@article{elkhamary_keenihan_schnabel_redding_schumacher_2022, title={Leveraging MRI characterization of longitudinal tears of the deep digital flexor tendon in horses using machine learning}, ISSN={["1740-8261"]}, DOI={10.1111/vru.13090}, abstractNote={AbstractWhile MRI is the modality of choice for the diagnosis of longitudinal tears (LTs) of the deep digital flexor tendon (DDFT) of horses, differentiating between various grades of tears based on imaging characteristics is challenging due to overlapping imaging features. In this retrospective, exploratory, diagnostic accuracy study, a machine learning (ML) scheme was applied to link quantitative features and qualitative descriptors to leverage MRI characteristics of different grades of tearing of the DDFT of horses. A qualitative MRI characteristic scheme, combining tendon morphologic features, altered signal intensity, and synovial sheath distention, was used for LT classification with an excellent diagnostic accuracy of the high‐grade tears but more limited accuracy for the detection of low‐grade tears. A quantitative ML approach was followed to measure the contribution of 30 quantitative phenotypic features for characterizing and classifying tendinous tears. Among the 30 imaging features, boundary curvature represented by the standard deviation and maximum had the most significant discriminatory power (P < 0.05) between normal and abnormal tendons and could be used as an aid for classifying the different grades of LTs of DDFTs. Imaging analysis‐based 3D interactive surface plot supports qualitative characterization of different grades of LTs of the DDFT through clearer visualization of the tendon in three dimensions and simple integration of two perspectives features (i.e., margin/distribution and intensity/distribution). A systematic approach combining quantitative features with qualitative analyses using ML was diagnostically beneficial in MRI characterization and in discriminating between different grades of LTs of the DDFT of horses.}, journal={VETERINARY RADIOLOGY & ULTRASOUND}, author={ELKhamary, Ahmed N. and Keenihan, Erin K. and Schnabel, Lauren V and Redding, William R. and Schumacher, Jim}, year={2022}, month={Apr} }
 @misc{adair_baus_belknap_bell_boero_bussy_cardenas_casey_castro_davis_et al._2018, title={Response to Letter to the Editor: Do we have to redefine lameness in the era of quantitative gait analysis}, volume={50}, ISSN={["2042-3306"]}, DOI={10.1111/evj.12820}, abstractNote={Equine Veterinary JournalVolume 50, Issue 3 p. 415-417 Correspondence Response to Letter to the Editor: Do we have to redefine lameness in the era of quantitative gait analysis S. Adair, S. Adair University of Tennessee, USASearch for more papers by this authorM. Baus, M. Baus Gran Prix Equine, Connecticut, USASearch for more papers by this authorJ. Belknap, J. Belknap Ohio State University, USASearch for more papers by this authorR. Bell, R. Bell Park Equine Hospital, Kentucky, USASearch for more papers by this authorM. Boero, M. Boero Eastsound, Washington, USASearch for more papers by this authorC. Bussy, C. Bussy Saint Saturnin, FranceSearch for more papers by this authorF. Cardenas, F. Cardenas 3H Equine Hospital and Mobile Veterinary Services, North Carolina, USASearch for more papers by this authorT. Casey, T. Casey Fourways Equine Clinic, South AfricaSearch for more papers by this authorJ. Castro, J. Castro University of Tennessee, USASearch for more papers by this authorW. Davis, W. Davis Palm Beach Equine Clinic, Florida, USASearch for more papers by this authorM. Erskine, M. Erskine Virginia Tech, USASearch for more papers by this authorR. Farr, R. Farr Farr and Pursey Equine Veterinary Services, Hertfordshire, UKSearch for more papers by this authorT. Fischer, T. Fischer Chino Valley Equine Hospital, California, USASearch for more papers by this authorB. Forbes, B. Forbes Singapore Turf ClubSearch for more papers by this authorT. Ford, T. Ford Ford Veterinary Surgery Center, California, USASearch for more papers by this authorR. Genovese, R. Genovese Cleveland Equine Clinic, Ohio, USASearch for more papers by this authorR. Gottschalk, R. Gottschalk Witbos Veterinary Clinic, South AfricaSearch for more papers by this authorM. Hoge, M. Hoge Murrieta Equine, California, USASearch for more papers by this authorC. Honnas, C. Honnas Texas Equine Hospital, USASearch for more papers by this authorG. Hunter, G. Hunter Ardene House Veterinary Practice, Aberdeen, UKSearch for more papers by this authorJ. Joyce, J. Joyce Total Equine Veterinary Associates, Virginia, USASearch for more papers by this authorA. Kaneps, A. Kaneps Kaneps Equine Sports Medicine and Surgery, Massachusetts, USASearch for more papers by this authorK. Keegan, Corresponding Author K. Keegan keegank@missouri.edu University of Missouri, USASearch for more papers by this authorJ. Kramer, J. Kramer University of Missouri, USASearch for more papers by this authorC. Lischer, C. Lischer Freie Universität Berlin, GermanySearch for more papers by this authorJ. Marshall, J. Marshall University of Glasgow, UKSearch for more papers by this authorM. Oosterlinck, M. Oosterlinck Ghent University, BelgiumSearch for more papers by this authorP. Radue, P. Radue Damascus Equine Associates, Maryland, USASearch for more papers by this authorR. Redding, R. Redding North Carolina State University, USASearch for more papers by this authorS. K. Reed, S. K. Reed University of Missouri, USASearch for more papers by this authorM. Rick, M. Rick Alamo Pintado Equine Medical Centre, California, USASearch for more papers by this authorE. Santschi, E. Santschi Kansas State University, USASearch for more papers by this authorM. Schoonover, M. Schoonover Oklahoma State University, USASearch for more papers by this authorM. Schramme, M. Schramme VetAgro Sup, FranceSearch for more papers by this authorJohn Schumacher, John Schumacher Auburn University, Alabama, USASearch for more papers by this authorR. Stephenson, R. Stephenson Pool House Equine Clinic, Staffordshire, UKSearch for more papers by this authorR. Thaler, R. Thaler Metamora Equine PC, Michigan, USASearch for more papers by this authorJ. Vedding Neilsen, J. Vedding Neilsen Ansager Veterinary Hospital, DenmarkSearch for more papers by this authorD. A. Wilson, D. A. Wilson University of Missouri, USASearch for more papers by this author S. Adair, S. Adair University of Tennessee, USASearch for more papers by this authorM. Baus, M. Baus Gran Prix Equine, Connecticut, USASearch for more papers by this authorJ. Belknap, J. Belknap Ohio State University, USASearch for more papers by this authorR. Bell, R. Bell Park Equine Hospital, Kentucky, USASearch for more papers by this authorM. Boero, M. Boero Eastsound, Washington, USASearch for more papers by this authorC. Bussy, C. Bussy Saint Saturnin, FranceSearch for more papers by this authorF. Cardenas, F. Cardenas 3H Equine Hospital and Mobile Veterinary Services, North Carolina, USASearch for more papers by this authorT. Casey, T. Casey Fourways Equine Clinic, South AfricaSearch for more papers by this authorJ. Castro, J. Castro University of Tennessee, USASearch for more papers by this authorW. Davis, W. Davis Palm Beach Equine Clinic, Florida, USASearch for more papers by this authorM. Erskine, M. Erskine Virginia Tech, USASearch for more papers by this authorR. Farr, R. Farr Farr and Pursey Equine Veterinary Services, Hertfordshire, UKSearch for more papers by this authorT. Fischer, T. Fischer Chino Valley Equine Hospital, California, USASearch for more papers by this authorB. Forbes, B. Forbes Singapore Turf ClubSearch for more papers by this authorT. Ford, T. Ford Ford Veterinary Surgery Center, California, USASearch for more papers by this authorR. Genovese, R. Genovese Cleveland Equine Clinic, Ohio, USASearch for more papers by this authorR. Gottschalk, R. Gottschalk Witbos Veterinary Clinic, South AfricaSearch for more papers by this authorM. Hoge, M. Hoge Murrieta Equine, California, USASearch for more papers by this authorC. Honnas, C. Honnas Texas Equine Hospital, USASearch for more papers by this authorG. Hunter, G. Hunter Ardene House Veterinary Practice, Aberdeen, UKSearch for more papers by this authorJ. Joyce, J. Joyce Total Equine Veterinary Associates, Virginia, USASearch for more papers by this authorA. Kaneps, A. Kaneps Kaneps Equine Sports Medicine and Surgery, Massachusetts, USASearch for more papers by this authorK. Keegan, Corresponding Author K. Keegan