@article{peng_jiang_si_joao cardenas-oscanoa_huang_2023, title={Advances of Modified Lignin as Substitute to Develop Lignin-Based Phenol-Formaldehyde Resin Adhesives}, ISSN={["1864-564X"]}, DOI={10.1002/cssc.202300174}, abstractNote={Abstract}, journal={CHEMSUSCHEM}, author={Peng, Zhenwen and Jiang, Xiao and Si, Chuanling and Joao Cardenas-Oscanoa, Aldo and Huang, Caoxing}, year={2023}, month={Jun} }
 @article{kollman_jiang_sun_zhang_li_chang_jameel_2023, title={Towards jet fuel from technical lignins: Feedstock-catalyst-product interactions revealed during catalytic hydrogenolysis}, volume={451}, ISSN={["1873-3212"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.cej.2022.138464}, abstractNote={One-pot conversion of technical lignins to jet fuel is limited by recondensation of unstable intermediates. A two-stage process that first generates stabilized fragments by reductive depolymerization, then upgrades oligomers to hydrocarbons may increase yield. Insights into factors affecting initial depolymerization of industrially relevant lignins were revealed, whereas many studies have focused on upgrading bio-oil or model compounds. Feedstocks, catalysts, and process conditions were varied to identify effects on product composition. Hydrogen and temperature synergistically suppressed coking during pine kraft depolymerization to increase monomer production. Ruthenium was more effective than cobalt at limiting solid residue and improving liquid product yield by promoting hydrogenation and hydrogenolysis. Besides ruthenium, a strong acid-base catalyst effectively deconstructed hardwood biorefinery lignin, targeting alkyl-aryl ether bonds. Ruthenium and zinc converted hardwood kraft lignin to oligomers most suitable for upgrading to jet fuel-range hydrocarbons based on yield (79 % on dry lignin), weight-average molecular weight (1290 g/mol), and chemical structure.}, journal={CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL}, author={Kollman, Matthew S. and Jiang, Xiao and Sun, Runkun and Zhang, Xia and Li, Wenzhi and Chang, Hou-min and Jameel, Hasan}, year={2023}, month={Jan} }
 @article{huang_jiang_shen_hu_tang_wu_ragauskas_jameel_meng_yong_2022, title={Lignin-enzyme interaction: A roadblock for efficient enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulosics}, volume={154}, ISSN={["1879-0690"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.rser.2021.111822}, abstractNote={Efficiently producing second-generation biofuels from biomass is of strategic significance and meets sustainability targets, but it remains a long-term challenge due to the existence of biomass recalcitrance. Lignin contributes significantly to biomass recalcitrance by physically limiting the access of enzymes to carbohydrates, and this could be partially overcome by applying a pretreatment step to directly target lignin. However, lignin typically cannot be completely removed, and its structure is also significantly altered during the pretreatment. As a result, lignin residue in the pretreated materials still significantly hindered a complete conversion of carbohydrate to its monosugars by interacting with cellulase enzymes. The non-productive adsorption driven by hydrophobic, electrostatic, and/or hydrogen bonding interactions is widely considered as the major mechanism of action governing the unfavored lignin-enzyme interaction. One could argue this type of interaction between lignin residue and the activated enzymes is the major roadblock for efficient enzymatic hydrolysis of pretreated lignocellulosics. To alleviate the negative effects of lignin on enzyme performance, a deep understanding of lignin structural transformation upon different types of pretreatments as well as how and where does lignin bind to enzymes are prerequisites. In the last decade, the progress toward a fundamental understanding of lignin-enzyme interaction, structural characterization of lignin during pretreatment and/or conformation change of enzyme during hydrolysis is resulting in advances in the development of methodologies to mitigate