfram, W}, year={2002}, month={Nov}, pages={743–775} }
 @book{wolfram_dannenberg_knick_oxendine_2002, title={Fine in the world: Lumbee language in time and place}, publisher={Raleigh, NC: North Carolina State University, Humanities Extension/Publications}, author={Wolfram, W. and Dannenberg, C. and Knick, S. and Oxendine, L.}, year={2002} }
 @inbook{wolfram_2002, title={From definition to policy: The ideological struggle of African American vernacular English}, booktitle={Georgetown University Roundtable on Language and Linguistics}, publisher={Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press}, author={Wolfram, W.}, editor={J. E. Alatis and Tan, A.-H.Editors}, year={2002}, pages={292–313} }
 @inbook{wolfram_chambers_trudgill_schilling-estes_2002, title={Language death and dying}, booktitle={The handbook of language variation and change}, publisher={Malden, Mass.: Blackwell Publishers}, author={Wolfram, W. and Chambers, J. K. and Trudgill, P. and Schilling-Estes, N.}, editor={J. K. Chambers, P. Trudgill and Schilling-Estes, N.Editors}, year={2002}, pages={764–787} }
 @inbook{wolfram_2002, title={Speech at the beach: The Outer Banks brogue}, ISBN={192855637X}, booktitle={Life at the edge of the sea: Essays on North Carolina's coast and coastal culture (Essays on North Carolina's coast and coastal culture ; v. 1)}, publisher={Wilmington, NC: Coastal Carolina Press}, author={Wolfram, W.}, editor={C. Beal and Prioli, C.A.Editors}, year={2002}, pages={9–22} }
 @book{thomas_wolfram_2002, title={The development of African American English}, ISBN={0631230866}, publisher={Oxford, UK; Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishers}, author={Thomas, E. R. and Wolfram, W.}, year={2002} }
 @article{wolfram_2002, title={The significance of Lumbee dialect}, number={2002 Jan. 21}, journal={Carolina Indian Voice}, author={Wolfram, W.}, year={2002} }
 @article{wolfram_2002, title={Y?all}, journal={The companion to southern literature: Themes, genres, places, people, movements, and motifs}, publisher={Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press}, author={Wolfram, W.}, editor={J. M. Flora and MacKethan, L. H.Editors}, year={2002} }
 @misc{wolfram_2001, title={Both insider and outsider (Tangier Island:  people, place, and talk by David L. Shore)}, volume={76}, number={3}, journal={American Speech}, author={Wolfram, W.}, year={2001}, pages={320–323} }
 @article{wolfram_2001, title={From the brick house to the swamp}, volume={5}, number={4}, journal={American Language Review}, author={Wolfram, W.}, year={2001}, pages={34–38} }
 @article{wolfram_2001, title={On constructing vernacular dialect norms}, volume={36}, number={2}, journal={The morpho-syntax interface, the acquisition of syntax, and the myth of standard English}, author={Wolfram, W.}, year={2001}, pages={335–358} }
 @inbook{wolfram_2001, title={Ralph W. Fasold}, booktitle={Concise encyclopedia of sociolinguistics}, publisher={Amsterdam ; New York: Elsevier}, author={Wolfram, W.}, year={2001}, pages={863} }
 @inbook{wolfram_2001, title={Reconsidering the sociolinguistic agenda for African-American English}, booktitle={Sociocultural and historical contexts of African American vernacular English: University of Georgia, 29-30 September, 1998}, author={Wolfram, W.}, year={2001}, pages={309–340} }
 @misc{wolfram_2001, title={Tangier Island: Place, people, and talk}, volume={76}, number={3}, journal={American Speech}, author={Wolfram, W.}, year={2001}, pages={323–326} }
 @article{wolfram_2000, title={Dialect in danger}, volume={4}, number={6}, journal={American Language Review}, author={Wolfram, W.}, year={2000}, pages={21–24} }
 @article{peyton_griffin_wolfram_fasold_2000, title={Endangered dialects and social commitment}, journal={Language in action: New studies of language in society}, publisher={Cresskill, N.J.: Hampton Press}, author={Peyton, J. and Griffin, P. and Wolfram, W. and Fasold, R.W.}, year={2000}, pages={335–358} }
 @article{wolfram_2000, title={Everybody has a dialect}, volume={18}, number={Fall}, journal={Teaching Tolerance}, author={Wolfram, W.}, year={2000}, pages={18–23} }