keegank@missouri.edu University of Missouri, USASearch for more papers by this authorJ. Kramer, J. Kramer University of Missouri, USASearch for more papers by this authorC. Lischer, C. Lischer Freie Universität Berlin, GermanySearch for more papers by this authorJ. Marshall, J. Marshall University of Glasgow, UKSearch for more papers by this authorM. Oosterlinck, M. Oosterlinck Ghent University, BelgiumSearch for more papers by this authorP. Radue, P. Radue Damascus Equine Associates, Maryland, USASearch for more papers by this authorR. Redding, R. Redding North Carolina State University, USASearch for more papers by this authorS. K. Reed, S. K. Reed University of Missouri, USASearch for more papers by this authorM. Rick, M. Rick Alamo Pintado Equine Medical Centre, California, USASearch for more papers by this authorE. Santschi, E. Santschi Kansas State University, USASearch for more papers by this authorM. Schoonover, M. Schoonover Oklahoma State University, USASearch for more papers by this authorM. Schramme, M. Schramme VetAgro Sup, FranceSearch for more papers by this authorJohn Schumacher, John Schumacher Auburn University, Alabama, USASearch for more papers by this authorR. Stephenson, R. Stephenson Pool House Equine Clinic, Staffordshire, UKSearch for more papers by this authorR. Thaler, R. Thaler Metamora Equine PC, Michigan, USASearch for more papers by this authorJ. Vedding Neilsen, J. Vedding Neilsen Ansager Veterinary Hospital, DenmarkSearch for more papers by this authorD. A. Wilson, D. A. Wilson University of Missouri, USASearch for more papers by this author First published: 06 April 2018 https://doi.org/10.1111/evj.12820Citations: 13Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article.Citing Literature Volume50, Issue3May 2018Pages 415-417 This article also appears in:Kester News Hour and Milne Lecture AAEP 2021 Virtual Issue RelatedInformation}, number={3}, journal={EQUINE VETERINARY JOURNAL}, author={Adair, S. and Baus, M. and Belknap, J. and Bell, R. and Boero, M. and Bussy, C. and Cardenas, F. and Casey, T. and Castro, J. and Davis, W. and et al.}, year={2018}, month={May}, pages={415–417} }
 @article{rubio-martinez_redding_bladon_wilderjans_payne_tessier_geffroy_parker_bell_collingwood_2018, title={Fracture of the medial intercondylar eminence of the tibia in horses treated by arthroscopic fragment removal (21 horses)}, volume={50}, ISSN={["2042-3306"]}, DOI={10.1111/evj.12720}, abstractNote={SummaryBackgroundFractures of the medial intercondylar eminence of the tibia (MICET) are scarcely reported in horses.ObjectivesTo report the clinical and diagnostic findings, surgical treatment and outcome in a series of horses presented with MICET fracture and treated with arthroscopic fragment removal.Study designMulticentre retrospective case series.MethodsCase records of horses diagnosed with MICET fractures that had undergone surgical treatment were reviewed. Follow‐up information was obtained from re‐examination visits and/or owners.ResultsTwenty‐one cases were identified at 9 equine hospitals between 2004 and 2016. A history of trauma and acute onset of lameness was reported in 12 horses. All cases underwent fracture removal via arthroscopy of the medial femorotibial joint. The cranial cruciate ligament was intact in 6 horses and damaged in 15 horses (damage was ≤25% [n = 9], 25–50% [n = 4] or ≥50% [n = 2] of the cross‐sectional area). The cranial ligament of the medial meniscus was damaged in 11 horses (≤25% [n = 8], 25–50% [n = 3]). The medial meniscus was damaged in 5 horses and articular cartilage damage was identified in 14 horses (mild [n = 8], moderate [n = 6]). Follow‐up information (median 14 months; 4 months–6 years) was available for 20 cases; 2 horses were sound but convalescing; 13 horses were sound and returned to their previous or expected use. Of the 4 horses with the most severe changes to the articular soft tissue structures, 2 remained lame and 2 were subjected to euthanasia because of persistent lameness.Main limitationsThe retrospective, multicentre nature of this study and the limited number of horses are the main limitations.ConclusionsFractures of the MICET are commonly associated with a traumatic event. Prompt diagnosis and early arthroscopic removal of the fracture are recommended.}, number={1}, journal={EQUINE VETERINARY JOURNAL}, author={Rubio-Martinez, L. M. and Redding, W. R. and Bladon, B. and Wilderjans, H. and Payne, R. J. and Tessier, C. and Geffroy, O. and Parker, R. and Bell, C. and Collingwood, F. A.}, year={2018}, month={Jan}, pages={60–64} }
 @misc{schnabel_redding_2018, title={Diagnosis and management of proximal sesamoid bone fractures in the horse}, volume={30}, ISSN={["2042-3292"]}, DOI={10.1111/eve.12615}, abstractNote={SummaryFractures of the proximal sesamoid bones (PSBs) range in severity from simple to complex and comminuted and can be articular or nonarticular. The majority of PSB fractures are diagnosed in racehorses, but PSB fractures, especially simple ones, do occur in sport horses undertaking various disciplines. For simple apical, basilar and abaxial articular PSB fractures, surgical removal via arthroscopy carries the best prognosis for return to athletic performance. Removal of apical and abaxial PSB fractures generally result in a favourable prognosis for return to racing but are dependent on the amount of suspensory ligament injury. Removal of basilar PSB fracture fragments results in a less favourable or fair prognosis for return to racing. Mid‐body PSB fractures typically require (lag screw) surgical fixation preferably with arthroscopic guidance and carry a fair to guarded prognosis for return to racing.}, number={8}, journal={EQUINE VETERINARY EDUCATION}, author={Schnabel, L. V. and Redding, W. R.}, year={2018}, month={Aug}, pages={450–455} }
 @article{seiler_campbell_nixon_tsuruta_dayton_jennings_redding_lustgarten_2016, title={FEASIBILITY AND SAFETY OF CONTRAST-ENHANCED ULTRASOUND IN THE DISTAL LIMB OF SIX HORSES}, volume={57}, ISSN={["1740-8261"]}, DOI={10.1111/vru.12333}, abstractNote={Vascular alterations play important roles in many orthopedic diseases such as osteoarthritis, tendonitis, and synovitis in both human and equine athletes. Understanding these alterations could enhance diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment. Contrast‐enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) could be a valuable method for evaluation of blood flow and perfusion of these processes in the equine distal limb, however no reports were found describing feasibility or safety of the technique. The goal of this prospective, experimental study was to describe the feasibility and safety of distal limb CEUS in a sample of six horses. For each horse, CEUS of the distal limb was performed after intravenous injections of 5 and 10 ml, as well as intra‐arterial injections of 0.5 and 1 ml contrast medium. Vital parameters were monitored and CEUS images were assessed qualitatively and quantitatively for degree of contrast enhancement. None of the horses had clinically significant changes in their vital parameters after contrast medium injection. One horse had a transient increase in respiratory rate, and several horses had mild increases of systolic blood pressure of short duration after intravenous, but not after intra‐arterial injections. Intra‐arterial injection was possible in all horses and resulted in significantly improved contrast enhancement both quantitatively (P = 0.027) and qualitatively (P = 0.019). Findings from this study indicated that CEUS is a feasible and safe diagnostic test for evaluation of the equine distal limb. Future studies are needed to assess the clinical utility of this test for horses with musculoskeletal diseases.}, number={3}, journal={VETERINARY RADIOLOGY & ULTRASOUND}, author={Seiler, Gabriela S. and Campbell, Nigel and Nixon, Britton and Tsuruta, James K. and Dayton, Paul A. and Jennings, Samuel and Redding, W. Rich and Lustgarten, Meghann}, year={2016}, pages={282–289} }