the negative effect of lignin. Here in this review, the lignin structural transformation upon different types of pretreatments and the inhibition mechanism of lignin in the bioconversion of lignocellulose to bioethanol are summarized. Some technologies to minimize the adverse impact of lignin on the enzymatic hydrolysis, including chemical modification of lignin, adding blocking additives, and post-treatment to remove lignin were also introduced. The production of liquid biofuels from lignocellulosic biomass has shown great environmental benefits such as reducing greenhouse gas emissions and mitigate climate change. By addressing the root causes of lignin-enzyme interaction and how to retard this interaction, it is our hope that this comprehensive review will pave the way for significantly reducing the high cost associated with the enzymatic hydrolysis process, and ultimately achieving a cost-effective and sustainable biorefinery system.}, journal={RENEWABLE & SUSTAINABLE ENERGY REVIEWS}, author={Huang, Caoxing and Jiang, Xiao and Shen, Xiaojun and Hu, Jinguang and Tang, Wei and Wu, Xinxing and Ragauskas, Arthur and Jameel, Hasan and Meng, Xianzhi and Yong, Qiang}, year={2022}, month={Feb} }
 @misc{huang_peng_li_li_jiang_dong_2022, title={Unlocking the role of lignin for preparing the lignin-based wood adhesive: A review}, volume={187}, ISSN={["1872-633X"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.indcrop.2022.115388}, abstractNote={Adhesives––the resins widely used in particleboards, oriented strength boards, and plywood––are traditionally produced from fossil-based polymers. Owing to the toxicity, environmental pollution, and non-renewable raw materials associated with these polymers, attempts to synthesize environmentally friendly and renewable adhesives from bio-based materials has attracted increasing attention. Lignin is an abundant natural and renewable phenolic polymer with multiple types of functional groups, such as hydroxyl, carboxyl, and aldehyde groups. This has drawn considerable attention to the exploitation of this resource based on these functional groups. Because of the advantages of lignin, continued research efforts have been focused on using lignin to partially or completely replace conventional raw materials for adhesives, such as phenol and melamine. In addition, lignin is also used with other biomass materials to produce formaldehyde-free biomass-based adhesives, such as lignin–furfural, lignin–soy protein, and lignin–tannin adhesives. Despite inspiring progress, the preparation of lignin-based adhesives with performances higher than that of fossil-based adhesives remains a serious challenge. This review summarizes the progress made in recent decades in research and commercial application of lignin-based adhesives for wood products, including lignin-based formaldehyde resins and lignin-based formaldehyde-free adhesives, and proposes perspectives on lignin-based adhesives.}, journal={INDUSTRIAL CROPS AND PRODUCTS}, author={Huang, Caoxing and Peng, Zhenwen and Li, Jiongjiong and Li, Xiaona and Jiang, Xiao and Dong, Youming}, year={2022}, month={Nov} }
 @article{dou_li_zhu_jiang_2021, title={Catalytic waste Kraft lignin hydrodeoxygenation to liquid fuels over a hollow Ni-Fe catalyst}, volume={287}, ISSN={["1873-3883"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.apcatb.2021.119975}, abstractNote={Conversion of Kraft lignin (KL) into liquid fuels is critically attractive but hampered by the inherent recalcitrant structure of KL. The phenolic intermediates formed during depolymerization of KL are prone to rapid repolymerization generating undesired repolymerization products (heavy oil and/or coke). In this work, KL depolymerization coupled with demethoxylation was achieved via a novel hollow Ni-Fe (H-NiFe2O4) catalyst under mild conditions. The liquid product yield reached 90 wt% with minimum coke yield of 3.4 wt% at 320 °C for 24 h. The petroleum ether soluble product has a yield of 70 wt%, molecular weight of 222 g/mol and a HHV of 35.3 MJ/kg. The H-NiFe2O4 catalyst exhibited excellent activity in promoting lignin depolymerization while depressing condensation. The meticulous characterization and control experiments indicated the catalytic performance of H-NiFe2O4 benefits from the synergy of Ni and Fe. Additionally, plausible reaction pathways of KL depolymerization over H-NiFe2O4 are discussed.}, journal={APPLIED CATALYSIS B-ENVIRONMENTAL}, author={Dou, Xiaomeng and Li, Wenzhi and Zhu, Chaofeng and Jiang, Xiao}, year={2021}, month={Jun} }