 @article{wolfram_2000, title={Issues in reconstructing Earlier African American English}, volume={19}, number={1}, journal={World Englishes}, author={Wolfram, W.}, year={2000}, pages={39–58} }
 @article{wolfram_schilling-estes_2000, title={Language evolution or dying tradition: The state of American dialects}, volume={4}, number={May/June}, journal={American Language Review}, author={Wolfram, W. and Schilling-Estes, N.}, year={2000}, pages={13–17} }
 @article{wolfram_2000, title={Linguistic diversity and the public interest}, volume={75}, ISSN={["0003-1283"]}, DOI={10.1215/00031283-75-3-278}, abstractNote={Research Article| August 01 2000 LINGUISTIC DIVERSITY AND THE PUBLIC INTEREST WALT WOLFRAM WALT WOLFRAM Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google American Speech (2000) 75 (3): 278–280. https://doi.org/10.1215/00031283-75-3-278 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Email Tools Icon Tools Permissions Cite Icon Cite Search Site Citation WALT WOLFRAM; LINGUISTIC DIVERSITY AND THE PUBLIC INTEREST. American Speech 1 August 2000; 75 (3): 278–280. doi: https://doi.org/10.1215/00031283-75-3-278 Download citation file: Zotero Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search Books & JournalsAll JournalsAmerican Dialect SocietyAmerican Speech Search Advanced Search The text of this article is only available as a PDF. American Dialect Society2000 Article PDF first page preview Close Modal Issue Section: In the Public Interest You do not currently have access to this content.}, number={3}, journal={AMERICAN SPEECH}, author={Wolfram, W}, year={2000}, pages={278–280} }
 @inbook{wolfram_2000, title={On constructing vernacular dialect norms}, booktitle={CLS 36. [Part 2], the panels: The 36th meeting of the Chicago Linguistic Society}, publisher={Chicago, Ill.: The Society}, author={Wolfram, W.}, editor={A. Okrent and Boyle, J. PEditors}, year={2000}, pages={335–358} }
 @inproceedings{wolfram_2000, title={Reconstructing the history of AAVE: New data on an old theme}, volume={26}, DOI={10.3765/bls.v26i1.1152}, abstractNote={Proceedings of the Twenty-Sixth Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society: General Session and Parasession on Aspect (2000)}, number={2000}, booktitle={Berkeley Linguistics Society: Conference Program, 26 February 18-21, 2000 Session III: Sociolinguistics}, author={Wolfram, W.}, year={2000}, pages={333–348} }
 @article{wolfram_2000, title={The changing scope of dialect variation: A transcontinental perpsective}, number={41}, journal={Te Reo}, author={Wolfram, W.}, year={2000}, pages={45–61} }
 @article{wolfram_thomas_green_2000, title={The regional context of earlier African American speech: Evidence for reconstructing the development of AAVE}, volume={29}, ISSN={["1469-8013"]}, DOI={10.1017/S0047404500003018}, abstractNote={Despite extensive research over the past four decades, 
a number of issues concerning the historical and current 
development of African American Vernacular English (AAVE) 
remain unresolved. This study utilizes a unique sociolinguistic 
situation – a long-standing, isolated, biracial community 
situated in a distinctive dialect region of coastal North 
Carolina – to address questions of localized dialect 
accommodation and ethnolinguistic distinctiveness in earlier 
African American English. A comparison of diagnostic phonological 
and morphosyntactic variables for a sample of four different 
generations of African Americans and a baseline European 
American group shows that considerable accommodation of 
the localized dialect occurred in earlier African American 
speech. Nonetheless, certain dialect features – e.g., 
copula absence and 3rd person verbal s marking 
– were distinctively maintained by African Americans 
in the face of localized dialect accommodation; and this 
suggests long-term ethnolinguistic distinctiveness. Cross-generational 
change among African Americans indicates that younger speakers 
are moving away from the localized Pamlico Sound dialect 
toward a more generalized AAVE norm. Contact-based and 
identity-based explanations are offered for the current 
