@misc{crow_alger_amiridis_assanis_barron_becker_blank_block_bollinger_brown_et al._2020, title={Support US research during COVID-19}, volume={370}, ISBN={1095-9203}, DOI={10.1126/science.abf1225}, abstractNote={Colleges and universities are critical components of the U.S. innovation ecosystem. These institutions are called upon to play ever-evolving roles in building talent for a changing workforce; achieving scientific breakthroughs; creating new technologies, products, and companies; and contributing to local economic development. Yet, as the pace of change accelerates across our economy, federal and state budget constraints have made meeting these expectations increasingly challenging. The federal commitment to research and development stands at a multidecadal low as a percentage of GDP (1). Now, the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has disrupted almost all aspects of higher education, including the ability to keep laboratories open, conduct research in a timely manner, collect and process data, and collaborate with colleagues and students.}, number={6516}, journal={SCIENCE}, author={Crow, Michael M. and Alger, Jonathan and Amiridis, Michael and Assanis, Dennis and Barron, Eric and Becker, Mark P. and Blank, Rebecca M. and Block, Gene D. and Bollinger, Lee C. and Brown, Robert A. and et al.}, year={2020}, pages={539–540} }
 @article{woodson_2009, title={Horticultural science: A translational science with a strong past and a bright future}, volume={44}, DOI={10.21273/hortsci.44.7.2063b}, number={7}, journal={HortScience}, author={Woodson, W. R.}, year={2009}, pages={2063–2064} }
 @article{lu_feng_song_han_kim_herzberg_woodson_martin_mariano_dunaway-mariano_2005, title={Diversity of Function in the Isocitrate Lyase Enzyme Superfamily:  The Dianthus caryophyllus Petal Death Protein Cleaves α-Keto and α-Hydroxycarboxylic Acids†}, volume={44}, ISSN={0006-2960 1520-4995}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bi051776l}, DOI={10.1021/bi051776l}, abstractNote={The work described in this paper was carried out to define the chemical function a new member of the isocitrate lyase enzyme family derived from the flowering plant Dianthus caryophyllus. This protein (Swiss-Prot entry Q05957) is synthesized in the senescent flower petals and is named the “petal death protein” or “PDP”. On the basis of an analysis of the structural contexts of sequence markers common to the C−C bond lyases of the isocitrate lyase/phosphoenolpyruvate mutase superfamily, a substrate screen that employed a (2R)-malate core structure was designed. Accordingly, stereochemically defined C(2)- and C(3)-substituted malates were synthesized and tested as substrates for PDP-catalyzed cleavage of the C(2)−C(3) bond. The screen identified (2R)-ethyl, (3S)-methylmalate, and oxaloacetate [likely to bind as the hydrate, C(2)(OH)2 gem-diol] as the most active substrates (for each, kcat/Km = 2 × 104 M-1 s-1). In contrast to the stringent substrate specificities previously observed for the Escherichia coli...}, number={50}, journal={Biochemistry}, publisher={American Chemical Society (ACS)}, author={Lu, Zhibing and Feng, Xiaohua and Song, Ling and Han, Ying and Kim, Alexander and Herzberg, Osnat and Woodson, William R. and Martin, Brian M. and Mariano, Patrick S. and Dunaway-Mariano, Debra}, year={2005}, month={Dec}, pages={16365–16376} }
 @article{lu_feng_song_han_kim_herzberg_woodson_martin_mariano_dunaway-mariano_2005, title={Diversity of function in the isocitrate lyase enzyme superfamily: The Dianthus caryophyllus petal death protein cleaves alpha-keto and alpha-hydroxycarboxylic acids}, volume={44}, DOI={10.1021/bi0517761}, number={50}, journal={Biochemistry}, author={Lu, Z. B. and Feng, X. H. and Song, L. and Han, Y. and Kim, A. and Herzberg, O. and Woodson, W. R. and Martin, B. M. and Mariano, P. S. and Dunaway-Mariano, D.}, year={2005}, pages={16365–16376} }
 @article{woodson_jones_2003, title={In search of eternal youth: The delay of postharvest senescence in flowers}, ISBN={["90-6605-238-4"]}, ISSN={["0567-7572"]}, DOI={10.17660/actahortic.2003.624.42}, number={624}, journal={ELEGANT SCIENCE IN FLORICULTURE}, author={Woodson, WR and Jones, ML}, year={2003}, pages={305–314} }
 @article{verlinden_boatright_woodson_2002, title={Changes in ethylene responsiveness of senescence-related genes during carnation flower development}, volume={116}, ISSN={["0031-9317"]}, DOI={10.1034/j.1399-3054.2002.1160409.x}, abstractNote={Changes in ethylene responsiveness of senescence‐related (SR) genes in carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus cv. White Sim) petals were investigated during flower development. Dose‐response and time‐response analysis of SR gene expression indicate that SR genes can be divided into two groups according to their response to ethylene. The ethylene biosynthetic genes, ACC synthase and ACC oxidase represent one group. They show a marked delay of 6 and 9 h in mRNA accumulation in response to ethylene and their apparent dissociation constants of the response (Kr) at open flower stage of development are 17.20 and 1.76 µl l−1, respectively. The second group of ethylene responsive genes contains SR5, SR8, SR12, and DCCP. These genes show an almost immediate accumulation of their respective mRNAs in response to ethylene and have Krs at open flower stage of development of 0.08, 0.46, 0.25, and 0.05 µl l−1, respectively. All SR genes, including the ethylene biosynthetic genes, show increases in responsiveness to ethylene as measured by the accumulation of their respective transcripts during flower development. A model of ethylene signal transduction in carnation petals and flower senescence is presented taking into account these observations.}, number={4}, journal={PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM}, author={Verlinden, S and Boatright, J and Woodson, WR}, year={2002}, month={Dec}, pages={503–511} }
 @inproceedings{woodson_2002, title={Pollination signals and flower senescence}, ISBN={9781841272269}, booktitle={Plant reproduction}, publisher={Sheffield, UK: Sheffield Academic Press}, author={Woodson, W. R.}, editor={O'Neill, S. D. and Roberts, J. A.Editors}, year={2002} }
 @inproceedings{woodson_2002, title={Protection of intellectual property in plant breeding and biotechnology: A land grant university perspective}, booktitle={Biotechnology, gene flow, and intellectual property rights : ?b an agricultural summit : proceedings of a conference held September 13, 2002, in Indianapolis, Indiana}, publisher={West Lafayette, IN: Purdue University}, author={Woodson, W. R.}, year={2002} }
 @inproceedings{woodson_dandekar_a. hubbard_a._p._soileau_2002, title={Report of the Altered Ripening Working Group}, booktitle={Proceedings of a Workshop on criteria for field testing of plants with engineered regulatory, metabolic and signaling pathways}, publisher={Blacksburg, VA.: Information Systems for Biotechnology, Virginia Tech Press}, author={Woodson, W. R. and Dandekar, A. Handa and A. Hubbard, N. Mattoo and A., McCourt and P. and Soileau, C.}, year={2002} }
 @article{joly_woodson_2000, title={It's all about learning: An inquiry-based approach to teaching plant physiology}, volume={10}, journal={HortTechnology}, author={Joly, R.J. and Woodson, W. R.}, year={2000}, pages={277–279} }
 @article{joly_jones_verlinden_rhodes_woodson_2000, title={Learning in an inquiry-driven plant physiology laboratory}, volume={29}, journal={Journal of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Education}, author={Joly, R. J. and Jones, M. L. and Verlinden, S. and Rhodes, D. and Woodson, W. R.}, year={2000}, pages={31–35} }
 @article{lindstrom_lei_jones_woodson_1999, title={Accumulation of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) in petunia pollen is associated with expression of a pollen-specific ACC synthase late in development}, volume={124}, ISSN={["2327-9788"]}, DOI={10.21273/jashs.124.2.145}, abstractNote={Mature pollen from Petunia hybrida contains significant levels of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC), and this ACC is thought to play a role in pollination-induced ethylene by the pistil. We investigated the developmental accumulation of ACC in anthers and pollen. The level of ACC in anthers was very low until the day before anthesis, at which time it increased 100-fold. A 1.1-kb partial ACC synthase cDNA clone (pPHACS2) was amplified from total RNA isolated from mature anthers by reverse transcriptase, followed by polymerase chain reaction using oligonucleotide primers synthesized to conserved amino acid sequences in ACC synthases. The expression of pPHACS2 mRNA during anther development was correlated with the accumulation of ACC and was localized to the pollen grain. The pPHACS2 cDNA was used to identify the PH-ACS2 gene from a library of genomic DNA fragments from Petunia hybrida. PH-ACS2 encoded an ACC synthase transcript of four exons interrupted by three introns. The ACC synthase protein encoded by the PH-ACS2 gene shared >80% homology with ACC synthases from tomato (LE-ACS3) and potato (ST-ACS1a). A chimeric PH-ACS2 promoter-β-glucuronidase (GUS) gene was used to transform petunia and transgenic plants were analyzed for GUS activity. GUS staining was localized to mature pollen grains and was not detected in other tissues. Despite similarities to LE-ACS3, we did not detect GUS activity under conditions of anaerobic stress or in response to auxin. A series of 5-prime-flanking DNA deletions revealed that sequences within the PH-ACS2 promoter were responsible for pollen-specific expression.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE}, author={Lindstrom, JT and Lei, CH and Jones, ML and Woodson, WR}, year={1999}, month={Mar}, pages={145–151} }
 @article{jones_woodson_1999, title={Differential expression of three members of the 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase gene family in carnation}, volume={119}, ISSN={["1532-2548"]}, DOI={10.1104/pp.119.2.755}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={2}, journal={PLANT PHYSIOLOGY}, author={Jones, ML and Woodson, WR}, year={1999}, month={Feb}, pages={755–764} }