 @article{wu_jiang_jiang_wu_ding_jin_2021, title={Impacts of cotton linter pulp characteristics on the processivity of glycoside hydrolase family 5 endoglucanase from Volvariella Volvacea}, volume={28}, ISSN={["1572-882X"]}, DOI={10.1007/s10570-020-03665-x}, number={4}, journal={CELLULOSE}, author={Wu, Shanshan and Jiang, Xiao and Jiang, Huicong and Wu, Shufang and Ding, Shaojun and Jin, Yongcan}, year={2021}, month={Mar}, pages={1947–1959} }
 @article{kollman_jiang_thompson_mante_dayton_chang_jameel_2021, title={Improved understanding of technical lignin functionalization through comprehensive structural characterization of fractionated pine kraft lignins modified by the Mannich reaction}, ISSN={["1463-9270"]}, DOI={10.1039/d1gc01842f}, abstractNote={Detailed investigation of structural changes following kraft lignin amination. Identification of factors that affected reaction route and yield, and evaluation of different characterization methods will aid kraft lignin applied research efforts.}, journal={GREEN CHEMISTRY}, author={Kollman, Matthew and Jiang, Xiao and Thompson, Samuel J. and Mante, Ofei and Dayton, David C. and Chang, Hou-min and Jameel, Hasan}, year={2021}, month={Aug} }
 @article{zwilling_jiang_zambrano_venditti_jameel_velev_rojas_gonzalez_2021, title={Understanding lignin micro- and nanoparticle nucleation and growth in aqueous suspensions by solvent fractionation}, volume={23}, ISSN={1463-9262 1463-9270}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/D0GC03632C}, DOI={10.1039/d0gc03632c}, abstractNote={Interactions of sub-micron lignin particles dependent on precursor kraft lignin chemistry and molecular weight.}, number={2}, journal={Green Chemistry}, publisher={Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)}, author={Zwilling, Jacob D. and Jiang, Xiao and Zambrano, Franklin and Venditti, Richard A. and Jameel, Hasan and Velev, Orlin D. and Rojas, Orlando J. and Gonzalez, Ronalds}, year={2021}, pages={1001–1012} }
 @article{zhang_jiang_wan_wu_wu_jin_2020, title={Adsorption behavior of two glucanases on three lignins and the effect by adding sulfonated lignin}, volume={323}, ISSN={["1873-4863"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.jbiotec.2020.07.013}, abstractNote={The adsorption behaviors of two glucanases, TvEG and TrCel7A, on three lignins were investigated. Three lignins were isolated from raw aspen and its pretreated solid residue. The isolated lignins were labeled as Asp-MWL, DA-MWL (pretreated by dilute acid), and GL-MWL (pretreated by green liquor), respectively. The surface properties of lignins and spin-coated lignin films were characterized by zeta potential, atomic force microscope (AFM) and contact angle. The enzyme adsorption behavior was monitored by quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) and fluorescence spectrometer. TlCel7A had similar adsorption capacities on the three lignin films but were higher than those of TvEG. The TrCel7A adsorptions on the three lignin films were affected by synergistic effect of electrostatic and hydrophobic interaction while the TvEG adsorptions on the three lignin films were mainly dominated by hydrophobic action. The adsorption capacities of TlCel7A and TvEG on the three lignin films were decreased by adding SL. Plausible explanation was that the SL and glucanase formed a complex with more negative charges, which suppressed the adsorption of glucannase on lignin through electrostatic repulsion. It also explained the improved enzymatic hydrolysis efficiency of lignocellulose upon adding SL.}, journal={JOURNAL OF BIOTECHNOLOGY}, author={Zhang, Yuqing and Jiang, Xiao and Wan, Shanqi and Wu, Wenjuan and Wu, Shufang and Jin, Yongcan}, year={2020}, month={Nov}, pages={1–8} }