trend of localized dialect displacement.}, number={3}, journal={LANGUAGE IN SOCIETY}, author={Wolfram, W and Thomas, ER and Green, EW}, year={2000}, month={Sep}, pages={315–355} }
 @article{wolfram_beckett_2000, title={The role of the individual and group in earlier African American English}, volume={75}, ISSN={["1527-2133"]}, DOI={10.1215/00031283-75-1-3}, abstractNote={Cette etude sociolinguistique de la variation en anglais afro-americain ancien (AAAA) et de son histoire s'appuie sur la prise en compte de la dimension individuelle des locuteurs. Il est necessaire d'etudier d'un point de vue theorique, descriptif et methodologique le role de l'individu dans sa communaute linguistique et des rapports entre ces individus pour apporter une explication adequate a la variation sociolinguistique synchronique et diachronique. Une analyse est menee au sein d'une communaute linguistique afro-americaine ancienne et historiquement isolee. Toutefois, l'etude ne fait pas abstraction de la variation sociolinguistique en termes de frontieres sociales et d'affiliation des groupes. Ainsi, la region de la 'Hyde County' qui se situe a l'est de la Caroline du Nord et qui presente un statut insulaire historique est ideale pour une etude de la variation intra et intercommunaute en AAAA}, number={1}, journal={AMERICAN SPEECH}, author={Wolfram, W and Beckett, D}, year={2000}, pages={3–33} }
 @article{schilling-estes_wolfram_1999, title={Alternative models of dialect death: Dissipation vs. concentration}, volume={75}, DOI={10.2307/417058}, abstractNote={The comparison of the moribund dialects of Ocracoke Island, North Carolina, and Smith Island, Maryland, demonstrates that valuable insight into the patterning of variation and change in language death can be obtained by investigating moribund varieties of healthy languages. In addition, it is crucial to investigate not only cases of death by linguistic decay (DISSIPATION), but also cases of death by population attrition in which linguistic distinctiveness is maintained or heightened among fewer speakers (CONCENTRATION). The comparative investigation of both types of language death lends insight into the macrolevel socioeconomic and microlevel sociopsychological factors that lead to the maintenance or demise of moribund languages and language varieties, as well as the nature of change in language death. It is demonstrated that change in both concentrating and dissipating varieties is rapid but otherwise indistinct from change in healthy varieties and that unusual patterns of variation and change can be explained by appealing to the social significance of language features.}, number={3}, journal={Language}, author={Schilling-Estes, N. and Wolfram, W.}, year={1999}, pages={486–521} }
 @inbook{wolfram_adger_1999, title={Demythologizing the home/school dichotomy: Sociolinguistic reality and instructional practice}, booktitle={Language in action: New studies of language in society}, publisher={Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press, 1999.}, author={Wolfram, W. and Adger, C. T.}, year={1999} }
 @inbook{wolfram_1999, title={Dialect awareness programs in the school and community}, booktitle={Language alive in the classroom}, publisher={Westport, Conn.: Praeger}, author={Wolfram, W.}, year={1999}, pages={47–66} }
 @book{wolfram_adger_christian_1999, title={Dialects in schools and communities}, ISBN={0805828621}, publisher={Mahwah, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates}, author={Wolfram, W. and Adger, C. T. and Christian, D.}, year={1999} }
 @article{wolfram_1999, title={English with an accent: Language ideology and discrimination in the United States.}, volume={75}, ISSN={["0097-8507"]}, DOI={10.2307/417270}, abstractNote={Preface Introduction: Language Ideology or Science Fiction? 1. The Linguistic Facts of Life 2. Language in Motion 3. The Myth of Non-Accent 4. The Standard Language Myth 5. Language Subordination 6. The Educational System: Fixing the Message in Stone 7. Teaching Children How to Discriminate (What We Learn From the Big Bad Wolf) 8. The Information Industry 9. Real People with a Real Language: The Workplace and the Judicial System 10. The Real Trouble with Black English 11. Hillbillies, Hicks & Southern Belles: The Language Rebels 12. Defying Paradise: Hawai'i 13. The Other In The Mirror 14. !Ya Basta! 15. The Unassimilable Races: What It Means To Be Asian 16. Case Study: Moral Panic in Oakland 17. Case Study: Linguistic Profiling and Fair Housing 18. Conclusions: Civil (Dis)obedience And The Shadow of Language Glossary Bibliography I Bibliography II}, number={2}, journal={LANGUAGE}, author={Wolfram, W}, year={1999}, month={Jun}, pages={362–365} }