 @article{kerdnaimongkol_woodson_1999, title={Inhibition of catalase by antisense RNA increases susceptibility to oxidative stress and chilling injury in transgenic tomato plants}, volume={124}, ISSN={["2327-9788"]}, DOI={10.21273/jashs.124.4.330}, abstractNote={Transgenic tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. `Ohio 8245') expressing an antisense catalase gene (ASTOMCAT1) were used to test the hypothesis that modification of the reactive oxygen species scavenging mechanism in plants can lead to changes in oxidative stress tolerance. A 2- to 8-fold reduction in total catalase activity was detected in the leaf extracts of transformants. A 2-fold increase in levels of H2O2 was observed in the transgenic plants with reduced catalase activity. Electrophoretic characterization of multiple catalase isoforms revealed the specific suppression of CAT1 in transgenic plants. Homozygous plants carrying the antisense catalase transgene were used to study the effect of alteration in the expression of catalase on stress tolerance. Transgenic plants treated with 3% H2O2 showed visible damage within 24 hours and subsequently died. In contrast, wild-type and azygous control plants recovered from the treatment. Transgenic plants did not survive 4 °C chilling stress compared to control wild-type and azygous lines. Physiological analysis of these plants indicated that suppression of catalase activity in transgenic tomato led to enhanced sensitivity to oxidative stress. Our data support a role for catalase in oxidative stress defense system in tomato.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE}, author={Kerdnaimongkol, K and Woodson, WR}, year={1999}, month={Jul}, pages={330–336} }
 @article{jones_woodson_1999, title={Interorgan signaling following pollination in carnations}, volume={124}, ISSN={["2327-9788"]}, DOI={10.21273/jashs.124.6.598}, abstractNote={Following a compatible pollination in carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L. `White Sim'), a signal that coordinates postpollination events is translocated from the style to the ovary and petals. In this paper the roles of ethylene and its direct precursor, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC), in this signaling were investigated. Following pollination, ethylene and ACC increased sequentially in styles, ovaries, and petals. Ethylene and ACC were highest initially in the stigmatic region of the style but by 24 hours after pollination were highest in the base. Activity of ACC synthase correlated well with ethylene production in styles and petals. In ovaries, ACC synthase activity decreased after pollination despite elevated ethylene production. Lack of ACC synthase activity in pollinated ovaries, coupled with high ACC content, suggests that ACC is translocated within the gynoecium. Further, detection of propylene from petals following application to the ovary provided evidence for movement of ethylene within the flower. Experiments that removed styles and petals at various times after pollination suggest there is a transmissible pollination signal in carnations that has reached the ovary by 12 hours and the petals by 14 to 16 hours.}, number={6}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE}, author={Jones, ML and Woodson, WR}, year={1999}, month={Nov}, pages={598–604} }
 @inproceedings{jones_woodson_lindstrom_1999, title={Regulation and function of pollination-induced ethylene in carnation and petunia flowers}, ISBN={0792359410}, booktitle={Biology and biotechnology of the plant hormone ethylene II}, publisher={Kluwer Academic}, author={Jones, M. L. and Woodson, W. R. and Lindstrom, J. T.}, editor={A. K. Kanellis, C. Chang and H. Klee, A. B. Bleecker and J. C. Pech and Grierson, D.Editors}, year={1999}, pages={195–201} }
 @inproceedings{maxson_woodson_1998, title={Ethylene-responsive gene expression during carnation flower senescence}, volume={464}, ISBN={906605770X}, DOI={10.17660/actahortic.1998.464.17}, abstractNote={Ethylene activates the transcription of a number of genes at the onset of senescence in carnation flower petals. A glutathione S-transferase gene (GST1) has been used as a model to study the mechanism by which ethylene induces gene expression. A 126 bp region of the GST1 promoter sequence has been identified as an ethylene-responsive enhancer element (ERE). Nuclear proteins from senescing petals recognize a 22 bp sequence within the ERE, and mutations in this sequence disrupt the interaction between the protein and DNA. The wild-type ERE sequence was used to isolate a cDNA encoding a sequence-specific DNA binding protein. Nucleotide sequencing and deduced amino acid sequence analysis of this cDNA predicted a 32 kDa protein that we have designated CEBP-1. The mRNA expression pattern of CEBP-1 suggests that it is not transcriptionally regulated by ethylene. The amino acid sequence homology of CEBP-1 with other plant nucleic acid binding proteins indicates a conserved nucleic acid binding domain. Within this domain are two highly conserved RNA-binding motifs. Taken together, these data suggest that CEBP-1 represents a component of a DNA-binding complex involved in the transcriptional activation of GST1 by ethylene.}, booktitle={Postharvest 96 : International Postharvest Science Conference, Taupo, New Zealand, 4th to 9th of August, 1996}, publisher={Leuven, Belgium: International Society for Horticultural Science}, author={Maxson, J. M. and Woodson, W. R}, editor={R. L. Bieleski, W. A. Laing and Clark, C. J.Editors}, year={1998}, pages={135–140} }
 @article{verlinden_woodson_1998, title={The physiological and molecular responses of carnation flowers to high temperature}, volume={14}, ISSN={["0925-5214"]}, DOI={10.1016/S0925-5214(98)00037-4}, abstractNote={Carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus cv. `White Sim') flowers were subjected to a heat treatment to investigate the physiological and molecular effects of high temperatures on flower senescence. Flowers were exposed to 44°C for 24 h in the dark. Control flowers were held at 23°C. In heat-treated flowers the ethylene climacteric occurred 120 h after treatment, a delay of 24 h when compared to control flowers. Maximum ethylene production was decreased from 44 to 31 nl g−1 h−1 in heat-treated flowers. Northern blot analysis of the ethylene biosynthetic genes ACC synthase and ACC oxidase indicated that the accumulation of these mRNAs is delayed by 24 h in heat-treated flowers. The accumulation of senescence-related (SR) genes followed a similar pattern. Further investigation revealed a decreased responsiveness to exogenous ethylene and a reduced capacity to produce ethylene in petals from heat-treated flowers. Northern blot analysis again revealed a delay in the accumulation of ACC synthase and ACC oxidase transcripts. SR gene expression induced by ethylene, however, was not affected by the heat treatment. The beneficial effects of high temperatures, a delay in ethylene production and reduced responsiveness to ethylene, may lead to horticultural application.}, number={2}, journal={POSTHARVEST BIOLOGY AND TECHNOLOGY}, author={Verlinden, S and Woodson, WR}, year={1998}, month={Oct}, pages={185–192} }
 @inproceedings{woodson_1997, title={Biotechnology and horticulture}, volume={32}, DOI={10.21273/hortsci.32.6.1021}, number={6}, booktitle={HortScience}, author={Woodson, W. R.}, year={1997}, pages={1021–1023} }
 @article{kerdnaimongkol_bhatia_joly_woodson_1997, title={Oxidative stress and diurnal variation in chilling sensitivity of tomato seedlings}, volume={122}, ISSN={["2327-9788"]}, DOI={10.21273/jashs.122.4.485}, abstractNote={Diurnal variation in the chilling sensitivity of `Rutgers' tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) seedlings was examined. Chilling sensitivity was highest in seedlings chilled at the end of the dark period, and these seedlings became more resistant to chilling injury on exposure to the light. The development of chilling tolerance in tomato seedlings was a response to light and not under the control of a circadian rhythm. The recovery of leaf gas exchange following chilling was faster in seedlings chilled at the end of the light period. Diurnal variation in chilling sensitivity was associated with changes in catalase and superoxide dismutase activities. An increase in catalase and superoxide dismutase activities was observed at the end of the light period. Catalase activity was significantly higher in all stages of chilling following the light period compared to those chilled after the end of the dark period. Forty-eight hours of 14 °C acclimation or pretreatment with hydrogen peroxide conferred increased chilling tolerance to tomato seedlings. Hydrogen peroxide-treated seedlings showed little evidence of a diurnal variation in chilling sensitivity. These results support a role for light and oxidative stress in conferring increased chilling tolerance to tomato seedlings.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE}, author={Kerdnaimongkol, K and Bhatia, A and Joly, RJ and Woodson, WR}, year={1997}, month={Jul}, pages={485–490} }
 @inbook{jones_r._1997, title={Pollination-induced ethylene and flower senescence in carnation}, booktitle={Australasian Postharvest Horticulture Conference report : globalisation : the challenge to home and export markets}, publisher={NSW,  Australia: University of Western Sydney Hawkesbury Press}, author={Jones, M. L. and R., Woodson W.}, year={1997} }
 @article{jones_woodson_1997, title={Pollination-induced ethylene in carnation - Role of stylar ethylene in corolla senescence}, volume={115}, ISSN={["0032-0889"]}, DOI={10.1104/pp.115.1.205}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={1}, journal={PLANT PHYSIOLOGY}, author={Jones, ML and Woodson, WR}, year={1997}, month={Sep}, pages={205–212} }
 @inbook{maxson_woodson_1997, title={Transcriptional regulation of senescence-related genes in carnation flowers}, ISBN={9780792345879}, DOI={10.1007/978-94-011-5546-5_21}, booktitle={Biology and biotechnology of the plant hormone ethylene}, publisher={Boston :  Kluwer Academic Publishers}, author={Maxson, J. M. and Woodson, W. R.}, editor={A. K. Kanellis, C. Chang and H. Kende and Grierson, D.Editors}, year={1997} }
 @article{maxson_woodson_1996, title={Cloning of a DNA-binding protein that interacts with the ethylene-responsive enhancer element of the carnation GST1 gene}, volume={31}, ISSN={["0167-4412"]}, DOI={10.1007/BF00019463}, abstractNote={Ethylene transcriptionally activates a glutathione S-transferase gene (GST1) at the onset of the senescence program in carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.) flower petals. A 126 bp region of the GST1 promoter sequence has been identified as an ethylene-responsive enhancer element (ERE). In this paper, we demonstrate the ability of nuclear proteins from senescing petals to recognize a 22 bp sequence within the ERE (ERE oligonucleotide). Mutation of the ERE oligonucleotide sequence significantly alters the strength of this nuclear protein-DNA association. The wild-type ERE oligonucleotide sequence was used to isolate a cDNA clone encoding a sequence-specific DNA binding protein. Nucleotide sequencing and deduced amino acid sequence analysis of this cDNA predicted a 32 kDa protein which we have designated carnation ethylene-responsive element-binding protein-1 (CEBP-1). The mRNA expression pattern of CEBP-1 suggests that it is not transcriptionally regulated by ethylene. The amino acid sequence homology of CEBP-1 with other plant nucleic acid binding proteins indicates a conserved nucleic acid binding domain. Within this domain are two highly conserved RNA-binding motifs, RNP-1 and RNP-2. An acidic region and a putative nuclear localization signal are also identified.}, number={4}, journal={PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY}, author={Maxson, JM and Woodson, WR}, year={1996}, month={Jul}, pages={751–759} }