 @article{lustgarten_redding_labens_davis_daniel_griffith_seiler_2015, title={ELASTOGRAPHIC EVALUATION OF NATURALLY OCCURING TENDON AND LIGAMENT INJURIES OF THE EQUINE DISTAL LIMB}, volume={56}, ISSN={["1740-8261"]}, DOI={10.1111/vru.12284}, abstractNote={Compression elastography is an ultrasonographic technique that estimates tissue strain and may have utility in diagnosing and monitoring soft tissue injuries in the equine athlete. Recently, elastography has been proven to be a feasible and repeatable imaging modality for evaluating normal tendons and ligaments of the equine distal forelimb. The purposes of this prospective study were to investigate the ability of elastography to detect spontaneously occurring lesions of equine tendons and ligaments diagnosed with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and gray‐scale ultrasound (US) and to characterize the differences in the elastographic appearance of acute vs. chronic injuries. Fifty seven horses with a total of 65 lesions were evaluated. Images were assessed quantitatively and qualitatively. Acute lesions were found to be significantly softer (P < 0.0001) than chronic lesions (P < 0.0001) and the stiffness of lesions increased with progression of healing (P = 0.0138). A negative correlation between lesion hypoechogenicity and softness was appreciated with more hypoechoic lesions appearing softer (P = 0.0087) and more hyperechoic regions harder (P = 0.0002). A similar finding occurred with increased signal intensity on short tau inversion recovery (STIR) and proton density (PD) MRI sequences correlating with increased softness on elastography (P = 0.0164). Using US and MRI as references, commonly encountered soft tissue injuries of the equine distal limb could be detected with elastography. However, elastography was limited for detecting small, proximal injuries of the hindlimb proximal suspensory ligament. Elastographic evaluation of equine tendons and ligaments may allow better characterization of lesion chronicity and severity, and sequential examinations may optimize lesion management, rehabilitation, and return to training.}, number={6}, journal={VETERINARY RADIOLOGY & ULTRASOUND}, author={Lustgarten, Meghann and Redding, W. Rich and Labens, Raphael and Davis, Weston and Daniel, Thomas M. and Griffith, Emily and Seiler, Gabriela S.}, year={2015}, pages={670–679} }
 @article{lustgarten_redding_schnabel_prange_seiler_2016, title={Navigational ultrasound imaging: A novel imaging tool for aiding interventional therapies of equine musculoskeletal injuries}, volume={48}, ISSN={["2042-3306"]}, DOI={10.1111/evj.12410}, abstractNote={SummaryReasons for performing studyNavigational ultrasound imaging, also known as fusion imaging, is a novel technology that allows real‐time ultrasound imaging to be correlated with a previously acquired computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) study. It has been used in man to aid interventional therapies and has been shown to be valuable for sampling and assessing lesions diagnosed with MRI or CT that are equivocal on ultrasonography. To date, there are no reports of the use of this modality in veterinary medicine.ObjectivesTo assess whether navigational ultrasound imaging can be used to assist commonly performed interventional therapies for the treatment of equine musculoskeletal injuries diagnosed with MRI and determine the appropriateness of regional anatomical landmarks as registration sites.Study designRetrospective, descriptive clinical study.MethodsHorses with musculoskeletal injuries of the distal limb diagnosed with MRI scheduled for ultrasound‐guided interventional therapies were evaluated (n = 17 horses with a total of 29 lesions). Anatomical landmarks used for image registration for the navigational procedure were documented. Accuracy of lesion location and success of the procedure were assessed subjectively and described using a grading scale.ResultsAll procedures were accurately registered using regional anatomical landmarks and considered successful based on our criteria. Anatomical landmarks were described for each lesion type. The addition of navigational imaging was considered to greatly aid the procedures in 59% of cases and added information to the remainder of the procedures. The technique was considered to improve the precision of these interventional procedures.ConclusionsNavigational ultrasound imaging is a complementary imaging modality that can be used for the treatment of equine soft tissue musculoskeletal injuries diagnosed with MRI.}, number={2}, journal={EQUINE VETERINARY JOURNAL}, author={Lustgarten, M. and Redding, W. R. and Schnabel, L. V. and Prange, T. and Seiler, G. S.}, year={2016}, month={Mar}, pages={195–200} }
 @article{lustgarten_redding_labens_morgan_davis_seiler_2014, title={ELASTOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE METACARPAL TENDONS IN HORSES WITHOUT CLINICAL EVIDENCE OF TENDON INJURY}, volume={55}, ISSN={["1740-8261"]}, DOI={10.1111/vru.12104}, abstractNote={Tendon and ligament injuries are common causes of impaired performance in equine athletes. Gray‐scale ultrasonography is the current standard method for diagnosing and monitoring these injuries, however this modality only provides morphologic information. Elastography is an ultrasound technique that allows detection and measurement of tissue strain, and may provide valuable mechanical information about equine tendon and ligament injuries. The purpose of this study was to determine the feasibility, reproducibility, and repeatability of elastography; and to describe elastographic characteristics of metacarpal tendons in sound horses. Nineteen legs for 17 clinically sound horses without evidence of musculoskeletal pathology were included. Elastographic images of the superficial and deep digital flexor tendons and the branches of the suspensory ligament (tendon of the interosseous muscle) were described quantitatively and qualitatively. There was no statistically significant difference between operators (P = 0.86) nor within operators (P = 0.93). For qualitative assessments, reproducibility (0.46) was moderate and repeatability (0.78) was good. Similar to human Achilles tendons, equine tendons were classified as predominantly hard using elastography. There was no statistically significant difference in stiffness of the flexor tendons (P = 0.96). No significant difference in stiffness was found with altered leg position during standing (P = 0.84) and while nonweight bearing (P = 0.61). The flexor tendons were softer when imaged in longitudinal versus transverse planes (P < 0.01) however, the suspensory branches were not (P = 0.67). Findings supported future clinical application of elastography as a noninvasive “stall‐side” imaging modality for evaluation of the tendons and ligaments of the distal forelimb in horses.}, number={1}, journal={VETERINARY RADIOLOGY & ULTRASOUND}, author={Lustgarten, Meghann and Redding, W. Rich and Labens, Raphael and Morgan, Michel and Davis, Weston and Seiler, Gabriela S.}, year={2014}, month={Jan}, pages={92–101} }
 @article{newman_lustgarten_berman_vivrette_redding_2014, title={Surgical treatment of synovial osteochondromatosis in the middle carpal joint of a pony}, volume={26}, ISSN={["2042-3292"]}, DOI={10.1111/eve.12093}, abstractNote={SummaryA 9‐year‐old Paint pony gelding presented for signs of left carpal swelling of 1–2 weeks' duration. Radiographic, ultrasonographic and arthroscopic evaluation of the left carpus was consistent with synovial osteochondromatosis. This presumptive clinical diagnosis was confirmed histopathologically. Arthroscopic removal of the osteochondral bodies resulted in resolution of the carpal effusion and return to previous athletic activity by 4.5 months post operatively. Arthroscopic removal of osteochondral bodies is the treatment of choice in cases of suspected synovial osteochondromatosis.}, number={8}, journal={EQUINE VETERINARY EDUCATION}, author={Newman, J. C. and Lustgarten, M. and Berman, K. G. and Vivrette, S. and Redding, W. R.}, year={2014}, month={Aug}, pages={395–399} }
