@article{kousik_adams_jester_hassell_harrison_holmes_2011, title={Effect of cultural practices and fungicides on Phytophthora fruit rot of watermelon in the Carolinas}, volume={30}, ISSN={["0261-2194"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.cropro.2011.03.012}, abstractNote={Phytophthora fruit rot of watermelon, caused by Phytophthora capsici, is an important and emerging disease in Southeastern U.S.A. The effects of two cultural practices (raised bare ground and raised plastic mulched beds) used for growing watermelon and different fungicide treatments on development of Phytophthora fruit rot were evaluated. The experiments were conducted over three years (2005–2008) at research stations in North Carolina and South Carolina, U.S.A. Fungicides were applied at weekly intervals on the diploid cv. Mickey Lee for an average of five applications. Fruit rot incidence was recorded at the end of each experiment. Fruit rot incidence in the non-treated plots was 66% across two states and six trials. Overall, the levels of fruit rot on the raised bare ground and raised plastic mulched beds were not significantly different. Based on percent disease reduction relative to the non-treated check plots, the fungicide Captan was the most effective across years and locations (range = 23–70%, mean = 57%), followed by mandipropamid (25–65%, mean = 50%), fluopicolide (24–65%, mean = 43%) and cyazofamid (0–48%, mean = 31%). Mefenoxam, the current standard treatment reduced fruit rot by 8–28% (mean = 18%). The addition of copper hydroxide to the spray mix did not significantly enhance effectiveness of Captan or mandipropamid. The variability in fungicide efficacy observed in these experiments across locations and years demonstrates the importance of environmental conditions in disease development and management. Even when the most effective fungicides are used, heavy losses may occur when conditions are highly favorable for disease development. Ultimately, effective control of Phytophthora fruit rot of watermelon will require an integrated management strategy that includes well-drained fields, water management and crop rotation in addition to fungicides.}, number={7}, journal={CROP PROTECTION}, author={Kousik, Chandrasekar S. and Adams, Mike L. and Jester, Wilfred R. and Hassell, Richard and Harrison, Howard F. and Holmes, Gerald J.}, year={2011}, month={Jul}, pages={888–894} }
 @article{hasse_schultheis_jester_olson_miller_2009, title={In-row Distance in Triploid Miniwatermelon Cultivars Affects Yield and Quality in Diverse Environments in the Southeastern United States}, volume={19}, ISSN={["1063-0198"]}, DOI={10.21273/hortsci.19.3.538}, abstractNote={The goals of these studies were to determine how miniwatermelon (Citrullus lanatus) cultivars differed and responded to plant in-row spacing in terms of percentage of marketable fruit and yields, and if plant spacing impacted internal fruit quality. Three genetically diverse triploid miniwatermelon cultivars (Mohican, Petite Perfection, and Xite) were selected. These cultivars were evaluated in field locations at northern Florida (Quincy), central South Carolina (Blackville), coastal South Carolina (Charleston), and eastern North Carolina (Kinston) at five within-row distances. Within-row distance included 9, 12, 15, 18, and 21 inches. All plots were15 ft long with row middles 9 ft apart. Fruit were categorized as marketable if they weighed between 3.1 and 9.0 lb per fruit. Within this range further categories were divided as follows: ≤3.0 lb (cull), 3.1 to 5.0 lb (small), 5.1 to 7.0 lb (average), 7.1 to 9.0 lb (large), and ≥9.1 lb (cull). There was a cultivar by location interaction, suggesting that the three cultivars responded differently at each of the four locations. ‘Petite Perfection’ was among the highest yielding at all locations except Quincy, where it was the lowest yielding cultivar. As with total yields, the percentage of marketable fruit was similar for some cultivars across locations. Cultivar Petite Perfection produced the highest percentage of marketable fruit at three of the four locations. The exception was the Quincy site where ‘Xite’ had the highest percentage of marketable fruit. Within-row plant distances and populations affected total marketable yield, both for fruit weight and number per plant, regardless of cultivar and location. As the plant population increased from eight plants per plot (21-inch in-row spacing) to 12 plants per plot (15-inch in-row spacing), total marketable miniwatermelon fruit yields increased in total fruit number as well as total weight. There was a cultivar by location interaction for the percentage of soluble solids and the rind thickness measurements, suggesting that some cultivars responded differently at each of the four locations. Quality effects were more apparent with ‘Mohican’ and ‘Xite’, as they were more responsive to location than ‘Petite Perfection’.}, number={3}, journal={HORTTECHNOLOGY}, author={Hasse, Richard L. and Schultheis, Jonathan R. and Jester, Wilfred R. and Olson, Stephen M. and Miller, Gilbert A.}, year={2009}, pages={538–545} }