 @article{wolfram_sellers_1999, title={Ethnolinguistic marking of past be in Lumbee Vernacular English}, volume={27}, DOI={10.1177/007542429902700203}, abstractNote={Dans cet article, les As. se proposent d'elargir les etudes sociolinguistiques sur le nivellement par were dans le paradigme du passe avec be, en examinant la communaute linguistique de Robeson County en Caroline du Nord, ou des Indiens Lumbee, des Afro-Americains et des Anglo-Americains cohabitent depuis plusieurs siecles. Ils tentent ainsi d'etendre l'analyse descriptive de la dynamique structurale et fonctionnelle du nivellement du temps passe avec be et de determiner comment des communautes vernaculaires cohabitant depuis longtemps peuvent configurer cette variable pour marquer leur identite ethnique}, number={1999}, journal={Journal of English Linguistics}, author={Wolfram, W. and Sellers, J.}, year={1999}, pages={94–114} }
 @inproceedings{wolfram_1999, title={Repercusssions from the Oakland ebonics controversy: the critical role of dialect awareness}, booktitle={Making the connection: Language and academic achievement among African American students, proceedings of a conference of the Coalition on Language Diversity in Education  (Language in education; 2)}, publisher={[Washington: Center for Applied Linguistics; McHenry, IL: Delta Systems Co.}, author={Wolfram, W.}, editor={C. T. Adger, D. Christian and Taylor, O. L.Editors}, year={1999}, pages={61–80} }
 @article{wolfram_1999, title={Sociolinguistic perspectives: Papers on language in society, 1959-1994.}, volume={28}, ISSN={["0047-4045"]}, DOI={10.1017/s0047404599244041}, abstractNote={This collection of Ferguson's articles brings together his research over four decades. When Ferguson started writing about topics related to language and society, the term “sociolinguistics” was barely used and had no recognized status as a field of inquiry. Today, the term seems too diffuse for all the strands of specialization that range from the examination of micro-socio-phonetic detail to the consideration of broad-based macro-sociological and linguistic institutions. Perhaps better than those of any other individual scholar, Ferguson's research interests reflect the breadth of the field. His topics of study have ranged “from Arabic linguistics to applied linguistics, from child language acquisition to language planning, from language and religion to language universals, from Bengali syntax to American sports announcer talk” (p. 3). His impact on the field is undeniable; but because of his expansive interests in an age of increasingly (and sometimes myopic) specialization, few readers are familiar with the full range of sociolinguistic topics that bear this scholar's mark. In Huebner's selection of articles, Ferguson's overall contribution to the field is put in perspective, although the collection is hardly exhaustive of his impact. (See now also Huebner's 1999 obituary of Ferguson.)}, number={4}, journal={LANGUAGE IN SOCIETY}, author={Wolfram, W}, year={1999}, month={Dec}, pages={588–591} }
 @article{wolfram_1999, title={What's in a word?}, number={1999 Mar. 14}, journal={News and Observer [Raleigh, N.C.]}, author={Wolfram, W.}, year={1999}, pages={A21} }
 @book{wolfram_schilling-estes_1998, title={American English: Dialects and variation}, ISBN={0631204865}, publisher={Cambridge, Oxford; Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishers}, author={Wolfram, W. and Schilling-Estes, N.o}, year={1998} }
 @inbook{wolfram_1998, title={Black children are verbally deprived}, booktitle={Language myths}, publisher={London: Penguin Books, 1998.}, author={Wolfram, W.}, editor={L. Bauer and Trudgill, P.Editors}, year={1998}, pages={103–112} }