 @article{labens_redding_desai_orde_mansmann_blikslager_2013, title={Validation of a photogrammetric technique for computing equine hoof volume}, volume={197}, ISSN={["1532-2971"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84884983213&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1016/j.tvjl.2013.04.005}, abstractNote={Assessment of equine foot conformation is often based on linear and angular measurements performed on lateral digital photographs. However, quantification of external foot conformation requires more comprehensive assessments to capture the shape of the entire foot. Volumetric measurements of the hoof capsule represent a summary measure quantifying foot shape. The aim of this study was to develop a method for computation of virtual foot models from digital foot images allowing precise and accurate volumetric measurements. This photogrammetric technique was then assessed for the characterization of foot volume changes associated with foot trimming. Using the technique, three different photographers imaged feet from 18 cadavers at different time points and one analyst processed their images to generate virtual computer models. Volumetric measurements were obtained from these models to determine their precision in the context of ‘Photographer’, ‘Time’ and the effect of ‘Trimming’. Computed tomographic (CT) imaging was used to assess the accuracy of the photogrammetric method. Pre-trim photogrammetric measurements showed excellent precision and accuracy and the results did not depend on the person acquiring the images. The accuracy of post-trim photogrammetric measurements deteriorated in comparison with the average differences measured by CT imaging (19 cm3). Precise volumetric measurements were obtained using the photogrammetric method, but average differences in foot volume after trimming as measured by CT imaging are likely too small to be detected with confidence.}, number={3}, journal={VETERINARY JOURNAL}, author={Labens, R. and Redding, W. R. and Desai, K. K. and Orde, K. Vom and Mansmann, R. A. and Blikslager, A. T.}, year={2013}, month={Sep}, pages={625–630} }
 @article{redding_stephen e. o'grady_2012, title={Nonseptic Diseases Associated with the Hoof Complex Keratoma, White Line Disease, Canker, and Neoplasia}, volume={28}, ISSN={["1558-4224"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.cveq.2012.06.006}, abstractNote={This article addresses nonseptic diseases associated with the hoof complex, namely keratoma, white line disease, canker, and neoplasia. Keratoma is an uncommon cause of lameness, which may be surgically removed. White line disease, a keratolytic process on the solar surface of the hoof, is treated with therapeutic farriery and resection of the hoof wall when appropriate. Equine canker is an infectious process that results in development of a chronic hypertrophy of the horn-producing tissues. Neoplasia involving the equine foot is rare, and melanoma is the most common type of neoplasm reported.}, number={2}, journal={VETERINARY CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA-EQUINE PRACTICE}, author={Redding, W. Rich and Stephen E. O'Grady}, year={2012}, month={Aug}, pages={407-+} }
 @article{redding_stephen e. o'grady_2012, title={Septic Diseases Associated with the Hoof Complex Abscesses, Punctures Wounds, and Infection of the Lateral Cartilage}, volume={28}, ISSN={["0749-0739"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.cveq.2012.06.004}, abstractNote={Hoof abscesses are probably the most common cause of acute severe lameness in horses encountered by veterinarians and farriers. Most affected horses show sudden, severe (acute) lameness; the degree of lameness varies from being subtle in the early stages to non-weight bearing. There is still debate between the veterinary and farrier professions as to who should treat a hoof abscess and the best method to resolve the abscess. Puncture wounds to the sole of the foot can introduce bacteria and debris to the solar surface of the distal phalanx and produce a fracture or a septic pedal osteitis.}, number={2}, journal={VETERINARY CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA-EQUINE PRACTICE}, author={Redding, W. Rich and Stephen E. O'Grady}, year={2012}, month={Aug}, pages={423-+} }
 @article{labens_redding_2012, title={The dilemma of whether to inject the navicular bursa}, volume={171}, ISSN={["0042-4900"]}, DOI={10.1136/vr.e8379}, abstractNote={PALMAR foot pain represents an important condition in horses, frequently requiring a broad therapeutic approach, as summarised in a paper by Manfredi and others (2012) on p 643 of this issue of Veterinary Record . Management options range from supportive treatments, in the form of corrective trimming and remedial shoeing, to systemic and local administration of anti-inflammatories, tiludronate, extracorporeal shock wave therapy or, in the most refractory cases, palmar digital neurectomies (Rijkenhuizen 2006). The key to successful long-term management is knowledge of the exact nature of the condition; palmar foot pain is a clinical sign and not a diagnosis. Often defined by the response of the palmar digital nerves (PDN) to analgesia, many different conditions may fall into this category such that this blocking pattern would more aptly be regarded as an indicator of foot pain instead (Schumacher and others 2004, Dyson and others 2005, Murray and others 2006). To name only a few conditions, horses with lameness due to solar bruises, osteoarthritis/synovitis of the distal interphalangeal (DIP) joint, deep digital flexor (DDF) tendinopathy, navicular bone disease or navicular bursitis typically improve greatly when this nerve block is applied, while a partial response might be achieved in horses with collateral ligament desmitis of the DIP joint and more extensive DDF tendon injuries. Advanced diagnostics (with the gold standard being MRI) are …}, number={25}, journal={VETERINARY RECORD}, author={Labens, R. and Redding, W. R.}, year={2012}, month={Dec}, pages={641-+} }
 @article{labens_redding_2012, title={MR imaging of the equine distal tarsus - too much information?}, volume={24}, ISSN={["0957-7734"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.2042-3292.2011.00350.x}, abstractNote={Equine Veterinary EducationVolume 24, Issue 5 p. 242-246 MR imaging of the equine distal tarsus - too much information? R. Labens, R. Labens Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA.Search for more papers by this authorW. R. Redding, W. R. Redding Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA.Search for more papers by this author R. Labens, R. Labens Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA.Search for more papers by this authorW. R. Redding, W. R. Redding Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA.Search for more papers by this author First published: 12 December 2011 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2042-3292.2011.00350.xCitations: 1Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onEmailFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat References Biggi, M., Zani, D., De Zani, D. and Di Giancamillo, M. (2012) Magnetic resonance imaging findings of bone marrow lesions in the equine distal tarsus. Equine vet. Educ. 24, 236-241. Blankenbaker, D.G., De Smet, A.A., Vanderby, R., McCabe, R. and Koplin, S.A. (2008) MRI of acute bone bruises: timing of the appearance of findings in a swine model. Am. J. Roentgenol. 190, W1-W7. Byam-Cook, K.L. and Singer, E.R. (2009) Is there a relationship between clinical presentation, diagnostic and radiographic findings and outcome in horses with osteoarthritis of the small tarsal joints? Equine vet. J. 41, 118-123. d'Anjou, M.A., Troncy, E., Moreau, M., Abram, F., Raynauld, J.P., Martel-Pelletier, J. and Pelletier, J.P. (2008) Temporal assessment of bone marrow lesions on magnetic resonance imaging in a canine model of knee osteoarthritis: impact of sequence selection. Osteoarthr. Cartil. 16, 1307-1311. Dyson, S.J. (2003) Radiography and radiology. In: Diagnosis of Lameness in the Horse, Eds: M.W. Ross and S.J. Dyson, Saunders, St. Louis. pp 153-166. Gaebler, C., Kukla, C., Breitenseher, M., Trattnig, S., Mittlboeck, M. and Vecsei, V. (1996) Magnetic resonance imaging of occult scaphoid fractures. J. Trauma-Injury Infect. Crit. Care 41, 73-76. Holowinski, M., Judy, C., Saveraid, T. and Maranda, L. (2010) Resolution of lesions on stir images is associated with improved lameness status in horses. Vet. Radiol. Ultrasound 51, 479-484. Labens, R., Innocent, G.T. and Voute, L.C. (2007a) Reliability of a quantitative rating scale for assessment of horses with distal tarsal osteoarthritis. Vet. Radiol. Ultrasound 48, 204-211. Labens, R., Mellor, D.J. and Voute, L.C. (2007b) Retrospective study of the effect of intra-articular treatment of osteoarthritis of the distal tarsal joints in 51 horses. Vet. Rec. 161, 611-616. Laverty, S., Stover, S.M., Belanger, D., O'Brien, T.R., Pool, R.R., Pascoe, J.R., Tayler, K. and Harrington, T. (1991) Radiographic, high detail radiographic, microangiographic and histological findings of the distal portion of the tarsus in weanling, young and adult horses. Equine vet. J. 23, 413-421. Martig, S., Boisclair, J., Konar, M., Spreng, D. and Lang, J. (2007) MRI characteristics and histology of bone marrow lesions in dogs with experimentally induced osteoarthritis. Vet. Radiol. Ultrasound 48, 105-112. McNally, E.G., Goodman, R. and Burge, P. (2000) The role of MRI in the assessment of scaphoid fracture healing: a pilot study. Eur. Radiol. 