 @article{tang_woodson_1996, title={Temporal and spatial expression of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate oxidase mRNA following pollination of immature and mature petunia flowers}, volume={112}, ISSN={["0032-0889"]}, DOI={10.1104/pp.112.2.503}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={2}, journal={PLANT PHYSIOLOGY}, author={Tang, XY and Woodson, WR}, year={1996}, month={Oct}, pages={503–511} }
 @article{jones_larsen_woodson_1995, title={ETHYLENE-REGULATED EXPRESSION OF A CARNATION CYSTEINE PROTEINASE DURING FLOWER PETAL SENESCENCE}, volume={28}, ISSN={["0167-4412"]}, DOI={10.1007/BF00020397}, abstractNote={The senescence of carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.) flower petals is regulated by the phytohormone ethylene and is associated with considerable catabolic activity including the loss of protein. In this paper we present the molecular cloning of a cysteine proteinase and show that its expression is regulated by ethylene and associated with petal senescence. A 1600 bp cDNA was amplified by polymerase chain reaction using a 5'-specific primer and 3'-nonspecific primer designed to amplify a 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase cDNA from reverse-transcribed stylar RNA. The nucleotide sequence of the cloned product (pDCCP1) was found to share significant homology to several cysteine proteinases rather than ACC synthase. A single open reading frame of 428 amino acids was shown to share significant homology with other plant cysteine proteinases including greater than 70% identity with a cysteine proteinase from Arabidopsis thaliana. Amino acids in the active site of cysteine proteinases were conserved in the pDCCP1 peptide. RNA gel blot analysis revealed that the expression of pDCCP1 increased substantially with the onset of ethylene production and senescence of petals. Increased pDCCP1 expression was also associated with ethylene production in other senescing floral organs including ovaries and styles. The pDCCP1 transcript accumulated in petals treated with exogenous ethylene within 3 h and treatment of flowers with 2,5-norbornadiene, an inhibitor of ethylene action, prevented the increase in pDCCP1 expression in petals. The temporal and spatial patterns of pDCCP1 expression suggests a role for cysteine proteinase in the loss of protein during floral senescence.}, number={3}, journal={PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY}, author={JONES, ML and LARSEN, PB and WOODSON, WR}, year={1995}, month={Jun}, pages={505–512} }
 @article{larsen_ashworth_jones_woodson_1995, title={POLLINATION-INDUCED ETHYLENE IN CARNATION}, volume={108}, ISSN={["1532-2548"]}, DOI={10.1104/pp.108.4.1405}, abstractNote={The pollen-pistil interactions that result in the stimulation of ethylene production and petal senescence in carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.) flowers were investigated. Pollination of White Sim flowers with Starlight pollen elicited an increase in ethylene production by styles, leading to increased petal ethylene and premature petal senescence. In contrast, pollination with 87–29G pollen led to an early increase in ethylene production, but this was not sustained, and did not lead to petal senescence. Both Starlight and 87–29G pollen germinated on White Sim stigmas and their tubes grew at similar rates, penetrating the length of the style. Crosses between Starlight and White Sim led to the production of viable seeds, whereas 87–29G pollen was infertile on White Sim flowers. Pollination of other carnations with 87–29G elicited ethylene production and petal senescence and led to the production of viable seeds. These results suggest that physical growth of pollen tubes is insufficient to elicit a sustained increase in ethylene production or to lead to the production of signals necessary for elicitation of petal ethylene production and senescence. Rather, the cell-cell recognition reactions leading to sexual compatibility in Dianthus appear to play a role in this interorgan signaling after pollination.}, number={4}, journal={PLANT PHYSIOLOGY}, author={LARSEN, PB and ASHWORTH, EN and JONES, ML and WOODSON, WR}, year={1995}, month={Aug}, pages={1405–1412} }
 @article{zuker_chang_ahroni_cheah_woodson_bressan_watad_hasegawa_vainstein_1995, title={Transformation of carnation by microprojectile bombardment}, volume={64}, ISSN={["0304-4238"]}, DOI={10.1016/0304-4238(95)00817-9}, abstractNote={Transgenic carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.) plants were produced by microprojectile bombardment of highly regenerative stem segments. A two-step regeneration procedure based on the use of two different cytokinins—6-benzylaminopurine and thidiazuron—was employed for the production of adventitious shoots from stem segments. The size of the original stem was found to affect the regeneration efficiency of stem segments: the highest efficiency of adventitious shoot regeneration was obtained with segments originating from stems with two mature leaves, as compared to those with four, six or eight mature leaves. The tissue culture procedure was shown to be suitable for a number of standard and spray cultivars. Bombardment of cultivar “White Sim” stem segments was performed with a plasmid containing uidA and bar genes encoding β-glucuronidase and phosphinothricin-acetyltransferase, respectively. Transformation frequency was determined, based on the transient expression of uidA in stem segments. Following selection in the presence of the herbicide bialaphos, about 70 plantlets per 100 stem segments were recovered. Upon analysis, about 3% of these recovered plantlets exhibited strong stable uidA expression throughout the plant. Presence of the bar gene in plants stably expressing uidA was confirmed by Southern blot analysis.}, number={3}, journal={SCIENTIA HORTICULTURAE}, author={Zuker, A and Chang, PFL and Ahroni, A and Cheah, K and Woodson, WR and Bressan, RA and Watad, AA and Hasegawa, PM and Vainstein, A}, year={1995}, month={Nov}, pages={177–185} }
 @article{itzhaki_maxson_woodson_1994, title={AN ETHYLENE-RESPONSIVE ENHANCER ELEMENT IS INVOLVED IN THE SENESCENCE-RELATED EXPRESSION OF THE CARNATION GLUTATHIONE-S-TRANSFERASE (GSTI) GENE}, volume={91}, ISSN={["0027-8424"]}, DOI={10.1073/pnas.91.19.8925}, abstractNote={The increased production of ethylene during carnation petal senescence regulates the transcription of the GST1 gene encoding a subunit of glutathione-S-transferase. We have investigated the molecular basis for this ethylene-responsive transcription by examining the cis elements and trans-acting factors involved in the expression of the GST1 gene. Transient expression assays following delivery of GST1 5' flanking DNA fused to a beta-glucuronidase receptor gene were used to functionally define sequences responsible for ethylene-responsive expression. Deletion analysis of the 5' flanking sequences of GST1 identified a single positive regulatory element of 197 bp between -667 and -470 necessary for ethylene-responsive expression. The sequences within this ethylene-responsive region were further localized to 126 bp between -596 and -470. The ethylene-responsive element (ERE) within this region conferred ethylene-regulated expression upon a minimal cauliflower mosaic virus-35S TATA-box promoter in an orientation-independent manner. Gel electrophoresis mobility-shift assays and DNase I footprinting were used to identify proteins that bind to sequences within the ERE. Nuclear proteins from carnation petals were shown to specifically interact with the 126-bp ERE and the presence and binding of these proteins were independent of ethylene or petal senescence. DNase I footprinting defined DNA sequences between -510 and -488 within the ERE specifically protected by bound protein. An 8-bp sequence (ATTTCAAA) within the protected region shares significant homology with promoter sequences required for ethylene responsiveness from the tomato fruit-ripening E4 gene.}, number={19}, journal={PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA}, author={ITZHAKI, H and MAXSON, JM and WOODSON, WR}, year={1994}, month={Sep}, pages={8925–8929} }
 @article{babiker_cai_ejeta_butler_woodson_1994, title={ENHANCEMENT OF ETHYLENE BIOSYNTHESIS AND GERMINATION WITH THIDIAZURON AND SOME SELECTED AUXINS IN STRIGA-ASIATICA SEEDS}, volume={91}, ISSN={["0031-9317"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1399-3054.1994.tb02984.x}, abstractNote={Witchweed [Striga asiatica (L.) Kuntze], an economically important parasitic weed on several poaceous crops, is difficult to control. In nature, germination and subsequent morphogenesis of Striga are cued to specific host‐derived chemical signals. Seeds (approximately 2.4 mg) treated with thidiazuron (TDZ) or the auxins 2,4‐dichlorophenoxy‐acetic acid (2,4‐D), 1‐naphthalene acetic acid (NAA), or 2‐(4‐chloro‐o‐tolyloxy) propionic acid (MCPP) produced little ethylene (66‐138 nl l−1). Combinations of TDZ with the auxins increased ethylene production by 4‐ to 18‐fold. Ethylene production was strongly inhibited (86–92%) by aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG), inhibitor of 1‐aminocyclopropane‐1‐carboxylic acid (ACC) synthase. Ethylene evolved from seeds treated with TDZ in combination with 2,4‐D increased after a lag period and was promoted by a pretreatment in 2,4‐D. TDZ or any of the auxins, at the rates tested, effected negligible to low levels of germination (0 to 16%), whereas mixtures of TDZ with the above auxins stimulated 38 to 84% germination. Test solutions containing TDZ and indole‐3‐acetic acid (IAA) were, however, less effective. TDZ/auxin‐induced germination was inhibited by AVG and the ethylene action inhibitor silver thiosulfate (STS). The inhibitory effect of the former was reversed by treatment with ACC. In vitro studies revealed negligible germination (< 1%) on control medium. Seeds germinating on media containing TDZ alone developed into seedlings with distinct shoots and rudimentary roots. Seeds germinating on media containing 2,4‐D, irrespective of TDZ concentration, were induced to form calli. The results are consistent with a model in which both germination and subsequent morphogenesis in Striga are associated with exogenous and endogenous phytohormones.}, number={3}, journal={PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM}, author={BABIKER, AGT and CAI, TS and EJETA, G and BUTLER, LG and WOODSON, WR}, year={1994}, month={Jul}, pages={529–536} }