 @inbook{wolfram_1998, title={Dialect awareness and the study of language}, booktitle={Students as researchers of culture and language in their own communities}, publisher={Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press}, author={Wolfram, W.}, editor={A. Egan-Robertson and Bloome, D.Editors}, year={1998}, pages={167–190} }
 @article{wolfram_schilling-estes_1998, title={Endangered dialects: a neglected siutuation in the endangerment canon}, volume={14}, number={1998}, journal={Southwest Journal of Linguistics}, author={Wolfram, W. and Schilling-Estes, N.}, year={1998}, pages={117–131} }
 @article{dannerberg_wolfram_1998, title={Ethnic identity and grammatical restructuring: be(s) in Lumbee English}, volume={73}, ISSN={["0003-1283"]}, DOI={10.2307/455737}, abstractNote={L'A. analyse , dans une perspective sociolinguistique, l'usage de be dans une variete d'anglais vernaculaire, utilise par une communaute rurale d'amerindiens de la Caroline du Nord. L'analyse porte sur la structure linguistique (morphosyntaxique et semantico-pragmatique) de be et sur sa distribution sociolinguistique}, number={2}, journal={AMERICAN SPEECH}, author={Dannerberg, C and Wolfram, W}, year={1998}, pages={139–159} }
 @article{wolfram_1998, title={Language ideology and dialect: Understanding the Oakland ebonics controversy}, volume={26}, DOI={10.1177/007542429802600203}, abstractNote={L'A. reexamine quelques questions centrales du grand debat sur l'anglais vernaculaire de la communaute noire americaine. Ces questions sont liees aux croyances particulieres sur la nature du langage et des activites impliquant la langue. L'interpretation et la representation des questions concernant la langue sont soustendues par une ideologie. L'A. analyse les differences entre les interpretations populaires des questions de langue et le point de vue professionnel et sociolinguistique de ces questions}, number={2}, journal={Journal of English Linguistics}, author={Wolfram, W.}, year={1998}, pages={108–121} }
 @inbook{wolfram_1998, title={Linguistic and sociolinguistic prerequisites for teaching language}, booktitle={Language study in middle, high school, and beyond}, publisher={Newark, DE: International Reading Association}, author={Wolfram, W.}, editor={J. S. Simmons and Baines, L.Editors}, year={1998}, pages={72–109} }
 @article{wolfram_1998, title={Scrutinizing linguistic gratuity: A view from the field}, volume={2}, DOI={10.1111/1467-9481.00044}, abstractNote={Journal of SociolinguisticsVolume 2, Issue 2 p. 271-279 Scrutinizing Linguistic Gratuity: Issues from the Field Walt Wolfram, Walt Wolfram North Carolina State UniversitySearch for more papers by this author Walt Wolfram, Walt Wolfram North Carolina State UniversitySearch for more papers by this author First published: 16 December 2002 https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9481.00044Citations: 23AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onEmailFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume2, Issue2June 1998Pages 271-279 RelatedInformation}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Sociolinguistics}, author={Wolfram, W.}, year={1998}, pages={271–279} }
 @article{wolfram_sellers_1998, title={The Carolina connection in Cherokee Sound}, volume={7}, number={1998}, journal={North Carolina Literary Review}, author={Wolfram, W. and Sellers, J.}, year={1998}, pages={86–87} }
 @inbook{martin_wolfram_1998, title={The sentence in African American vernacular English}, booktitle={African American vernacular English: Features, evolution, educational implications}, publisher={Malden, Mass.: Blackwel Publishers}, author={Martin, S. and Wolfram, W.}, year={1998}, pages={11–37} }
 @inbook{wolfram_1997, title={Dialect in society}, booktitle={The handbook of sociolinguistics}, publisher={Oxford, UK ; Cambridge, Mass.: Blackwell Publishers}, author={Wolfram, W.}, year={1997}, pages={107–126} }
 @inbook{wolfram_fasold_1997, title={Field methods in the study of social dialects}, booktitle={Sociolinguistics: A reader and coursebook}, publisher={New York: Arnold}, author={Wolfram, W. and Fasold, R. W.}, year={1997}, pages={89–116} }
