@article{barnwell_farin_ashwell_farmer_galphin_farin_2016, title={Differences in mRNA populations of short and long bovine conceptuses on Day 15 of gestation}, volume={83}, ISSN={["1098-2795"]}, DOI={10.1002/mrd.22640}, abstractNote={SUMMARYThe majority of pregnancy loss in cattle occurs between Days 8 and 16 of gestation, coincident with the initiation of conceptus elongation and the onset of maternal recognition of pregnancy. Differences in conceptus length on the same day of gestation may be related to an inherent lack of developmental competency or may simply be a consequence of asynchrony with the maternal environment. The objective of this work was to characterize differential patterns of mRNA expression between short and long bovine conceptuses recovered on Day 15 of gestation. Embryos were produced from super‐ovulated Holstein donor cows, and groups of Grade‐1 and Grade‐3 compact morulas were transferred into recipient heifers at Day 6.5 of their cycle. Conceptuses were recovered at Day 15 of gestation, and measured to assess overall length and area. Total RNA was extracted and analyzed on individual GeneChip Bovine Genome Arrays (Affymetrix, Santa Clara, CA). Gene expression was compared between conceptuses derived from the transfer of Grade‐1 versus Grade‐3 embryos; no differences were identified in the profiles of Day‐15 conceptuses of these different embryo grades. When gene expression was compared between conceptuses classified as either short (mean length of 4.2 ± 0.1 mm [standard error]) or long (24.7 ± 1.9 mm) upon recovery at Day 15 of gestation, a total of 348 genes were differentially expressed. Of these, 221 genes were up‐regulated and 127 were down‐regulated in long compared to short conceptuses. In summary, differences in gene expression were identified between conceptuses recovered on Day 15 of gestation, based on their length. These data may be used to identify genes and cellular pathways involved in enhanced conceptus elongation that could serve as markers of successful pregnancy. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 83: 424–441, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.}, number={5}, journal={MOLECULAR REPRODUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT}, author={Barnwell, Callie V. and Farin, Peter W. and Ashwell, Christopher M. and Farmer, William T. and Galphin, Samuel P., Jr. and Farin, Charlotte E.}, year={2016}, month={May}, pages={424–441} }
 @article{farin_barnwell_farmer_2015, title={Abnormal offspring syndrome}, DOI={10.1002/9781118833971.ch67}, abstractNote={This chapter begins with a discussion on the utilization of embryo biotechnologies in cattle. Next, it talks about the effects of embryo manipulation on offspring development. Manipulation of bovine embryos became a reality with the development of techniques for embryo recovery and transfer. Assessment of development following transfer and calving supported the conclusion that normal development of offspring was associated with production by embryo transfer. The term abnormal offspring syndrome (AOS) was used to more accurately describe the range of characteristics found associated with this syndrome. Designation of this syndrome as AOS is useful when discussing developmental anomalies associated with in vitro manipulation of embryos in other mammalian species. In cattle, the expression of anomalies associated with AOS can range from changes in gene expression in preimplantation-stage embryos to moderate alterations with little apparent phenotypic compromise to severe alteration in phenotype accompanied by abortion or neonatal death.}, journal={Bovine Reproduction}, author={Farin, C. E. and Barnwell, C. V. and Farmer, W. T.}, year={2015}, pages={620–638} }
 @article{farmer_farin_piedrahita_bischoff_farin_2013, title={Expression of antisense of insulin-like growth factor-2 receptor RNA non-coding (AIRN) during early gestation in cattle}, volume={138}, ISSN={0378-4320}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/J.ANIREPROSCI.2013.01.009}, DOI={10.1016/j.anireprosci.2013.01.009}, abstractNote={The insulin-like growth factor type 2 receptor (IGF2R) regulates fetal growth by removing IGF2 from circulation. In mice, expression of the Igf2r gene is only imprinted after implantation and is associated with expression of the antisense non-coding (nc)RNA, Airn. The objectives of this study were, first, to determine if bovine AIRN was expressed during developmentally important stages of gestation, and second, to determine if expression of bAIRN was affected by method of embryo production. Control reactions confirmed that sequence verified bAIRN PCR amplicons resulted from RNA within the sample and not from genomic DNA contamination. IGF2R mRNA was expressed in all fetal liver samples at Days 35-55 and 70 of gestation as well as in 8 of 9 Day 15 conceptuses, 10 of 10 Day 18 conceptuses, and in all day 7 blastocyst pools. bAIRN was expressed in all samples of fetal liver at Days 35-55 and 70 of gestation. The proportion of conceptuses that expressed bAIRN increased from 1 of 9 at Day 15 of gestation to 8 of 10 at Day 18 of gestation. No bAIRN was expressed in any blastocyst pools. The relative level of bAIRN was greater (P<0.05) in fetal liver from embryos produced in vivo compared to that from embryos produced in vitro. In summary bAIRN was not expressed in blastocyst-stage embryos, was expressed in an increasing proportion of embryos around the time of maternal recognition of pregnancy and was expressed following implantation. Furthermore, relative levels of bAIRN in bovine fetal liver can be altered by method of embryo production.}, number={1-2}, journal={Animal Reproduction Science}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Farmer, W.T. and Farin, P.W. and Piedrahita, J.A. and Bischoff, S.R. and Farin, C.E.}, year={2013}, month={Apr}, pages={64–73} }
 @article{farin_farmer_farin_2010, title={Pregnancy recognition and abnormal offspring syndrome in cattle}, volume={22}, ISSN={["1448-5990"]}, DOI={10.1071/rd09217}, abstractNote={Development of the post-hatching conceptus in ruminants involves a period of morphological expansion that is driven by complex interactions between the conceptus and its intrauterine environment. As a result of these interactions, endometrial physiology is altered, leading to establishment of the pregnancy and continued development of the placenta. Disruption of normal fetal and placental development can occur when embryos are exposed to manipulations in vitro or when inappropriate endocrine sequencing occurs in vivo during the pre- and peri-implantation periods. The present review addresses the development of the post-hatching bovine conceptus, its interactions with the maternal system and changes in development that can occur as a result of in vivo and in vitro manipulations of the bovine embryo.}, number={1}, journal={REPRODUCTION FERTILITY AND DEVELOPMENT}, author={Farin, C. E. and Farmer, W. T. and Farin, P. W.}, year={2010}, pages={75–87} }