 @misc{chang_jiang_2020, title={Biphenyl structure and its impact on the macromolecular structure of lignin: A critical review}, volume={40}, ISSN={["1532-2319"]}, DOI={10.1080/02773813.2019.1697297}, abstractNote={Abstract Biphenyl linkage is the second most abundant linkage in softwood lignin; the β-O-4′ linkage being the most abundant linkage. That about 20–28% of monolignols are linked by biphenyl linkage has been demonstrated by UV spectroscopy, permanganate oxidation, 13C NMR, and thioacidolysis followed by 31P NMR. Most, if not all, of the biphenyl structures in softwood lignin are etherified, indicating that biphenyl structures are formed while monolignols are being transported to the lignifying zone during lignin biosynthesis. Along with 4-O-5′ (∼3/100 C9 units), β-6′/α-6′ (∼3/100 C9) and noncyclic α-O-4′ structures (4/100 C9), biphenyl structures are the major branching points of lignin structure. Thus, at least one out of every three C9 units in softwood lignin are branching units. This fact indicates that softwood lignin is most likely a network polymer. Many alkyl-aryl ether bonds are cleaved during ball milling for the isolation of Milled Wood Lignin (MWL), but the number of branching points remains the same. Therefore, softwood milled wood lignin, with a number average DP of 20, exists most likely as at least a highly branched polymer and unlikely as a linear polymer. Harwood lignin has less biphenyl structures (∼9%), but has more 4-O-5′ (∼7%), noncyclic α-O-4′ (6%) and similar β-6′/α-6′ (∼2%) linkages as compared with softwood lignin. Thus, only one out of every four C9 units is a branching point, indicating that hardwood lignin is most likely a highly branched polymer. Hardwood MWL is most likely a branched polymer, but one cannot rule out the chance of finding a few linear oligomers in MWL. One potential branching point is not considered in the above discussion. The lignin-carbohydrate complexes are also branching points in lignin. The number of LCC linkages in native lignin cannot be determined precisely.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF WOOD CHEMISTRY AND TECHNOLOGY}, author={Chang, Hou-Min and Jiang, Xiao}, year={2020}, month={Mar}, pages={81–90} }
 @article{wu_zhang_jiang_wang_liu_wu_2020, title={Changes in supramolecular structure and improvement in reactivity of dissolving pulp via enzymatic pretreatment with processive endoglucanase EG1 from Volvaria volvacea}, volume={40}, ISSN={["1532-2319"]}, DOI={10.1080/02773813.2020.1722700}, abstractNote={Abstract Processive endoglucanase EG1 and its core domain, EG1(CD), were used to pretreat the commercial dissolving pulp to improve cellulose reactivity. The Fock reactivity of the pulp which was treated with EG1 and EG1 (CD) at 50 U/g enzyme loading increased from 74.3% of the control to 90.6% and 88.4%, respectively. Refining also improved the Fock reactivity of the pulp, but not as effective as EG1 or EG1(CD) treatment. Refining prior to EG1 or EG1(CD) treatment could slightly further improve the Fock reactivity, to 91.6% and 90.0%, respectively. After enzymatic treatment and (or) refining, the water retention value, differential scanning calorimetry and alkaline solubility analysis indicated that enzyme treatment, especially by EG1, significantly increased the accessibility of fibers to reaction reagents. Combined with the characteristics of soluble reducing sugar produced by EG1 treatment and the changes of degree of polymerization, it is inferred that a small fraction of cellulose crystallization regions are destroyed in the enzymatic hydrolysis process due to the processive acting ability of EG1, and some microchannels in the fiber cell wall were created, which is similar to the effect of “drilling holes”, so that the reaction reagent can reach the inside of the cell wall evenly, thus obviously improving the reactivity of the dissolved pulp.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF WOOD CHEMISTRY AND TECHNOLOGY}, author={Wu, Shanshan and Zhang, Yuemei and Jiang, Xiao and Wang, Shulei and Liu, Jiang and Wu, Shufang}, year={2020}, month={May}, pages={163–171} }