 @inproceedings{babiker_el-mana_ejeta_butler_cai_woodson_1994, title={Ethylene biosynthesis in Striga seeds and its possible use as a probe for germination stimulants}, ISBN={9068320939}, booktitle={Biology and management of Orobanche : proceedings of the third International Workshop on Orobanche and related Striga research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, November 8-12, 1993}, publisher={Royal Tropical Institute}, author={Babiker, A. G. T. and El-Mana, M. E. and Ejeta, G. and Butler, L. G. and Cai, T. and Woodson, W. R.}, editor={A. H. Pieterse, J. A. C. Verkleij and Borg, S. J.Editors}, year={1994} }
 @inproceedings{woodson_1994, title={Molecular biology of flower senescence in carnation}, ISBN={0521455251}, booktitle={Molecular and cellular aspects of plant reproduction}, publisher={Cambridge: Cambridge University Press}, author={Woodson, W. R.}, editor={Scott, R. J. and Stead, A. D.Editors}, year={1994} }
 @article{tang_gomes_bhatia_woodson_1994, title={Pistil-specific and ethylene-regulated expression of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate oxidase genes in petunia flowers}, volume={6}, DOI={10.2307/3869821}, number={9}, journal={Plant Cell}, author={Tang, X. Y. and Gomes, A. M. T. R. and Bhatia, A. and Woodson, W. R.}, year={1994}, pages={1227–1239} }
 @article{wang_brandt_woodson_1993, title={A FLOWER SENESCENCE-RELATED MESSENGER-RNA FROM CARNATION ENCODES A NOVEL PROTEIN RELATED TO ENZYMES INVOLVED IN PHOSPHONATE BIOSYNTHESIS}, volume={22}, ISSN={["0167-4412"]}, DOI={10.1007/BF00047414}, abstractNote={We have isolated a cDNA clone (pSR132) representing a mRNA which accumulates in senescing carnation flower petals in response to ethylene. In vitro translation of RNA selected by hybridization with pSR132 indicated the mRNA encoded a polypeptide of approximately 36 kDa. This was confirmed by DNA sequence analysis, which predicted a peptide composed of 318 amino acids with a calculated molecular weight of 34.1 kDa. Comparison of the predicted peptide sequence of pSR132 with other proteins compiled in the NBRF data base revealed significant homology with carboxyphosphonoenolpyruvate mutase and phosphoenolpyruvate mutase from Streptomyces hygroscopicus and Tetrahymena pyriformis, respectively. These enzymes are involved in the formation of C-P bonds in the biosynthesis of phosphonates. C-P bonds are found in a wide range of organisms, but their presence or formation in higher plants has not been investigated.}, number={4}, journal={PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY}, author={WANG, H and BRANDT, AS and WOODSON, WR}, year={1993}, month={Jul}, pages={719–724} }
 @article{itzhaki_woodson_1993, title={CHARACTERIZATION OF AN ETHYLENE-RESPONSIVE GLUTATHIONE-S-TRANSFERASE GENE-CLUSTER IN CARNATION}, volume={22}, ISSN={["0167-4412"]}, DOI={10.1007/BF00038994}, abstractNote={In this paper we present the structural analysis of two tightly linked genes from the glutathione S-transferase (GST) gene family in carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus). Southern blot analysis and restriction endonuclease mapping revealed a single cloned region of the carnation genome was highly homologous to the previously characterized ethylene-responsive GST mRNA expressed in flower petals during senescence. Nucleotide sequencing of this region revealed the presence of two tandemly arranged genes designated GST1 and GST2. Comparison of the nucleotide sequences of the cloned genomic region with the previously characterized GST cDNA clone pSR8 revealed that GST1 contains the entire transcription unit in 10 exons interrupted by 9 introns. The transcription unit of GST2 was found to be very similar to GST1 with complete conservation of intron position. In addition, the length and nucleotide sequences of the two genes' introns were highly conserved. GST2 was not completely represented by the cloned genomic region, missing the 3' portion of the transcription unit. Primer extension analysis indicated a single transcriptional start site for transcripts which accumulate in senescing carnation petals. The 5'-flanking sequences of GST1 and GST2 were compared and regions of homology and divergence identified. These upstream sequences were compared with other plant ethylene-responsive genes and GST genes and several sequence motifs of potential importance in the regulation of GST expression were identified. A chimeric gene constructed between -1457 bp of the 5'-flanking DNA of GST1 and the coding region of beta-glucuronidase was found to confer ethylene-inducible expression in flower petals following delivery of the construct into tissue by particle bombardment.}, number={1}, journal={PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY}, author={ITZHAKI, H and WOODSON, WR}, year={1993}, month={Apr}, pages={43–58} }
 @article{babiker_butler_ejeta_woodson_1993, title={ENHANCEMENT OF ETHYLENE BIOSYNTHESIS AND GERMINATION BY CYTOKININS AND 1-AMINOCYCLOPROPANE-1-CARBOXYLIC ACID IN STRIGA-ASIATICA SEEDS}, volume={89}, ISSN={["0031-9317"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1399-3054.1993.tb01781.x}, abstractNote={Germination of witchweed (Striga asiatica [L.] Kuntze), an important parasitic weed on several poaceous crops, is stimulated by several synthetic and natural compounds. We investigated the role of ethylene biosynthesis and action in cytokinin‐induced germination. Conditioned Striga seeds treated with distilled water, 1‐aminocyclopro‐pane‐1‐carboxylic acid (ACC) or the cytokinins thidiazuron (TDZ), trans zeatin (TZ), benzyladenine (BA) and kinetin (KIN) produced little ethylene. Treatments with cytokinin‐ACC combinations enhanced ethylene production. The relative order of activity of the cytokinins in elicitation of the phytohormone was TDZ > TZ > BA > KIN. Germination in response to distilled water and ACC treatments was negligible. Induction of germination by cytokinins varied from low (0%) to moderate (52%). Seeds treated with cytokinin‐ACC combinations displayed high rates of germination. The observed germination was positively correlated (γ= 0. 8 and 0. 9) with ethylene production. Germination was reduced by silver thiosulphate (STS) and CoCl2, inhibitors of ethylene action and ACC oxidase, respectively. Aminoethoxyvi‐nylglycine (AVG), an ACC‐synthase inhibitor, reduced TDZ‐induced Striga germination. However, the inhibitory effect of AVG was overcome by addition of ACC. The results are consistent with a model in which Striga germination and embryo growth are limited by low capacity of the seeds to oxidize ACC. The cytokinins promote ACC conversion into ethylene and consequent Striga germination by enhancing ACC oxidase activity and/or synthesis.}, number={1}, journal={PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM}, author={BABIKER, AGT and BUTLER, LG and EJETA, G and WOODSON, WR}, year={1993}, month={Sep}, pages={21–26} }
 @article{drory_mayak_woodson_1993, title={EXPRESSION OF ETHYLENE BIOSYNTHETIC-PATHWAY MESSENGER-RNAS IS SPATIALLY REGULATED WITHIN CARNATION FLOWER PETALS}, volume={141}, ISSN={["0176-1617"]}, DOI={10.1016/S0176-1617(11)81571-3}, abstractNote={The spatial regulation of ethylene biosynthesis within carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L. cv. White Sim) flower petals was investigated. When detached petals separated into upper and basal portions were exposed to ethylene, autocatalytic ethylene production specifically in the basal portions resulted. Ethylene-induced ethylene production in the basal petal tissue was associated with the accumulation of mRNAs for 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) synthase and ACC oxidase. In contrast, the upper petal portions did not accumulate ACC synthase mRNA nor exhibit an induction of ACC synthase activity in response to ethylene. Upper petal tissue exhibited a transient accumulation of ACC oxidase mRNA and increased ACC oxidase activity in response to ethylene, although the levels of both were significantly lower than that exhibited by basal tissue. Both upper and basal petal tissue responded to ethylene with the accumulation of senescence-related mRNAs represented by the cDNA clones pSR5 and pSR12, indicating that the lack of expression of ACC synthase and the limited accumulation of ACC oxidase mRNA were not a result of overall differences in ethylene responsiveness between upper and basal petal tissue. Upper portions isolated from intact senescing petals produced elevated levels of ethylene at approximately 25 % the rate of basal tissue and contained lower, but detectable levels of ACC synthase and ACC oxidase mRNAs as compared to basal petal tissue. Following dissection, the upper petal tissue exhibited a decrease in ethylene production, while the basal tissue continued to produce ethylene at elevated rates. These results indicate ethylene production in the upper tissue is largely the result of transport of ACC and ethylene from the basal tissue.}, number={6}, journal={JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY}, author={DRORY, A and MAYAK, S and WOODSON, WR}, year={1993}, month={Jun}, pages={663–667} }
 @inproceedings{larsen_woltering_woodson_1993, title={Ethylene and interorgan signaling in flowers following pollination}, ISBN={0943088283}, booktitle={Plant signals in interactions with other organisms : proceedings 8th annual Penn State symposium in plant physiology, May 20-22, 1993}, publisher={Rockville, MD:  American Society of Plant Physiologists}, author={Larsen, P. B. and Woltering, E. J. and Woodson, W. R.}, editor={Schultz, J. and Raskin, I.Editors}, year={1993} }
 @article{babiker_ejeta_butler_woodson_1993, title={Ethylene biosynthesis and strigol-induced germination of striga-asiatica}, volume={88}, DOI={10.1034/j.1399-3054.1993.880221.x}, number={2}, journal={Physiologia Plantarum}, author={Babiker, A. G. T. and Ejeta, G. and Butler, L. G. and Woodson, W. R.}, year={1993}, pages={359–365} }