 @book{wolfram_schilling-estes_1997, title={Hoi toide on the Outer Banks: The story of the Ocracoke brogue}, ISBN={080782318X}, publisher={Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press}, author={Wolfram, W. and Schilling-Estes, N.}, year={1997} }
 @article{wolfram_hazen_tamburro_1997, title={Isolation within isolation: a solitary century of African American vernacular English}, volume={1}, DOI={10.1111/1467-9481.00002}, abstractNote={The nature of language diversity in small, isolated communities is considered by examining a unique sociolingustic situation in which a one African‐American family has resided for over 130 years on a small island community located off the Southeastern coast of the United States. The Anglo‐American community maintained a distinctive dialect due to their isolation from the mainland United States, while the sole African‐American family maintained a variety heavily influenced by African‐American Vernacular English. Although some assimilation to the surrounding Anglo‐American variety has taken place, a number of salient African‐American Vernacular English features are still used by the single African‐American resident of the island. At the same time, the most marked items of the Anglo‐American Outer Banks variety have not been assimilated, thus demonstrating the symbolic exclusion of the African‐American speaker from the Anglo community despite her life‐long residency.}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Sociolinguistics}, author={Wolfram, W. and Hazen, K. and Tamburro, J. R.}, year={1997}, pages={7–38} }
 @article{wolfram_1997, title={Issues in dialect obsolescence + Linguistics, American speech: An introduction}, volume={72}, ISSN={["1527-2133"]}, DOI={10.2307/455605}, abstractNote={L'A. propose une synthese des questions concernant la disparition des dialectes des langues du monde dans les recherches actuelles, en particulier la disparition des differentes varietes d'anglais et des dialectes non-anglais aux Etats Unis}, number={1}, journal={AMERICAN SPEECH}, author={Wolfram, W}, year={1997}, pages={3–11} }
 @article{wolfram_1997, title={Old wine in new bottles: Understanding the Oakland ebonics controversy}, volume={4}, DOI={10.1044/lle4.2.3}, abstractNote={No AccessPerspectives on Language Learning and EducationArticle1 Oct 1997Old Wine in New Bottles: Understanding the Oakland Ebonics Controversy Walt Wolfram Walt Wolfram North Carolina State University Google Scholar More articles by this author https://doi.org/10.1044/lle4.2.3 SectionsAboutFull TextPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationTrack Citations ShareFacebookTwitterLinked In References Alvarez, L. & Kolker, A. (Producers). (1986). American tongues [Video].New York, NY: Center for New American Media. Google Scholar American Association for Applied Linguistics. (1997). Resolution on the application of dialect knowledge to education. Annual Meeting of AAAL.Orlando, FL. Google Scholar American Speech-Language-Hearing Association. (1983). Social dialects: A position paper.Asha, 25, 23–24. Google Scholar Baugh, J. (1988). Language and race: Some implications for linguistic science.In F. J. Newmeyer (Ed.), The Cambridge survey Vol. IV. language: The socio-cultural context (pp. 64–74) . New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. Google Scholar Blanton, P., & Waters, K. (Producers). (1994). The Ocracoke brogue. Raleigh, NC: The North Carolina Language and Life Project. Google Scholar Fairclough, N. (1989). Language and power. London: Longman. Google Scholar Getridge, C. M. (1997). Statement of Carolyn M. Getridge. U. S. Senate Committee on Appropriations: Subcommittee on Labor Health and Human Services of Education.Washington, DC: United States Senate. Google Scholar Gruendler, S., Holden, C, Wolfram, W., & Schilling-Estes, N. (1997). An exhibit on the Ocracoke Brogue. Ocracoke, NC: The Museum of the Ocracoke Preservation Society. Google Scholar Hock, H. H. (1991). Principles of historical linguistics (2nd ed.). New York: Mouton de Gruyter. Google Scholar