10, 1926-1928. Mink, J.H. and Deutsch, A.L. (1989) Occult cartilage and bone injuries of the knee - detection, classification, and assessment with Mr Imaging. Radiol. 170, 823-829. Murphey, E.D., Schneider, R.K., Adams, S.B., Santschi, E.M., Stick, J.A. and Ruggles, A.J. (2000) Long-term outcome of horses with a slab fracture of the central or third tarsal bone treated conservatively: 25 cases (1976-1993). J. Am. vet. med. Ass. 216, 1949-1954. Olive, J., Mair, T.S. and Charles, B. (2009) Use of standing low-field magnetic resonance imaging to diagnose middle phalanx bone marrow lesions in horses. Equine vet. Educ. 21, 116-123. Olive, J., d'Anjou, M.A., Alexander, K., Laverty, S. and Theoret, C. (2010) Comparison of magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomography, and radiography for assessment of noncartilaginous changes in equine metacarpophalangeal osteoarthritis. Vet. Radiol. Ultrasound 51, 267-279. Roemer, F.W., Frobell, R., Hunter, D.J., Crema, M.D., Fischer, W., Bohndorf, K. and Guermazi, A. (2009) MRI-detected subchondral bone marrow signal alterations of the knee joint: terminology, imaging appearance, relevance and radiological differential diagnosis. Osteoarthr. Cartil. 17, 1115-1131. Zanetti, M., Bruder, E., Romero, J. and Hodler, J. (2000) Bone marrow edema pattern in osteoarthritic knees: correlation between MR imaging and histologic findings. Radiol. 215, 835-840. Citing Literature Volume24, Issue5May 2012Pages 242-246 ReferencesRelatedInformation}, number={5}, journal={EQUINE VETERINARY EDUCATION}, author={Labens, R. and Redding, W. R.}, year={2012}, month={May}, pages={242–246} }
 @article{labens_schramme_robertson_thrall_redding_2010, title={CLINICAL, MAGNETIC RESONANCE, AND SONOGRAPHIC IMAGING FINDINGS IN HORSES WITH PROXIMAL PLANTAR METATARSAL PAIN}, volume={51}, ISSN={["1740-8261"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1740-8261.2009.01614.x}, abstractNote={Sonography is commonly used for diagnosis of desmopathy of the proximal part of the suspensory ligament in horses. However, magnetic resonance (MR) imaging has been stated to be superior for detecting disease and localizing lesions. In this retrospective study of 39 horses or 46 hind limbs with lameness due to proximal plantar metatarsal pain, the clinical and diagnostic findings are discussed and sonography and MR imaging compared for examination of the proximal part of the suspensory ligament. With MR imaging interpreted as the clinical gold standard, desmopathy of the proximal part of the suspensory ligament was diagnosed in 21 hind limbs, proximal plantar metatarsal pain of unknown cause in 12, an osseous injury at the origin of the suspensory ligament in four and a condition unrelated to the suspensory ligament in nine. Based on these findings, sonography had a sensitivity of 0.77 and 0.66 and specificity of 0.33 and 0.31 for diagnosing proximal suspensory desmopathy and for accurately localizing lesions, respectively. MR imaging changes consistent with proximal suspensory desmopathy were signal hyperintensities and an increase in cross‐sectional area compared with the contralateral limb. Anesthesia of the deep branch of the lateral plantar nerve is not specific neither for proximal suspensory desmopathy, as conditions unrelated to the suspensory ligament were diagnosed, nor for diagnosis of proximal plantar metatarsal pain, as conditions outside the proximal plantar metatarsal region were also diagnosed.}, number={1}, journal={VETERINARY RADIOLOGY & ULTRASOUND}, author={Labens, Raphael and Schramme, Michael C. and Robertson, Ian D. and Thrall, Donald E. and Redding, W. Rich}, year={2010}, pages={11–18} }
 @article{redding_pease_2010, title={Imaging of the shoulder}, volume={22}, ISSN={["0957-7734"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.2042-3292.2010.00055.x}, abstractNote={SummaryDiagnosis of lameness associated with the shoulder region requires a careful clinical examination, the use of specifically placed intra‐articular analgesia and a combination of some common imaging techniques to accurately define the source of pain. Most equine practices performing lameness examinations in the horse have the radiographic and ultrasonographic equipment necessary to accurately image the shoulder. This article presents a description of the unique anatomy of the shoulder and the specific application of radiographic and ultrasonographic techniques to provide a complete set of diagnostic images of the shoulder region. A brief discussion of nuclear scintigraphy of this region is also included.}, number={4}, journal={EQUINE VETERINARY EDUCATION}, author={Redding, W. R. and Pease, A. P.}, year={2010}, month={Apr}, pages={199–209} }
 @article{gonzalez_schramme_robertson_thrall_redding_2010, title={MRI FEATURES OF METACARPO(TARSO)PHALANGEAL REGION LAMENESS IN 40 HORSES}, volume={51}, ISSN={1058-8183 1740-8261}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1740-8261.2010.01676.x}, DOI={10.1111/j.1740-8261.2010.01676.x}, abstractNote={Lameness originating from the metacarpo(tarso)phalangeal (MP) joint has a significant effect on the use and athletic competitiveness of a horse. The identification of the cause of lameness originating from the MP joint can be challenging, given the limitations of radiography, ultrasonography, and nuclear scintigraphy. Our purpose was to describe the injury types and incidence in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies from 40 horses with lameness attributable to the MP joint region where it was not possible to reach a clinically plausible diagnosis using other imaging modalities. Horses were examined in a 1.5 T magnet (Siemens Medical Solutions) under general anesthesia. The frequency of occurrence of MR lesions was subchondral bone injury (19), straight or oblique distal sesamoidean desmitis (13), articular cartilage injury and osteoarthritis (eight), suspensory branch desmitis (seven), osteochondral fragmentation (seven), proximal sesamoid bone injury (seven), inter-sesamoidean desmitis (four), deep digital flexor tendonitis (four), collateral desmitis (three), superficial digital flexor tendonitis (two), enostosis-like lesions of the proximal phalanx or MCIII (two), desmitis of the palmar annular ligament (one), desmitis of the proximal digital annular ligament (one), and dystrophic calcification of the lateral digital extensor tendon (one). Twenty-five horses had multiple MR abnormalities. MRI provided information that was complementary to radiography, ultrasonography, and nuclear scintigraphy and that allowed for a comprehensive evaluation of all structures in the MP joint region and a diagnosis in all 40 horses.}, number={4}, journal={Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Gonzalez, Liara M. and Schramme, Michael C. and Robertson, Ian D. and Thrall, Donald E. and Redding, Rich W.}, year={2010}, month={Apr}, pages={404–414} }
 @article{little_redding_gerard_2009, title={Osseous cyst-like lesions of the lateral infertubercular groove of the proximal humerus: A report of 5 cases}, volume={21}, ISSN={["2042-3292"]}, DOI={10.2746/095777308X382678}, abstractNote={SummaryThis report documents the case presentation, evaluation, treatment and outcome of 5 horses with an osseous cystlike lesion (OCLL) of the intertubercular groove of the proximal aspect of the humerus. In 3 of the 5 cases, delayed phase gamma scintigraphic findings demonstrated increased radiopharmaceutical uptake in the region of the intermediate tubercle of the proximal humerus of the affected limb, demonstrating increased bone remodelling in this region. In 4 of the 5 horses, an OCLL was identified in the intermediate tubercle of the proximal humerus, and in one horse the OCLL was identified in the greater tubercle. Medial‐lateral and craniomedial‐caudolateral oblique radiographic views were helpful to see the lesions in all cases. Ultrasonography confirmed the location of the subchondral and fibrocartilage defect associated with the OCLL and confirmed communication of the cyst with the lateral intertubercular groove of the humerus in 3 of the 5 cases. Ultrasonography also confirmed a variable degree of bicipital tendonitis in 3 of the horses. OCLL of the lateral intertubercular groove of the proximal humerus should be considered in the evaluation of any mature horse with lameness isolated to the bicipital bursa. Development of these OCLL may be a result of trauma or altered limb biomechanics as a result of shoulder osteoarthritis or concurrent chronic lameness, which leads to disruption or thinning of the fibrocartilage, remodelling of the subchondral bone and subsequent cyst development.}, number={2}, journal={EQUINE VETERINARY EDUCATION}, author={Little, D. and Redding, W. R. and Gerard, M. P.}, year={2009}, month={Feb}, pages={60–66} }