 @article{tang_wang_brandt_woodson_1993, title={ORGANIZATION AND STRUCTURE OF THE 1-AMINOCYCLOPROPANE-1-CARBOXYLATE OXIDASE GENE FAMILY FROM PETUNIA-HYBRIDA}, volume={23}, ISSN={["0167-4412"]}, DOI={10.1007/BF00042349}, abstractNote={In this paper we present the structural analysis of the 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) oxidase gene family from Petunia hybrida. Southern blot analysis and restriction endonuclease mapping showed that two cloned regions of the petunia genome contained sequences highly homologous to a previously isolated ACC oxidase cDNA clone. Nucleotide sequencing of these two regions of the genome showed that each contained two tandemly arranged genes designated ACO1, ACO2, ACO3 and ACO4. Comparison of the nucleotide sequences of the cloned genomic regions with the cDNA clone pPHEFE indicated that ACO1 encoded the transcript in 4 exons interrupted by 3 introns. The other three members of the petunia ACC oxidase gene family shared identical intron numbers and positions with ACO1 and their exons were greater than 80% homologous. Nucleotide substitutions and deletions in the ACO2 gene indicate that it likely represents a pseudogene. Overall homology between ACO1 and ACO2 indicates that this gene cluster arose by a more recent duplication event than the gene duplication giving rise to the ACO3 and ACO4 cluster. The 5-flanking sequences share little overall homology between members of this gene family. However, sequences which likely make up the core promoter of these genes including the TATA box are highly homologous. RNA-based PCR amplification of ACC oxidase cDNAs from ethylene-treated corollas and wounded leaves revealed transcripts for ACO1, ACO3 and ACO4 indicating that a least three of these genes are transcriptionally active. The proteins encoded by ACO1, ACO3 and ACO4 share more than 90% identity with one another and more than 70% identity with ACC oxidases from other species. The ACC oxidase proteins share significant sequence homology with other enzymes that require Fe(II) and ascorbate for catalytic activity.}, number={6}, journal={PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY}, author={TANG, XY and WANG, H and BRANDT, AS and WOODSON, WR}, year={1993}, month={Dec}, pages={1151–1164} }
 @inproceedings{woodson_brandt_itzhaki_maxson_park_wang_1993, title={Regulation and function of flower senescence-related genes}, volume={336}, ISBN={9066053852}, DOI={10.17660/actahortic.1993.336.3}, booktitle={Second International Symposium on In Vitro Culture and Horticultural Breeding: Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A., June 28-July 2, 1992}, publisher={Wageningen, Netherlands: ISHS, International Society for Horticultural Science}, author={Woodson, W. R. and Brandt, A. S. and Itzhaki, H. and Maxson, J. M. and Park, K. Y. and Wang, H.}, editor={R. A. Hammerschlag, R. H. Zimmerman and Owens, L. D.Editors}, year={1993}, pages={41–46} }
 @article{woodson_park_drory_larsen_wang_1992, title={EXPRESSION OF ETHYLENE BIOSYNTHETIC-PATHWAY TRANSCRIPTS IN SENESCING CARNATION FLOWERS}, volume={99}, ISSN={["0032-0889"]}, DOI={10.1104/pp.99.2.526}, abstractNote={We have examined the expression of mRNAs for S-adenosylmethionine synthetase (EC 2.5.1.6), 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) synthase (EC 4.4.1.14), and the ethylene-forming enzyme (EFE) in various floral organs of carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus) during the increase in ethylene biosynthesis associated with petal senescence. The abundance of ACC synthase and EFE mRNAs increased and S-adenosylmethionine synthetase transcripts decreased concomitantly with the ethylene climacteric in senescing petals. The increase in abundance of ACC synthase and EFE mRNAs in aging flowers was prevented by treatment with the ethylene action inhibitor 2,5-norbornadiene. Furthermore, an increase in ACC synthase and EFE transcripts was detected in petals from presenescent flowers within 3 to 6 hours of exposure to 2 microliters per liter of ethylene. The increase in ethylene production by senescing petals was associated with a concomitant increase in ethylene biosynthesis in styles, ovary, and receptacle tissues. In all tissues, this increase was associated with increased activities of ACC synthase and EFE. The increase in EFE activities by all floral organs examined was correlated with increased abundance of EFE transcripts. In contrast, the level of ACC synthase mRNA, as detected by the cDNA probe pCARACC3, did not always reflect enzyme activity. The combined tissues of the pistil exhibited high rates of ACC synthase activity but contained low levels of ACC synthase mRNAs homologous to pCARACC3. In addition, pollinated styles exhibited a rapid increase in ethylene production and ACC synthase activity but did not accumulate detectable levels of ACC synthase mRNA until several hours after the initiation of ethylene production. These results suggest that transcripts for ACC synthase leading to the early postpollination increase in ACC synthase activity and ethylene production are substantially different from the mRNA for the ethylene-responsive gene represented by pCARACC3.}, number={2}, journal={PLANT PHYSIOLOGY}, author={WOODSON, WR and PARK, KY and DRORY, A and LARSEN, PB and WANG, H}, year={1992}, month={Jun}, pages={526–532} }
 @inproceedings{woodson_brandt_itzhaki_maxson_wang_park_larsen_1992, title={Ethylene regulation and function of flower senescence-related genes}, ISBN={0792321693}, booktitle={Cellular and molecular aspects of the plant hormone ethylene : proceedings of the International Symposium on Cellular and Molecular Aspects of Biosynthesis and Action of the Plant Hormone Ethylene, Agen, France, August 31st - September 4th, 1992}, publisher={Kluwer Academic}, author={Woodson, W. R. and Brandt, A. S. and Itzhaki, H. and Maxson, J. M. and Wang, H. and Park, K. Y. and Larsen, P. B.}, editor={J. C. Pech, A. Latche? and Balague?, C.Editors}, year={1992} }
 @article{drory_woodson_1992, title={MOLECULAR-CLONING AND NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCE OF A CDNA-ENCODING CATALASE FROM TOMATO}, volume={100}, ISSN={["1532-2548"]}, DOI={10.1104/pp.100.3.1605}, number={3}, journal={PLANT PHYSIOLOGY}, author={DRORY, A and WOODSON, WR}, year={1992}, month={Nov}, pages={1605–1606} }
 @article{park_drory_woodson_1992, title={MOLECULAR-CLONING OF AN 1-AMINOCYCLOPROPANE-1-CARBOXYLATE SYNTHASE FROM SENESCING CARNATION FLOWER PETALS}, volume={18}, ISSN={["0167-4412"]}, DOI={10.1007/BF00034964}, abstractNote={Synthetic oligonucleotides based on the sequence of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) synthase from tomato were used to prime the synthesis and amplification of a 337 bp tomato ACC synthase cDNA by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). This PCR product was used to screen a cDNA library prepared from mRNA isolated from senescing carnation flower petals. Two cDNA clones were isolated which represented the same mRNA. The longer of the two clones (CARACC3) contained a 1950 bp insert with a single open reading frame of 516 amino acids encoding a protein of 58 kDa. The predicted protein from the carnation ACC synthase cDNA was 61%, 61%, 64%, and 51% identical to the deduced proteins from zucchini squash, winter squash, tomato, and apple, respectively. Genomic DNA gel blot analysis indicated the presence of at least a second gene in carnation which hybridized to CARACC3 under conditions of low stringency. ACC synthase mRNA accumulates during senescence of carnation flower petals concomitant with the increase in ethylene production and ACC synthase enzyme activity. Ethylene induced the accumulation of ACC synthase mRNA in presenescent petals. Wound-induced ethylene production in leaves was not associated with an increase in ACC synthase mRNA represented by CARACC3. These results indicate that CARACC3 represents an ACC synthase transcript involved in autocatalytic ethylene production in senescing flower petals.}, number={2}, journal={PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY}, author={PARK, KY and DRORY, A and WOODSON, WR}, year={1992}, month={Jan}, pages={377–386} }
 @article{wang_woodson_1992, title={NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCE OF A CDNA-ENCODING THE ETHYLENE-FORMING ENZYME FROM PETUNIA COROLLAS}, volume={100}, ISSN={["0032-0889"]}, DOI={10.1104/pp.100.1.535}, abstractNote={An increase in the production of ethylene is associated with specific tissues during development and in response to abiotic and biotic stresses (10). In most tissues, the increase in ethylene synthesis is the result of increased ACC2 synthase activity, which catalyzes the conversion of AdoMet to ACC. An exception to this, however, is tissues that exhibit an increase in ethylene production associated with senescence, including ripening fruit and senescing flowers. In these tissues, ethylene production is regulated by both ACC synthase and EFE, which oxidizes ACC to ethylene (10). The role of EFE in the regulation of ethylene biosynthesis in these tissues has led to considerable interest in the molecular mechanisms underlying EFE expression. Early progress on the purification and characterization of EFE was slow due to the lack of a suitable cell-free enzyme assay. A significant advancement was made when the expression of an antisense fruit ripening-related mRNA in transgenic tomatoes was found to inhibit ethylene production by blocking the conversion of ACC to ethylene (3). This led to the speculation that the ripening-related mRNA represented by this cDNA encoded the elusive EFE. It was noted by Hamilton et al. (3) that the deduced protein of pTOM13 shared significant homology with a fla-vanone-3-hydroxylase from Antirrhinum majus. This led Ververidis and John (8) to assay EFE in vitro as a hydroxylase in the presence of Fe2" and ascorbate. Indeed, these research-ers were able to establish authentic EFE activity in soluble plant extracts by this assay. Recently, the identity of pTOM13 as}, number={1}, journal={PLANT PHYSIOLOGY}, author={WANG, H and WOODSON, WR}, year={1992}, month={Sep}, pages={535–536} }
 @article{brandt_woodson_1992, title={VARIATION IN FLOWER SENESCENCE AND ETHYLENE BIOSYNTHESIS AMONG CARNATIONS}, volume={27}, ISSN={["0018-5345"]}, DOI={10.21273/hortsci.27.10.1100}, abstractNote={We have investigated the patterns of ethylene biosynthesis in carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.) genotypes that exhibit extended vase life in comparison to flowers of White Sim'. `White Sim' flowers exhibited typical symptoms of senescence, including petal in-rolling and rapid wilting, beginning 5 days after harvest. In contrast, the other genotypes studied did not show petal in-rolling or rapid wilting associated with petal senescence. The first visible symptom of senescence in these flowers was necrosis of the petal tips, and it occurred from 3 to 7 days after the initial symptoms of senescence were seen in `White Sim' flowers. In all cases, the extended-vase-life genotypes did not exhibit the dramatic increase in ethylene production that typically accompanies petal senescence in carnation. This appeared to be the result of limited accumulation of ACC. In addition, flowers of these genotypes had limited capacity to convert ACC to ethylene. Therefore, we conclude that the low level of ethylene produced by these flowers during postharvest aging is the result of low activities of both ACC synthase and the ethylene-forming enzyme. Treatment of `White Sim' flowers at anthesis with 1.0 μl ethylene/liter resulted in the induction of increased ethylene biosynthesis and premature petal senescence. The extended-vase-life genotypes exhibited varying responses to ethylene treatment. One genotype (87-37G-2) produced elevated ethylene and senesced prematurely, as did flowers of `White Sim'. A second genotype (82-1) was induced to senesce by ethylene treatment but did not produce increased ethylene. A third genotype (799) was unaffected by ethylene treatment. The results of this study suggest these extended-vase-life genotypes are representative of genetic differences in the capacity to synthesize and respond to ethylene. Chemical name used: 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC).}, number={10}, journal={HORTSCIENCE}, author={BRANDT, AS and WOODSON, WR}, year={1992}, month={Oct}, pages={1100–1102} }