 @article{abad_parks_new_fuentes_jester_moyer_2007, title={First report of Sweet potato chlorotic stunt virus, a component of sweetpotato virus disease, in North Carolina.}, volume={91}, ISSN={["0191-2917"]}, DOI={10.1094/PDIS-91-3-0327B}, abstractNote={ Sweet potato chlorotic stunt virus (SPCSV) is the whitefly-transmitted component of the sweet potato virus disease (SPVD), a devastating disease originally described in Africa (4). Two isolates designated as G-01 and T-03 were obtained in North Carolina in July 2001 and October 2003, respectively, from plants of cv. Beauregard exhibiting symptoms typical of SPVD, including stunting, leaf narrowing and distortion, vein clearing, and chlorotic mosaic. Sap extract from symptomatic plants tested positive for SPCSV by nitrocellulose immuno-dot blot, using monoclonal antibodies specific for SPCSV obtained from the International Potato Center. Total RNA was extracted from 100 mg of symptomatic leaf tissue by using the PureLink Total RNA Purification System Kit from Invitrogen (Carlsbad, CA) with a minor modification (adding 2% PVP-40 and 1% 2-mercaptoethanol to the extraction buffer) (1). Results were confirmed by reverse transcription (RT)-PCR using primers CP1 and CP3 and HSP70-A/HSP70-B (2), corresponding to the capsid protein and ‘heat shock’ protein genes, respectively. HSP70 amplicons were cloned using the TOPO TA Cloning Kit (Invitrogen) and sequenced. At the nucleotide level, viral sequences from clones from both isolates were an average 99.4% similar to West Africa and 77.9% to East Africa sequences of SPCSV from Genbank (1). Although the isolates were collected from different fields, viral sequences generated from clones for T-03 and G-01 differed by only six nucleotides and were identical at the amino acid level. The neighbor-joining phylogenetic tree constructed using the HSP70 gene fragment (39 nt) delineated two major clusters with two subpopulations each: Cluster 1, “East Africa”, consisted of East Africa and Peru subpopulations; Cluster 2, “West Africa”, consisted of Argentina-Brazil and USA-West Africa subpopulations (1). In addition, SPCSV isolates from East Africa and West Africa clusters were sufficiently distant phylogenetically to suggest that they may correspond to two different criniviruses, with an average similarity between the populations of 78.14% and an average within the populations above 89%. Hudson's tests confirmed the presence of genetically distinct SPCSV groups with high statistical significance (1). Two groups (Peru and East Africa) were differentiated in the East Africa cluster, and three groups (Argentina-Brazil, USA, and West Africa) were differentiated in the West Africa cluster, suggesting that the USA population is not a recent introduction. Although SPCSV was previously reported in the United States, the source was a single accession of cv. White Bunch from the USDA Sweetpotato Germplasm Repository (3). Sweet potato feathery mottle virus (SPFMV) (family Potyviridae, genus Potyvirus), the other component of SPVD, was also detected in both cultivars. To our knowledge, this is the first report of SPCSV in sweetpotato fields in the United States.  References: (1) J. A. Abad et al. Phytopathology (Abstr.) 96(suppl.):S1, 2006. (2) T. Alicai et al. Plant Pathol. 48:718, 1999. (3) G. Pio-Ribeiro et al. Plant Dis. 80:551, 1996. (4) G. A. Schaefer and E. R. Terry. Phytopathology 66:642, 1977. }, number={3}, journal={PLANT DISEASE}, author={Abad, J. A. and Parks, E. J. and New, S. L. and Fuentes, S. and Jester, W. and Moyer, J. W.}, year={2007}, month={Mar}, pages={327–327} }
 @article{hassell_schultheis_jester_olson_maynard_miller_2007, title={Yield and quality of triploid miniwatermelon cultivars and experimental hybrids in diverse environments in the Southeastern United States}, volume={17}, DOI={10.21273/horttech.17.4.608}, abstractNote={The goal of this study was to evaluate miniwatermelon (Citrullus lanatus) cultivars/experimental hybrids (cultigens) for yield, quality, and adaptability in various growing environments. Eighteen cultigens were evaluated in field locations at southern Florida (Bradenton), northern Florida (Quincy), central South Carolina (Blackville), coastal South Carolina (Charleston), and eastern North Carolina (Kinston). Fruit at each site were harvested when watermelons in several plots were at market maturity. Fruit were categorized as marketable if they weighed between 3.0 and 9.0 lb. Fruit were categorized by size as follows: ≤3.0 lb (cull), 3.1–5.0 lb, 5.1–7.0 lb, 7.1–9.0 lb, and ≥9.1 lb (cull). Fruit were graded according to U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) grading standards for all watermelon fruit. We found that eight cultigens (Meilhart, Petite Perfection, Precious Petite, Little Deuce Coupe, RWT 8162, Master, Bibo, and Vanessa) were consistently among the top yielding and four cultigens (HA 5138, HA 5117, Petite Treat, and Valdoria) were consistently among the lowest yielding. These had a consistent yield response regardless of location. Within the small marketable melon category (3.1–5.0 lb), ‘Bibo’, ‘Precious Petite’, and RWT 8162 produced a uniform fruit over the five locations. Within the medium marketable melon category (5.1–7.0 lb) ‘Meilhart’, ‘Little Deuce Coupe’, HA 5109, ‘Xite’, ‘Mohican’, SR 8101, and ‘Vanessa’ produced uniform fruit size over the five locations. HA 5117, HA 5109, ‘Extazy’, ‘Mohican’, ‘Petite Treat’, and ‘Valdoria’ produced more fruit in the larger category. Those cultigens that produced melons that were consistently >9.0 lb were HA 5138, HA 5117, Bobbie, and Valdoria. The larger USDA marketable class (7.1–9.0 lb) was considered too large to be in the miniwatermelon market. We found five cultigens that provided consistently high soluble solids readings at each location: Master, RWT 8162, Betsy, Bobbie, and Bibo. We sampled only five fruit at each location for internal quality, and found dark seeds in all of the cultigens in at least one of the locations. Rind thickness and fruit shape did not appear to be influenced by test site location.}, number={4}, journal={HortTechnology}, author={Hassell, R. L. and Schultheis, J. R. and Jester, W. B. R. and Olson, S. M. and Maynard, D. N. and Miller, G. A.}, year={2007}, pages={608–617} }