 @article{gayle_redding_2007, title={Comparison of diagnostic anaesthetic techniques of the proximal plantar metatarsus in the horse}, volume={19}, ISSN={["0957-7734"]}, DOI={10.2746/095777307X194902}, abstractNote={Equine Veterinary EducationVolume 19, Issue 4 p. 222-224 Comparison of diagnostic anaesthetic techniques of the proximal plantar metatarsus in the horse J. M. Gayle, J. M. Gayle Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, USA New England Equine Practice, 310 Peach Lake Road, Brewster, New York 10509, USASearch for more papers by this authorW. R. Redding, Corresponding Author W. R. Redding Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, USA*Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, USASearch for more papers by this author J. M. Gayle, J. M. Gayle Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, USA New England Equine Practice, 310 Peach Lake Road, Brewster, New York 10509, USASearch for more papers by this authorW. R. Redding, Corresponding Author W. R. Redding Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, USA*Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, USASearch for more papers by this author First published: 05 January 2010 https://doi.org/10.2746/095777307X194902Citations: 10 AboutPDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL No abstract is available for this article.Citing Literature Volume19, Issue4May 2007Pages 222-224 RelatedInformation}, number={4}, journal={EQUINE VETERINARY EDUCATION}, author={Gayle, J. M. and Redding, W. R.}, year={2007}, month={May}, pages={222–224} }
 @article{morton_davis_redding_jones_2007, title={Nonsecretory multiple myeloma in a horse}, volume={19}, ISSN={["0957-7734"]}, DOI={10.2746/095777307X217852}, abstractNote={Equine Veterinary EducationVolume 19, Issue 11 p. 564-568 Nonsecretory multiple myeloma in a horse A. J. Morton, Corresponding Author A. J. Morton University of Florida Veterinary Medical Center, Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Box 100136 Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA*University of Florida Veterinary Medical Center, Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Box 100136 Gainesville, Florida 32610, USASearch for more papers by this authorJ. L. Davi, J. L. Davi North Carolina State University Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, Department of Clinical Sciences, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, USASearch for more papers by this authorW. R. Redding, W. R. Redding North Carolina State University Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, Department of Clinical Sciences, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, USASearch for more papers by this authorS. L. Jones, S. L. Jones North Carolina State University Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, Department of Clinical Sciences, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, USASearch for more papers by this author A. J. Morton, Corresponding Author A. J. Morton University of Florida Veterinary Medical Center, Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Box 100136 Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA*University of Florida Veterinary Medical Center, Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Box 100136 Gainesville, Florida 32610, USASearch for more papers by this authorJ. L. Davi, J. L. Davi North Carolina State University Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, Department of Clinical Sciences, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, USASearch for more papers by this authorW. R. Redding, W. R. Redding North Carolina State University Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, Department of Clinical Sciences, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, USASearch for more papers by this authorS. L. Jones, S. L. Jones North Carolina State University Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, Department of Clinical Sciences, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, USASearch for more papers by this author First published: 05 January 2010 https://doi.org/10.2746/095777307X217852Citations: 5AboutPDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Citing Literature Volume19, Issue11December 2007Pages 564-568 RelatedInformation}, number={11}, journal={EQUINE VETERINARY EDUCATION}, author={Morton, A. J. and Davis, J. L. and Redding, W. R. and Jones, S. L.}, year={2007}, month={Dec}, pages={564–568} }
 @article{morton_campbell_gayle_redding_blikslager_2005, title={Preferential and non-selective cyclooxygenase inhibitors reduce inflammation during lipopolysaccharide-induced synovitis}, volume={78}, ISSN={0034-5288}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rvsc.2004.07.006}, DOI={10.1016/j.rvsc.2004.07.006}, abstractNote={Synovitis in horses is frequently treated by administration of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), which inhibit cyclooxygenase isoforms (COX-1 and COX-2). Constitutively expressed COX-1 is involved in physiologic functions such as maintenance of gastric mucosal integrity, whereas COX-2 is up-regulated at sites of inflammation. Thus, COX-2 inhibitors reduce inflammation with reduced gastrointestinal side effects as compared to non-selective COX inhibitors. The objective of the present study was to compare the anti-inflammatory effects of the preferential COX-2 inhibitor etodolac with the non-selective COX inhibitor phenylbutazone in horses with lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced synovitis. Three groups of horses (n = 6) received no treatment, phenylbutazone (4.4 mg/kg, IV, q12h), or etodolac (23 mg/kg, IV, q12h), respectively, 2-h following injection of LPS into one middle carpal joint. Synovial fluid was analyzed for white blood cell (WBC) count, and TXB2 and PGE2 levels. Phenylbutazone and etodolac significantly reduced WBC count 6 and 24-h following injection of LPS compared to untreated horses. In addition, both drugs significantly reduced PGE2 levels (P < 0.05) 6-h following LPS injection, whereas the probable COX-1 prostanoid TXB2 was significantly reduced by phenylbutazone (P < 0.05), but not etodolac. Etodolac may serve as a more selective anti-inflammatory agent than phenylbutazone for treatment of equine synovitis.}, number={2}, journal={Research in Veterinary Science}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Morton, Alison J. and Campbell, Nigel B. and Gayle, J’mai M. and Redding, W. Rich and Blikslager, Anthony T.}, year={2005}, month={Apr}, pages={189–192} }
 @article{giraldo_redding_2005, title={Radiographic diagnosis: Foreign body in the distal interphalangeal joint}, volume={46}, DOI={10.1111/j.1740-8261.2005.000055.x}, number={4}, journal={Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound}, author={Giraldo, L. and Redding, W. R.}, year={2005}, pages={304–305} }
 @article{tomlinson_redding_berry_smallwood_2003, title={Computed tomographic anatomy of the equine tarsus}, volume={44}, ISSN={["1058-8183"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1740-8261.2003.tb01267.x}, abstractNote={The purpose of this study was to provide a detailed computed tomographic (CT) anatomic reference for the equine tarsus. CT exami‐nations of the tarsal regions from four cli‐nically and radiographically normal adult horses, which were euthanized for reasons not related to musculoskeletal disease, were included in the study. Limbs were removed at the level of midtibia, and 3‐mni contiguous transverse CT images were obtained, starting at a level proximal to the tuber calcanei and con‐tinuing distally into the proximal metatarsus. Soft tissue and bone windows were used to image different anatomic features, including bones, joints, and various soft tissue components of the tarsus. Each transverse slice was compared with bone models and dissected specimens to assist in the accurate identification of spe‐cific structures. The results of the study consist of nine CT images of the equine tarsus. Each image incorporates labeled soft tissue and bone‐window images, a directional compass indi‐cating cranial (Cr) or dorsal (D) and lateral (L), and a reconstructed scout image indicating the level through which the transverse slice was made.}, number={2}, journal={VETERINARY RADIOLOGY & ULTRASOUND}, author={Tomlinson, JE and Redding, WR and Berry, C and Smallwood, JE}, year={2003}, pages={174–178} }