 @article{wang_woodson_1991, title={A FLOWER SENESCENCE-RELATED MESSENGER-RNA FROM CARNATION SHARES SEQUENCE SIMILARITY WITH FRUIT RIPENING-RELATED MESSENGER-RNAS INVOLVED IN ETHYLENE BIOSYNTHESIS}, volume={96}, ISSN={["0032-0889"]}, DOI={10.1104/pp.96.3.1000}, abstractNote={The programmed senescence of carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L. cv White Sim) flower petals is associated with an increase in the production of ethylene (1). This increase in ethylene plays a critical role in the initiation and regulation of the biochemical processes of senescence, including gene activation (1, 4, 5). The onset ofincreased ethylene production in aging petals is associated with the concomitant increases in both ACC2 synthase and EFE activities, which convert Sadenosyl-L-methionine to ACC and oxidize ACC to ethylene, respectively (1). Senescence of carnation petals is accompanied by the accumulation of specific mRNAs (4), several of which have recently been cloned. The increase in ethylene biosynthesis in senescing petals would indicate mRNAs encoding ACC synthase and EFE are likely among the population of senescence-related transcripts. Here we report the nucleotide sequence of a flower senescence-related cDNA (pSR 120) (Table I) from carnation. The sequence of pSR 120 is 1250 base pairs and contains an open reading frame of 321 amino acids (Fig. 1). The nucleotide and predicted protein sequences are highly homologous to ripening-related cDNAs from tomato (3) and avocado (6). The tomato clone, pTOM 13, was recently found to be involved in ethylene synthesis based on inhibition of ethylene production by antisense RNA (2). A lack of capacity to convert ACC to ethylene in these transgenic plants expressing antisense pTOM 13 led to the speculation pTOM 13 may encode the EFE.}, number={3}, journal={PLANT PHYSIOLOGY}, author={WANG, H and WOODSON, WR}, year={1991}, month={Jul}, pages={1000–1001} }
 @article{meyer_goldsbrough_woodson_1991, title={AN ETHYLENE-RESPONSIVE FLOWER SENESCENCE-RELATED GENE FROM CARNATION ENCODES A PROTEIN HOMOLOGOUS TO GLUTATHIONE S-TRANSFERASES}, volume={17}, ISSN={["0167-4412"]}, DOI={10.1007/BF00039505}, abstractNote={Carnation flower petal senescence is associated with the expression of specific senescence-related mRNAs, several of which were previously cloned. The cDNA clone pSR8 represents a transcript which accumulates specifically in senescing flower petals in response to ethylene. Here we report the structural characterization of this cDNA. A second cDNA clone was isolated based on shared sequence homology with pSR8. This clone, pSR8.4, exhibited an overlapping restriction endonuclease map with pSR8 and contained an additional 300 nucleotides. Primer extension analysis revealed the combined cDNAs to be near full-length and the transcript to accumulate in senescing petals. Analysis of the nucleotide sequence of SR8 cDNAs revealed an open reading frame of 220 amino acids sufficient to encode a 25 kDa polypeptide. Comparison of the deduced polypeptide sequence of pSR8 with other peptide sequences revealed significant similarity with glutathione s-transferases from a variety of organisms. The predicted polypeptide sequence shared 44%, 53% and 52% homology with GSTs from maize, Drosophila and man, respectively. We discuss our results in relation to the biochemistry of flower petal senescence and the possible role of glutathione s-transferase in this developmental process.}, number={2}, journal={PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY}, author={MEYER, RC and GOLDSBROUGH, PB and WOODSON, WR}, year={1991}, month={Aug}, pages={277–281} }
 @article{woodson_1991, title={BIOTECHNOLOGY OF FLORICULTURAL CROPS}, volume={26}, ISSN={["2327-9834"]}, DOI={10.21273/hortsci.26.8.1029}, abstractNote={The production and use of floricultural crops represents an expanding area in U.S. agriculture. Currently, the wholesale value of the U.S. floriculture industry exceeds 2 billion dollars. The production of plants solely for their aesthetic value represents a unique form of agriculture. As a result of their ornamental value, efforts to improve flower crops center around quality attributes such as flower color, flower form, plant architecture, and postharvest keeping quality (vase life). In addition, improved agronomic traits, such as disease and insect resistance, are sought in flower breeding programs, as with other crop species. Traditionally, the breeding of flower crops has been more art than science. Typically, breeders will cross two plants with little knowledge of their genetic makeup and screen the resulting progeny for desirable characteristics. The parents of such a cross are often heterozygous, thus resulting in a myriad of phenotypes in the seedling population. It is for this reason that selections are maintained through vegetative propagation to ensure genetically identical individuals. Due to the high value of flower crops, it is economically feasible to propagate plants vegetatively rather than by the less expensive seed propagation method. Clearly, most flower breeding programs are less sophisticated than those for agronomic crops, where inbred lines of known genetic makeup exist. While such an approach has yielded many valuable flower cultivars, it certainly has its limitations. The extreme heterozygosity in many valuable floricultural crops (rose, chrysanthemum, and carnation) limits the advances in breeding. For example, as a result of the lack of inbred lines, directed breeding efforts for individual traits are very difficult. In addition, the improvement of flower crops by traditional breeding is hampered by a limited gene pool. Certainly, this is an explanation for the lack of desirable blue pigments in roses and carnations.}, number={8}, journal={HORTSCIENCE}, author={WOODSON, WR}, year={1991}, month={Aug}, pages={1029–1033} }
 @article{raghothama_lawton_goldsbrough_woodson_1991, title={CHARACTERIZATION OF AN ETHYLENE-REGULATED FLOWER SENESCENCE-RELATED GENE FROM CARNATION}, volume={17}, ISSN={["0167-4412"]}, DOI={10.1007/BF00036806}, abstractNote={The programmed senescence of carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.) petals requires active gene expression and is associated with the expression of several senescence-related mRNAs. Expression of the mRNA represented by the cDNA clone pSR12 has previously been shown to be transcriptionally activated by ethylene specifically in senescing flowers. We report in this paper the structural analysis of this cDNA and its corresponding gene. One cloned genomic DNA fragment, SR12-B, contained the entire transcription unit in 17 exons, interrupted by 16 introns. A second gene, SR12-A, was highly homologous to SR12-B with several nucleotide substitutions and a 489 bp deletion in the 5' flanking DNA sequence. The SR12 transcript has an open reading frame of 2193 bp sufficient to encode a protein of 82.8 kDa. No significant homology at the DNA or protein levels was found with other known genes. We have identified a DNA-binding factor which specifically interacts with two upstream fragments (-149 to -337 and -688 to -1055) of SR12-B. Both fragments apparently compete for the same binding factor. The DNA-binding activity was present in nuclear extracts from both presenescent and senescing carnation petals. The upstream DNA fragments that bind this factor have sequence homology with promoter sequences of other ethylene-regulated genes.}, number={1}, journal={PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY}, author={RAGHOTHAMA, KG and LAWTON, KA and GOLDSBROUGH, PB and WOODSON, WR}, year={1991}, month={Jul}, pages={61–71} }
 @article{larsen_woodson_1991, title={CLONING AND NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCE OF A S-ADENOSYLMETHIONINE SYNTHETASE CDNA FROM CARNATION}, volume={96}, ISSN={["0032-0889"]}, DOI={10.1104/pp.96.3.997}, abstractNote={SAM2 serves as a methyl donor in many transmethylation reactions involving a variety of methyl acceptor molecules such as proteins, lipids, polysaccharides, and nucleic acids. In addition, SAM is a precursor in the synthesis of polyamines and ethylene (8). It has been suggested that the dynamic equilibrium between polyamines and ethylene in cells is regulated through the availability of SAM (1, 4). The genes for SAM synthetase which catalyzes the conversion ofmethionine to SAM have recently been isolated and cloned from Arabidopsis thaliana (6, 7). Using a cDNA probe for the SAM synthetase mRNA, Peleman et al. (6) showed strong cellular preference in the expression of these genes. An increase in the rate of ethylene production has not generally been considered to be dependent on increased availability of SAM (10); however, this has not been critically examined. Carnation floral tissues, and particularly styles and petals, produce ethylene at very high rates during senescence and thus provide an excellent model to address the regulation of SAM synthetase in relation to ethylene biosynthesis (2). Here we report the nucleotide sequence of a cDNA clone encoding SAM synthetase (EC 2.5.1.6) from carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L., cv White Sim). The nucleotide sequence of cDNA clone pSAM2 is 1632 base pairs and contains an open reading frame encoding a polypeptide of 396 amino acids (Fig. 1). The predicted protein is highly homologous to functionally identified SAM synthetase proteins from rat (3) and yeast (9). In addition, the pSAM2 protein shares extensive homology with the predicted proteins from cloned SAM synthetase genes ofArabidopsis (6, 7).}, number={3}, journal={PLANT PHYSIOLOGY}, author={LARSEN, PB and WOODSON, WR}, year={1991}, month={Jul}, pages={997–999} }
 @inbook{woodson_1991, title={Gene expression and flower senescence}, ISBN={0792310942}, booktitle={Genetics and breeding of ornamental species}, publisher={Kluwer Academic}, author={Woodson, W. R.}, editor={J. Harding, F. Singh and Mol, J. N. M.Editors}, year={1991} }
