@article{gottwald_poole_mccollum_hall_hartung_bai_luo_posny_duan_taylor_et al._2020, title={Canine olfactory detection of a vectored phytobacterial pathogen, Liberibacter asiaticus, and integration with disease control}, volume={117}, ISSN={["0027-8424"]}, url={https://publons.com/wos-op/publon/39596623/}, DOI={10.1073/pnas.1914296117}, abstractNote={
            Early detection and rapid response are crucial to avoid severe epidemics of exotic pathogens. However, most detection methods (molecular, serological, chemical) are logistically limited for large-scale survey of outbreaks due to intrinsic sampling issues and laboratory throughput. Evaluation of 10 canines trained for detection of a severe exotic phytobacterial arboreal pathogen,
            Candidatus
            Liberibacter asiaticus (
            C
            Las), demonstrated 0.9905 accuracy, 0.8579 sensitivity, and 0.9961 specificity. In a longitudinal study, cryptic
            C
            Las infections that remained subclinical visually were detected within 2 wk postinfection compared with 1 to 32 mo for qPCR. When allowed to interrogate a diverse range of in vivo pathogens infecting an international citrus pathogen collection, canines only reacted to Liberibacter pathogens of citrus and not to other bacterial, viral, or spiroplasma pathogens. Canines trained to detect
            C
            Las-infected citrus also alerted on
            C
            Las-infected tobacco and periwinkle,
            C
            Las-bearing psyllid insect vectors, and
            C
            Las cocultured with other bacteria but at
            C
            Las titers below the level of molecular detection. All of these observations suggest that canines can detect
            C
            Las directly rather than only host volatiles produced by the infection. Detection in orchards and residential properties was real time, ∼2 s per tree. Spatiotemporal epidemic simulations demonstrated that control of pathogen prevalence was possible and economically sustainable when canine detection was followed by intervention (i.e., culling infected individuals), whereas current methods of molecular (qPCR) and visual detection failed to contribute to the suppression of an exponential trajectory of infection.
          }, number={7}, journal={PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA}, author={Gottwald, Timothy and Poole, Gavin and McCollum, Thomas and Hall, David and Hartung, John and Bai, Jinhe and Luo, Weiqi and Posny, Drew and Duan, Yong-Ping and Taylor, Earl and et al.}, year={2020}, month={Feb}, pages={3492–3501} }