 @article{stanar_little_redding_jones_2002, title={Equine rounds - Case presentation: Idiopathic eosinophilic enteritis in a 10-week-old colt}, volume={24}, number={4}, journal={Compendium on Continuing Education for the Practicing Veterinarian}, author={Stanar, L. S. and Little, D. and Redding, W. R. and Jones, S. L.}, year={2002}, pages={342–344} }
 @article{jones_zimmel_tate_campbell_redding_carlson_2001, title={Case presentation - Dysphagia caused by squamous cell carcinoma in two horses}, volume={23}, number={11}, journal={Compendium on Continuing Education for the Practicing Veterinarian}, author={Jones, S. L. and Zimmel, D. and Tate, L. P. and Campbell, N. and Redding, W. R. and Carlson, G. P.}, year={2001}, pages={1020–1024} }
 @article{gayle_burrell_anderson_redding_blikslager_2001, title={Deep digital flexor tenotomy for treatment of severe laminitis in a cow}, volume={219}, ISSN={["0003-1488"]}, DOI={10.2460/javma.2001.219.644}, abstractNote={A first-calf Guernsey cow was referred for evaluation of severe udder edema, mastitis, metritis, and ketosis. During the course of treatment, the cow became recumbent and was unable to rise. Intensive treatment resulted in the cow being able to stand for short periods with the aid of a sling. However, severe pressure necrosis of the udder and ongoing mastitis made performance of a complete mastectomy necessary. After surgery, the cow's condition improved, although assistance in standing was still required. Radiography of the distal phalanges revealed severe rotation in the right lateral and left medial digits of the hind limbs. The laminitis was nonresponsive to medical management; therefore, a deep digital flexor tenotomy was performed in the affected claws. The procedure provided almost immediate relief of signs of foot pain and resulted in ability to stand without assistance. Deep digital flexor tenotomy should be considered when treating cows with severe laminitis.}, number={5}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION}, author={Gayle, JM and Burrell, GA and Anderson, KL and Redding, WR and Blikslager, AT}, year={2001}, month={Sep}, pages={644–646} }
 @article{little_redding_blikslager_2001, title={Risk factors for reduced postoperative fecal output in horses: 37 cases (1997-1998)}, volume={218}, ISSN={["0003-1488"]}, DOI={10.2460/javma.2001.218.414}, abstractNote={AbstractObjective—To determine prevalence and risk factors for development of ileus of the large intestine after surgery in horses, identified by reduced postoperative fecal output (RPFO).Design—Retrospective study.Animals—37 horses that developed RPFO after undergoing general anesthesia for reasons unrelated to the gastrointestinal tract.Procedure—Fecal output was obtained from medical records as number of defecations per 24-hour period after surgery; RPFO was defined as ≤ 3 defecations per 24-hour period after surgery. The reference population included 48 horses that defecated ≥ 4 times during the same period. Demographic, clinical, and surgical variables were evaluated for their association with development of RPFO by use of logistic regression analysis.Results—Ten (12%) horses, all of which had RPFO, developed signs of colic after surgery. Horses ≥ 5 years old that underwent orthopedic procedures of > 60 minutes’ duration and that did not receive phenylbutazone after surgery were at significant risk for developing RPFO.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggest that after surgery unrelated to the gastrointestinal tract in horses, there is an intermediate clinical phase characterized by reduced fecal output preceding overt signs of colic. Recognition of RPFO may reduce morbidity and mortality of such horses. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2001;218:414–420)}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION}, author={Little, D and Redding, WR and Blikslager, AT}, year={2001}, month={Feb}, pages={414–420} }
 @article{redding_2001, title={Use of ultrasonography in the evaluation of joint disease in horses. Part 1: Indications, technique and examination of the soft tissues}, volume={13}, DOI={10.1111/j.2042-3292.2001.tb00090.x}, abstractNote={Ultrasonography has advanced significantly the diagnosis and management of many types of musculoskeletal injuries in performance horses. In particular, diagnostic ultrasound is routinely used for defining and monitoring injuries to the flexor tendons and suspensory apparatus (Rantanen 1985; Genovese et al. 1987; Denoix et al. 1991; Dik et al. 1991). However, it can also be used to evaluate a variety of joint conditions (Denoix 1996). Joint injury, osteochondrosis and degenerative joint disease are significant causes of lameness in performance horses. Often, a joint is suspected as the cause of lameness but the specific source of pain can be difficult to ascertain (Stashak 1987). Intra-articular anaesthesia often significantly improves the lameness and localises it to a particular joint, but radiography may be inconclusive. In such a case, the cause of lameness is presumed to be soft tissue injury and empirical treatment is instituted. However, examining the joint surfaces and articular supporting structures using ultrasound allows more thorough evaluation of the joint and therefore aids in selection of the most appropriate treatment plan and rehabilitation regimen. Evaluation of any joint problem should begin with a thorough clinical examination, including detailed history, physical examination, gait evaluation and manipulative tests, as appropriate; and, if necessary, diagnostic regional anaesthesia (nerve and/or joint blocks). Other diagnostic procedures, such as thermography, nuclear imaging, treadmill gait analysis and neurological evaluation, may be warranted in selected cases (Lamb 1991; O’Callaghan 1991; Steckle 1991; Turner 1991). When lameness is localised to a joint, a complete radiographic study should be performed to identify any abnormality in or around the joint. Echographical evaluation of the joint (arthrosonography) and surrounding tissues should also be considered (Benson 1991; Dik 1993; Mack and Scheible 1995; Denoix 1996, 1998). While radiography has proven to be very effective in imaging the bones of the equine limb, there can be poor correlation between clinical and radiographic findings (O’Callaghan 1991). When used in combination, radiography and ultrasonography can supply more information about an orthopaedic problem than when each modality is used alone. Diagnostic ultrasound has the added advantage of providing immediate, detailed information about the soft tissues of a joint and the cartilage and subchondral bone surfaces. In this article, the indicators, technique and examination of the soft tissues using ultrasonography to evaluate joint diseases in horses is discussed.}, number={4}, journal={Equine Veterinary Education}, author={Redding, W. R.}, year={2001}, pages={198–204} }
 @article{redding_2001, title={Use of ultrasonography in the evaluation of joint disease in horses. Part 2: Examination of the articular surface}, volume={13}, DOI={10.1111/j.2042-3292.2001.tb00108.x}, abstractNote={Equine Veterinary EducationVolume 13, Issue 5 p. 275-280 Use of ultrasonography in the evaluation of joint disease in horses. Part 2: Examination of the articular surface W. R. Redding, W. R. Redding Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, USA.Search for more papers by this author W. R. Redding, W. R. Redding Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, USA.Search for more papers by this author First published: 05 January 2010 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2042-3292.2001.tb00108.xCitations: 12AboutPDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume13, Issue5October 2001Pages 275-280 RelatedInformation}, number={5}, journal={Equine Veterinary Education}, author={Redding, W. R.}, year={2001}, pages={275–279} }
 @article{redding_2000, title={Lameness examination of the hindlimbs of horses}, volume={22}, number={7}, journal={Compendium on Continuing Education for the Practicing Veterinarian}, author={Redding, W. R.}, year={2000}, pages={694–701} }