 @article{woodson_brandt_1991, title={ROLE OF THE GYNOECIUM IN CYTOKININ-INDUCED CARNATION PETAL SENESCENCE}, volume={116}, ISSN={["0003-1062"]}, DOI={10.21273/jashs.116.4.676}, abstractNote={Treatment of cut carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L. `White Sim') flowers with the synthetic cytokinin benzyladenine (BA) at concentrations >1.0 μm induced premature petal senescence. Flowers treated with 100 μm BA exhibited elevated ethylene production in styles and petals before untreated flowers. The gynoecia of BA-treated flowers accumulated 1-aminocyclopropane-l-carboxyllc acid (ACC) and enlarged before untreated flowers. Removal of the gynoecium (ovary and styles) or styles prevented BA-induced petal senescence and resulted in a substantial delay in petal senescence. In contrast, removal of the gynoecium had no effect on timing of petal senescence in flowers held in water. These results indicate BA stimulates petal senescence by inducing premature ACC accumulation and ethylene production in the gynoecium.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE}, author={WOODSON, WR and BRANDT, AS}, year={1991}, month={Jul}, pages={676–679} }
 @article{lawton_raghothama_goldsbrough_woodson_1990, title={REGULATION OF SENESCENCE-RELATED GENE-EXPRESSION IN CARNATION FLOWER PETALS BY ETHYLENE}, volume={93}, ISSN={["0032-0889"]}, DOI={10.1104/pp.93.4.1370}, abstractNote={Ethylene plays a regulatory role in carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.) flower senescence. Petal senescence coincides with a burst of ethylene production, is induced prematurely in response to exogenous ethylene, and is delayed by inhibitors of ethylene biosynthesis or action. We have investigated the role of ethylene in the regulation of three senescence-related cDNA clones isolated from a senescent carnation petal library (KA Lawton et al. [1989] Plant Physiol 90: 690-696). Expression of two of the cloned mRNAs in response to ethylene is floral specific, while the expression of another mRNA can be induced in both leaves and flowers exposed to ethylene. Although ethylene induces expression of these mRNAs in petals, message abundance decreases when flowers are removed from ethylene unless an autoenhancement of ethylene production is induced. This indicates continued perception of ethylene is required for their expression. Interruption of ethylene action following the onset of natural senescence results in a substantial decrease in transcript abundance of two of these mRNAs. However, the abundance of another mRNA remains unaffected, indicating this gene responds to temporal cues as well as to ethylene. As flowers age the dosage of exogenous ethylene required to induce expression of the cloned mRNAs decreases, indicating sensitivity to ethylene changes as the tissue matures. Nuclear run-on transcription experiments indicate that relative transcription rates of cloned mRNAs increase in response to exogenous ethylene.}, number={4}, journal={PLANT PHYSIOLOGY}, author={LAWTON, KA and RAGHOTHAMA, KG and GOLDSBROUGH, PB and WOODSON, WR}, year={1990}, month={Aug}, pages={1370–1375} }
 @inproceedings{a. b. bennett_o'neill_1990, title={Regulation of gene expression in senescing carnation petals}, ISBN={0471568066}, booktitle={Horticultural biotechnology : proceedings of the Horticultural Biotechnology Symposium, held at the University of California, Davis, California, August 21-23, 1989}, publisher={New York:  Wiley-Liss}, year={1990}, pages={203–212} }
 @inproceedings{woodson_lawton_goldsbrough_1989, title={Ethylene-regulated gene expression during carnation petal senescence}, volume={261}, ISBN={9066050942}, DOI={10.17660/actahortic.1989.261.17}, booktitle={Fourth International Symposium on Postharvest Physiology of Ornamental Plants: Herzliya, Israel, 20-25 March, 1988}, publisher={Wageningen, Netherlands: ISHS, International Society for Horticultural Science}, author={Woodson, W. R. and Lawton, K. A. and Goldsbrough, P. B.}, year={1989}, pages={137–144} }
 @article{lawton_huang_goldsbrough_woodson_1989, title={MOLECULAR-CLONING AND CHARACTERIZATION OF SENESCENCE-RELATED GENES FROM CARNATION FLOWER PETALS}, volume={90}, ISSN={["0032-0889"]}, DOI={10.1104/pp.90.2.690}, abstractNote={The senescence of carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.) flower petals is associated with increased production of ethylene which plays an important role in regulating this developmental event. Three senescence-related cDNA clones were isolated from a cDNA library prepared from mRNA isolated from senescing petals. These cDNAs are representative of two classes of mRNAs which increase in abundance in senescing petal tissue. The mRNA for one class is present at low levels during the early stages of development and begins to accumulate in mature petals prior to the increase in ethylene production. The accumulation of this mRNA is reduced, but not eliminated, in petals treated with aminooxyacetic acid, an inhibitor of ethylene biosynthesis, or silver thiosulfate, an ethylene action inhibitor. In contrast, expression of the second class of mRNAs appears to be highly regulated by ethylene. These mRNAs are not detectable prior to the rise in ethylene production and increase in abundance in parallel with the ethylene climacteric. Furthermore, expression of these mRNAs is significantly inhibited by both aminooxyacetic acid and silver thiosulfate. Expression of these mRNAs in vegetative and floral organs was limited to floral tissue, and predominantly to senescing petals.}, number={2}, journal={PLANT PHYSIOLOGY}, author={LAWTON, KA and HUANG, B and GOLDSBROUGH, PB and WOODSON, WR}, year={1989}, month={Jun}, pages={690–696} }
 @article{borochov_woodson_1989, title={Physiology and biochemistry of flower petal senescence}, volume={11}, journal={Horticultural Reviews}, author={Borochov, A. and Woodson, W. R.}, year={1989}, pages={15–43} }
 @article{wang_woodson_1989, title={REVERSIBLE INHIBITION OF ETHYLENE ACTION AND INTERRUPTION OF PETAL SENESCENCE IN CARNATION FLOWERS BY NORBORNADIENE}, volume={89}, ISSN={["1532-2548"]}, DOI={10.1104/pp.89.2.434}, abstractNote={The inhibitory effects of the cyclic olefin 2,5-norbornadiene (NBD) on ethylene action were tested in carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L. cv White Sim) flowers. Treatment of flowers at anthesis with ethylene in the presence of 500 microliters per liter NBD increased the concentration of ethylene required to elicit a response (petal senescence), indicating that NBD behaves as a competitive inhibitor of ethylene action. Transfer of flowers producing autocatalytic ethylene and exhibiting evidence of senescence (petal in-rolling) to an atmosphere of NBD resulted in a rapid reduction in ethylene production, petal 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid synthase activity, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid content, and ethylene forming enzyme activity. Removal of NBD resulted in recovery of ethylene biosynthesis. These results support the autocatalytic regulation of ethylene production during the climacteric stage of petal senescence and suggest that continued perception of ethylene is required for maintenance of ethylene biosynthesis. The inhibition of ethylene action by NBD after the flowers had reached the climacteric peak was associated with interruption of petal senescence as evidenced by reversal of senescence symptoms. This result is in contrast to the widely held belief that the rate of petal senescence is fixed and irreversible once petals enter into the ethylene climacteric.}, number={2}, journal={PLANT PHYSIOLOGY}, author={WANG, H and WOODSON, WR}, year={1989}, month={Feb}, pages={434–438} }
 @article{lawton_raghothama_goldsbrough_woodson_1989, title={Regulation of gene expression by ethylene during carnation flower scenescence}, volume={89}, number={Suppl. 4}, journal={Plant Physiology}, author={Lawton, K. A. and Raghothama, K. G. and Goldsbrough, P. B. and Woodson, W. R.}, year={1989}, pages={48} }
 @article{biggs_woodson_handa_1988, title={BIOCHEMICAL BASIS OF HIGH-TEMPERATURE INHIBITION OF ETHYLENE BIOSYNTHESIS IN RIPENING TOMATO FRUITS}, volume={72}, ISSN={["1399-3054"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1399-3054.1988.tb09167.x}, abstractNote={Biggs, M. S., Woodson, W. R. and Handa, A. K. 1988. Biochemical basis of high‐temperature inhibition of ethylene biosynthesis in ripening tomato fruits. Physiol. Plant. 72: 572578}, number={3}, journal={PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM}, author={BIGGS, MS and WOODSON, WR and HANDA, AK}, year={1988}, month={Mar}, pages={572–578} }
 @article{force_lawton_woodson_1988, title={Dark-induced abscission of hibiscus flower buds}, volume={23}, number={3}, journal={HortScience}, author={Force, A. R. and Lawton, K. A. and Woodson, W. R.}, year={1988}, pages={592–593} }
 @article{woodson_lawton_1988, title={ETHYLENE-INDUCED GENE-EXPRESSION IN CARNATION PETALS - RELATIONSHIP TO AUTOCATALYTIC ETHYLENE PRODUCTION AND SENESCENCE}, volume={87}, ISSN={["0032-0889"]}, DOI={10.1104/pp.87.2.498}, abstractNote={Exposure of carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.) flowers to ethylene evokes the developmental program of petal senescence. The temporal relationship of several aspects of this developmental program following treatment with ethylene was investigated. Exposure of mature, presenescent flowers to 7.5 microliters per liter ethylene for at least 6 hours induced petal in-rolling and premature senescence. Autocatalytic ethylene production was induced in petals following treatment with ethylene for 12 or more hours. A number of changes in mRNA populations were noted in response to ethylene, as determined by in vitro translation of petal polyadenylated RNA. At least 6 mRNAs accumulated following ethylene exposure. The molecular weights of their in vitro translation products were 81, 58, 42, 38, 35, and 25 kilodaltons. Significant increases in abundance of most mRNAs were observed 3 hours following ethylene exposure. Ethylene exposure resulted in decreased abundance of another group of mRNAs. Treatment of flowers with competitive inhibitors of ethylene action largely prevented the induction of these ethylene responses in petals. An increase in flower age was accompanied by an increase in the capacity for ethylene to induce petal in-rolling, autocatalytic ethylene production, and changes in mRNA populations suggesting that these responses are regulated by both sensitivity to ethylene and ethylene concentration. These results indicate that changes in petal physiology resulting from exposure to ethylene may be the result of rapid changes in gene expression.}, number={2}, journal={PLANT PHYSIOLOGY}, author={WOODSON, WR and LAWTON, KA}, year={1988}, month={Jun}, pages={498–503} }