Kamhi, A. G.,Pollock, K. E., & Harris, J. L. (1996). Communication development and disorders in African American children: Research, assessment, and intervention. Baltimore: Paul H. Brookes. Google Scholar Linguistic Society of America. (1997, January4). LSA resolution on the Oakland Ebonics issue 1997. . Resolution adopted at the Linguistic Society of America Annual Meeting.Chicago, IL. Google Scholar Montgomery, M., & Fuller, J. M. (1996). What was verbal -s in 19 th African American English.E. W. Schneider (Ed.), Focus on the USA (pp. 211–230). Philadelphia: John Benjamins. Google Scholar Mufwene, S. S. (1996). The development of American Englishes: Some questions from a creole genesis perspective.In E. W. Schneider (Ed.), Focus on the USA (pp. 231–264). Philadelphia: John Benjamins. Google Scholar Taylor, O. L. (Ed.). (1986). Nature of communication disorders in culturally and linguistically diverse populations. San Diego, CA: College- Hill Press. Google Scholar Taylor, O. L. (1997). Testimony of Orlando Taylor on the subject of Ebonics. U.S. Senate Committee on Appropriations: Subcommittee on Labor Health and Human Services of Education.Washington, DC: United States Senate. Google Scholar Wolfram, W. (1991). Dialects and American English. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. Google Scholar Wolfram, W. (1993). A proactive role for speech-language pathologists in sociolinguistic education, Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools. 24, 181–85. Google Scholar Wolfram, W. (1995). Reconsidering dialects in Teaching English to Speakers of Other Languages.(TESOL), TESOL Matters, 5(No. 2, April/May), 1, 22. Google Scholar Wolfram, W. & Schilling-Estes, N. (1997). Hoi toide on the Outer Banks: The Story of the Ocracoke Brogue.Chapel Hill, NC: The University of North Carolina Press. Google Scholar Wolfram, W. & Schilling-Estes, N. (1997). American English: Dialects and variation.Cambridge, MA: Basil Blackwell. Google Scholar Additional Resources FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Volume 4Issue 2October 1997Pages: 3-8 Get Permissions Add to your Mendeley library History Published in issue: Oct 1, 1997 Metrics Downloaded 25 times Topicsasha-topicsleader-topicsasha-article-typesasha-sigsCopyright & Permissions© 1997 American Speech-Language-Hearing AssociationLoading ...}, number={2}, journal={Special Interest Divisions. Language Learning and Education.}, author={Wolfram, W.}, year={1997}, pages={3–8} }
 @inproceedings{wolfram_1997, title={Orderly approches to disorderly change}, number={1997}, booktitle={Anglistentag 1997 Dresden}, publisher={Dresden, Germany: Wissenschaftlicher Verlag Trier}, author={Wolfram, W.}, year={1997}, pages={1–14} }
 @inbook{wolfram_1997, title={Revolving dialect status: levels of evidence in the establishment of African American vernacular English forms}, booktitle={Language variety in the South revisited}, publisher={Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press}, author={Wolfram, W.}, editor={C. Bernstein, T. Nunnally and Sabino, R.Editors}, year={1997}, pages={490–508} }
 @article{wolfram_schilling-estes_1997, title={Symbolic identity and language change: A comparative analysis of post-insular /ay/ and /aw/}, volume={4}, number={1}, journal={University of Pennsylvania Working Papers in Linguistics}, author={Wolfram, W. and Schilling-Estes, N.}, year={1997}, pages={83–109} }
 @article{wolfram_1997, title={The role of dialect differences in cross-cultural communication: proactive dialect awareness}, volume={65}, number={1997}, journal={Bulletin Suisse De Linguistique Appliquee
 Bulletin Suisse De Linguistique Appliquee}, author={Wolfram, W.}, year={1997}, pages={143–154} }
 @inbook{wolfram_schilling-estes_hazen_craig_1997, title={The sociolinguistic complexity of quasi-isolated southern coastal communities}, booktitle={Language variety in the South revisited}, publisher={Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press}, author={Wolfram, W. and Schilling-Estes, N. and Hazen, K. and Craig, C.}, editor={C. Bernstein, T. Nunnally and Sabino, R.Editors}, year={1997}, pages={173–187} }