 @article{tomlinson_redding_sage_2000, title={Ultrasonographic evaluation of tarsocrural joint cartilage in normal adult horses}, volume={41}, ISSN={["1058-8183"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1740-8261.2000.tb01871.x}, abstractNote={Ultrasonographic examination of the tarsus was performed on four clinically and radiographically normal limbs of adult horses. Particular attention was paid to the articular cartilage surfaces of the trochlear ridges of the talus and the distal intermediate ridge of the tibia. Two separate measurements of articular cartilage thickness were acquired from a longitudinal view at each site. Anatomy was confirmed with post mortem dissection. Ultrasonography was found to be a practical method for imaging the articular cartilage over the trochlear ridges of the talus and distal intermediate ridge of the tibia. The cartilage appeared as a hypoechoic band overlying the hyperechoic subchondral bone. The mean cartilage thickness over the lateral and medial trochlear ridges of the talus and the distal intermediate ridge of the tibia were 0.57 mm, 0.58 mm and 0.7 mm respectively. These measurements may have value for comparison to thickened cartilage and lesions of osteochondrosis and abnormally thinned cartilage of osteoarthritis. Ultrasound examination was not helpful in evaluating the proximal and distal intertarsal and tarsometatarsal joints, the close proximity of the articular surfaces obscured visualization of the articular cartilage.}, number={5}, journal={VETERINARY RADIOLOGY & ULTRASOUND}, author={Tomlinson, JE and Redding, WR and Sage, A}, year={2000}, pages={457–460} }
 @article{little_redding_spaulding_dupree_jones_2000, title={Unusual presentation of nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism in a Paint colt}, volume={2}, DOI={10.1111/j.2042-3292.2000.tb00064.x}, abstractNote={Equine Veterinary EducationVolume 12, Issue 6 p. 297-302 Unusual presentation of nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism in a Paint colt D. Little, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, USA.Search for more papers by this authorW. R. Redding, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, USA.Search for more papers by this authorK. A. Spaulding, Anatomy, Physiology and Radiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, USA.Search for more papers by this authorS. H. Dupree, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, USA.Search for more papers by this authorS. L. Jones, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, USA.Search for more papers by this author D. Little, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, USA.Search for more papers by this authorW. R. Redding, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, USA.Search for more papers by this authorK. A. Spaulding, Anatomy, Physiology and Radiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, USA.Search for more papers by this authorS. H. Dupree, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, USA.Search for more papers by this authorS. L. Jones, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, USA.Search for more papers by this author First published: 05 January 2010 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2042-3292.2000.tb00064.xCitations: 3AboutPDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onEmailFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume12, Issue6December 2000Pages 297-302 RelatedInformation}, number={6}, journal={Equine Veterinary Education}, author={Little, D. and Redding, W.R. and Spaulding, K.A. and Dupree, S.H. and Jones, Sam}, year={2000}, pages={388–394} }
 @article{gayle_redding_vacek_bowman_1999, title={Diagnosis and surgical treatment of periapical infection of the third mandibular molar in five horses}, volume={215}, number={6}, journal={Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, author={Gayle, J. M. and Redding, W. R. and Vacek, J. R. and Bowman, K. F.}, year={1999}, pages={829–832} }
 @article{latimer_redding_tate_1999, title={Diagnosis and therapy of epiglottic disorders in the horse}, volume={21}, number={10}, journal={Equine Practice}, author={Latimer, F. G. and Redding, W. R. and Tate, L. P.}, year={1999}, pages={4} }
 @article{tudor_papich_redding_1999, title={Drug disposition and dosage determination of once daily administration of gentamicin sulfate in horses after abdominal surgery}, volume={215}, number={4}, journal={Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, author={Tudor, R. A. and Papich, M. G. and Redding, W. R.}, year={1999}, pages={503–506} }
 @article{redding_booth_pool_1999, title={The effects of polysulphated glycosaminoglycan on the healing of collagenase induced tendinitis}, volume={12}, DOI={10.1055/s-0038-1632558}, abstractNote={Summary
          Objective. To examine the effects of polysulphated glycosaminoglycan on tendon healing in a controlled collagenase injury model. Design. The study used a completely randomized design with four horses assigned to each of two groups, control and treated. The superficial digital flexor tendons from each horse were measured weekly by ultrasound techniques. The differences between groups were evaluated using t-statistics and trends summarized by simple linear regression. Animals. Eight horses (four Thoroughbreds and four Standardbreds) with normal superficial flexor tendons were divided into two groups of four. Group #1 control horses were not treated. Group #2 horses were treated with polysulphated glycosaminoglycans. Procedure. All of the horses had tendinitis induced in the superficial flexor tendon of both forelimbs by the injection of 4000 IU of collagenase. The treated group received 500 mg of polysulphated glycosaminoglycan (PSGAG) IM every five days for seven treatments beginning 24 h after injection of collagenase. The control group received saline at the same time periods. Ultrasound examination of each limb was performed on days 1, 3, 5, and 7 post-injection and weekly thereafter for eight weeks. An image analysis system was used to measure the proportion of tendon area damaged in mm2 on the recorded images, and these values were plotted over time. The horses were euthanatized at eight weeks and histological evaluation was performed on longitudinal sections of excised tendons. Results. The size of the tendon core defects created by the collagenase enzyme, represented as the proportion of area damaged, decreased significantly faster in the treatment group (ρ <0.01). Histologic evaluation of the core defects confirmed what was seen sonographically. Conclusion. Polysulphated glycosaminoglycans had a positive effect on tendon healing in a collagenase induced tendinitis model. Clinical relevance. Polysulphated glycosaminoglycans may be beneficial in managing clinical cases of tendinitis.Eight horses had experimental core defects induced in the superficial digital flexor tendon of both forelimbs. One group of four horses received PSGAG IM every 5 days for seven treatments. The control group received saline. The core defects in the PSGAG treatment group developed echogenic ultrasound patterns earlier, and the mean ratio of area of the tendon decreased significantly faster in the treatment group.}, number={2}, journal={Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology}, author={Redding, W. R. and Booth, L. C. and Pool, R. R.}, year={1999}, pages={48–55} }
 @article{tudor_bowman_redding_tomlinson_1998, title={Endoscopic treatment of suspected infectious intertubercular bursitis in a horse}, volume={213}, number={11}, journal={Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, author={Tudor, R. A. and Bowman, K. F. and Redding, W. R. and Tomlinson, J. E.}, year={1998}, pages={1584–1585} }
 @inbook{redding_1998, title={Sonographic examination of synovial structures in the horse}, booktitle={Equine diagnostic ultrasonography}, publisher={Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins}, author={Redding, W. R.}, editor={N. W. Rantanen and McKinnon, A. O.Editors}, year={1998}, pages={523–538} }
 @inbook{redding_booth_pool_1998, title={The effects of polysulfated glycosaminoglycan on the healing of collagenase-induced tendinitis of the equine superficial digital flexor tendon: Section A}, booktitle={Equine diagnostic ultrasonography}, publisher={Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins}, author={Redding, W. R. and Booth, L. C. and Pool, R. R.}, editor={N. W. Rantanen and McKinnon, A. O.Editors}, year={1998}, pages={539–542} }