 @article{woodson_1987, title={CHANGES IN PROTEIN AND MESSENGER-RNA POPULATIONS DURING THE SENESCENCE OF CARNATION PETALS}, volume={71}, ISSN={["0031-9317"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1399-3054.1987.tb02890.x}, abstractNote={Developmental changes in polypeptide and mRNA popultions in carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L. cv. White Sim) petals were investigated during the senescence of harvested flowers. Total proteins were extracted from flower petals at various stages of senescence and subjected to separation by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Analysis of the Coomassie blue stained gels revealed polypeptides with apparent molecular weights of 76, 62, 35.5 and 24 kDa which increased, while those with molecular weights of 70.5, 67.5, 46.5 and 31 kDa decreased during petal senescence. Changes in mRNA populations were investigated by translating poly (A)+RNA, isolated from carnation petals, in vitro using the rabbit reticulocyte lysate system. Polypeptides synthesized in vitro were separated by one‐ and two‐dimensional gel electrophoresis and visualized by fluorography. Three classes of mRNA's were associated with the senescence of carnation petals. The majority of the mRNA's were constitutive at all stages of senescence. Another class of mRNA's increased with the climacteric rise in ethylene production, which accompanied the onset of senescence. Their translation products were 81, 58, 42, 38 and 35 kDa. In addition, several mRNA's appeared to decrease in abundance during the course of petal senescence. These results indicate that senescence of carnation flower petals is associated with changes in gene expression.}, number={4}, journal={PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM}, author={WOODSON, WR}, year={1987}, month={Dec}, pages={495–502} }
 @article{woodson_handa_1987, title={CHANGES IN PROTEIN-PATTERNS AND INVIVO PROTEIN-SYNTHESIS DURING PRESENESCENCE AND SENESCENCE OF HIBISCUS PETALS}, volume={128}, ISSN={["0176-1617"]}, DOI={10.1016/S0176-1617(87)80182-7}, abstractNote={Senescence of petals from flowers of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. cv. Pink Versicolor was associated with a rapid loss in fresh and dry weights, and extractable protein. Changes in the patterns of proteins resolved by one-dimensional SDS-PAGE were noted with petal aging. The intensity of polypeptide bands with molecular weights of 39, 38, 34, and 16 kD increased, while those with molecular weights of 89, 56, 50, and 41 kD decreased with petal age. Protein synthesis during petal aging was investigated by following the uptake and incorporation of 3H-leucine into the TCA-insoluble fraction of petal discs. Protein synthesis was highest the day before flower opening and declined rapidly as petal tissue senesced. Newly synthesized radiolabeled proteins from different stages of petal development were separated by SDS-PAGE and identified by fluorography. Presenescent petal tissue showed similar protein patterns with radioactivity distributed among several major polypeptides, whereas in senescent tissue, much of the radioactivity was concentrated in the 39 kD polypeptide.}, number={1-2}, journal={JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY}, author={WOODSON, WR and HANDA, AK}, year={1987}, month={May}, pages={67–75} }
 @article{woodson_wang_1987, title={INVERTASES OF CARNATION PETALS - PARTIAL-PURIFICATION, CHARACTERIZATION AND CHANGES IN ACTIVITY DURING PETAL GROWTH}, volume={71}, ISSN={["0031-9317"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1399-3054.1987.tb02872.x}, abstractNote={Carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L. cv. White Sim) petals contained two distinct invertases (EC 3.2.1.26) based on chromatographic behavior on DEAE‐cellulose. Both are soluble in 20 mM sodium phosphate buffer (pH 6.5) and exhibit acid pH optimum of 5.5. Extraction of a cell wall preparation from petals with 1 M NaCl released little additional activity. Furthermore, only traces of activity remained associated with the NaCl‐extracted cell wall preparation. One of the soluble invertases, representing over 75% of the total activity, was partially purified by (NH4)2SO4 fractionation and sequential chromatography over diethylaminoethyl‐cellulose, concanavalin‐A sepharose and polyacrylamide P‐200. The enzyme was purified 38‐fold with a recovery of 12%. It had an apparent native molecular weight of 215 kDa. The partially purified invertase is a β‐fructofuranosidase (EC 3.2.1.26) based on its specificity for sucrose. The Km for sucrose was 3.3 mM. Accumulation of reducing sugars and increased invertase activity during expansive petal growth indicates that sucrose is the major source of carbon for petal growth.}, number={2}, journal={PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM}, author={WOODSON, WR and WANG, H}, year={1987}, month={Oct}, pages={224–228} }
 @article{walker_woodson_1987, title={NITROGEN RATE AND CULTIVAR EFFECTS ON NITROGEN AND NITRATE CONCENTRATION OF SWEET-POTATO LEAF TISSUE}, volume={18}, ISSN={["1532-2416"]}, DOI={10.1080/00103628709367839}, abstractNote={Abstract The effects of 4 ? application levels, 0, 45, 90, and 135 kg N/ha, and 2 cultivars, ‘Centennial’ and ‘Jewel’, on total ? and NO3‐N concentration of leaf blades and NO3‐N concentration of petioles were determined in 2 field experiments. The concentrations of NO3‐N in petioles of ‘Centennial’ plants were much higher than those of ‘Jewel’ plants. Petiole NO3‐N concentrations were more sensitive to differences in soil ? application levels than blade total ? concentrations. Petiole NO3‐N concentrations were also affected by plant age at sampling. While petiole NO3‐N concentration was a reliable indicator of current ? status of the plants, total ? concentration of blades appeared to be a more reliable predictor of yield. Critical concentrations of total ? in blades associated with a 5% reduction in total marketable root yield were 3.0 and 3.2% for ‘Centennial’ and ‘Jewel’, respectively.}, number={5}, journal={COMMUNICATIONS IN SOIL SCIENCE AND PLANT ANALYSIS}, author={WALKER, DW and WOODSON, WR}, year={1987}, pages={529–541} }
 @article{woodson_1987, title={Postharvest handling of bud-cut freesia flowers}, volume={22}, number={3}, journal={HortScience}, author={Woodson, W. R.}, year={1987}, pages={456–458} }
 @article{woodson_raiford_1986, title={Induction of lateral branching in chinese hibiscus with mefluidide}, volume={21}, number={1}, journal={HortScience}, author={Woodson, W. R. and Raiford, T. J.}, year={1986}, pages={71–73} }
 @article{randle_woodson_1986, title={The effect of storage and wounding on ethylene production by sweet-potato}, volume={21}, number={4}, journal={HortScience}, author={Randle, W. M. and Woodson, W. R.}, year={1986}, pages={1018–1019} }
 @article{woodson_hanchey_chisholm_1985, title={ROLE OF ETHYLENE IN THE SENESCENCE OF ISOLATED HIBISCUS PETALS}, volume={79}, ISSN={["1532-2548"]}, DOI={10.1104/pp.79.3.679}, abstractNote={Senescence of petals isolated from flowers of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. (cv Pink Versicolor) was associated with increased ethylene production. Exposure to ethylene (10 microliters per liter) accelerated the onset of senescence, as indicated by petal in-rolling, and stimulated ethylene production. Senescence was also hastened by basal application of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC). Aminooxyacetic acid, an inhibitor of ethylene biosynthesis, effectively inhibited ethylene production by petals and delayed petal in-rolling. In marked contrast to these results with mature petals, immature petals isolated from flowers the day before flower opening did not respond to ethylene in terms of an increase in ethylene production or petal in-rolling. Furthermore, treatment with silver thiosulfate the day before flower opening effectively prevented petal senescence, while silver thiosulfate treatment on the morning of flower opening was ineffective. Application of ACC to both immature and mature petals greatly stimulated ethylene production indicating the presence of an active ethylene-forming enzyme in both tissues. Immature petals contained less free ACC than mature, presenescent petals and appeared to possess a more active system for converting ACC into its conjugated form. Thus, while the nature of the lack of responsiveness of immature petals to ethylene is unknown, ethylene production in hibiscus petals appears to be regulated by the control over ACC availability.}, number={3}, journal={PLANT PHYSIOLOGY}, author={WOODSON, WR and HANCHEY, SH and CHISHOLM, DN}, year={1985}, pages={679–683} }
 @article{woodson_raiford_1985, title={Responses of caladium tubers to low, nonfreezing temperatures}, volume={20}, number={5}, journal={HortScience}, author={Woodson, W. R. and Raiford, T. J.}, year={1985}, pages={929–931} }
 @article{woodson_negm_broodley_1984, title={Relationship between nitrate reductase-activity, nitrogen accumulation, and nitrogen partitioning in chrysanthemum}, volume={109}, number={4}, journal={Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science}, author={Woodson, W. R. and Negm, F. B. and Broodley, J. W.}, year={1984}, pages={491–494} }
 @article{woodson_broodley_1983, title={Accumulation and partitioning of nitrogen and dry-matter during the growth of chrysanthemum}, volume={18}, number={2}, journal={HortScience}, author={Woodson, W. R. and Broodley, J. W.}, year={1983}, pages={196–197} }
 @article{woodson_boodley_1983, title={PETIOLE NITRATE CONCENTRATION AS AN INDICATOR OF GERANIUM NITROGEN STATUS}, volume={14}, ISSN={["0010-3624"]}, DOI={10.1080/00103628309367372}, abstractNote={Abstract Pelargonium hortorum ‘Sincerity’ plants were grown at various levels of nitrogen to determine the response of foliar nitrogen and petiole nitrate concentrations to changes in nitrogen supply. Total nitrogen in the upper leaf blades and petiole nitrate concentrations were both highly correlated with nitrogen supply. However, changes in the concentrations of petiole nitrate reflected changes in nitrogen supply over a wider range of concentrations. The minimum critical concentrations associated with a 10% reduction in yield (dry weight) were 2.9% and 5,000 ppm for foliar nitrogen and petiole nitrate nitrogen, respectively.}, number={5}, journal={COMMUNICATIONS IN SOIL SCIENCE AND PLANT ANALYSIS}, author={WOODSON, WR and BOODLEY, JW}, year={1983}, pages={363–371} }
 @article{woodson_broodley_1982, title={Effects of nitrogen form and potassium concentration on growth, flowering, and nitrogen-utilization of greenhouse roses}, volume={107}, number={2}, journal={Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science}, author={Woodson, W. R. and Broodley, J. W.}, year={1982}, pages={275–278} }
 @article{woodson_broodley_1982, title={Influence of potassium on the growth, flowering, and chemical-composition of greenhouse roses grown in recirculating nutrient solutions}, volume={17}, number={1}, journal={HortScience}, author={Woodson, W. R. and Broodley, J. W.}, year={1982}, pages={46–47} }
 @book{woodson_1981, title={The influence of potassium on the growth, flowering and nitrogen utilization of greenhouse roses}, author={Woodson, William Randolph}, year={1981} }