 @article{dou_jiang_li_zhu_liu_lu_zheng_chang_jameel_2020, title={Highly efficient conversion of Kraft lignin into liquid fuels with a Co-Zn-beta zeolite catalyst}, volume={268}, ISSN={["1873-3883"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.apcatb.2019.118429}, abstractNote={Kraft lignin depolymerization to liquid fuels with high yields is crucial to the comprehensive achievement of sustainable and economic feasibility. Herein, we prepared a bimetallic Co-Zn/Off-Al H-beta catalyst through a two-step post synthesis method composed of dealumination and metal incorporation. The bifunctional Co-Zn/Off-Al H-beta catalyst efficiently converted Kraft lignin to liquid fuels, which was attributable to the synergistic effect of Co hydrogen binding sites and Zn Lewis acid sites on H-beta support. Catalytic hydrogenation with Co:Zn = 1:3/Off-Al H-beta catalyst at 320 °C for 24 h gave the highest yield of petroleum ether soluble product (81%, mainly monomers and dimers). Under these conditions, the liquefied lignin gave a higher heating value of 33.3 MJ/kg, which is a significant increase from 26.0 MJ/kg of Kraft lignin. The catalyst stability test showed excellent recyclability. This work provides a paradigm of improving lignin depolymerization efficiency via the combined use of Lewis acid and hydrogenation catalyst.}, journal={APPLIED CATALYSIS B-ENVIRONMENTAL}, author={Dou, Xiaomeng and Jiang, Xiao and Li, Wenzhi and Zhu, Chaofeng and Liu, Qingchuan and Lu, Qiang and Zheng, Xusheng and Chang, Hou-min and Jameel, Hasan}, year={2020}, month={Jul} }
 @article{jiang_assis_kollman_sun_jameel_chang_gonzalez_2020, title={Lignin fractionation from laboratory to commercialization: chemistry, scalability and techno-economic analysis}, volume={22}, ISSN={["1463-9270"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1039/D0GC02960B}, DOI={10.1039/d0gc02960b}, abstractNote={A detailed techno-economic analysis on industrial scale lignin fractionation using green solvents.}, number={21}, journal={GREEN CHEMISTRY}, publisher={Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)}, author={Jiang, Xiao and Assis, Camilla and Kollman, Matthew and Sun, Runkun and Jameel, Hasan and Chang, Hou-min and Gonzalez, Ronalds}, year={2020}, month={Nov}, pages={7448–7459} }
 @article{jiang_narron_han_park_chang_jameel_2020, title={Tracing Sweetgum Lignin's Molecular Properties through Biorefinery Processing}, volume={13}, ISSN={["1864-564X"]}, DOI={10.1002/cssc.202001125}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={17}, journal={CHEMSUSCHEM}, author={Jiang, Xiao and Narron, Robert H. and Han, Qiang and Park, Sunkyu and Chang, Hou-min and Jameel, Hasan}, year={2020}, month={Sep}, pages={4613–4623} }
 @article{pei_shang_liang_jiang_huang_yong_2020, title={Using lignin as the precursor to synthesize Fe3O4@lignin composite for preparing electromagnetic wave absorbing lignin-phenol-formaldehyde adhesive}, volume={154}, ISSN={["1872-633X"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.indcrop.2020.112638}, abstractNote={In this study, lignin was used as a precursor to prepare Fe3O4@lignin composites to synthesize an electromagnetic wave (EMW) absorbing adhesive, which is applicable to plywood preparation. The morphology and structural characteristics of the synthesized Fe3O4@lignin composites are investigated with different lignin additions. Results revealed that core Fe3O4 nanoparticles are successfully coated with the lignin through the Mannich reaction. When Fe3O4@lignin nanoparticles are used to substitute 20 % of the phenol to prepare magnetic lignin-phenol-formaldehyde (LPF) adhesives, the resulting performance characteristics (bonding strength of 0.73−0.76 MPa and formaldehyde emission of 0.22−0.36 mg/L for the bonded poplar plywood) satisfied the Chinese National Standards (GB/T14732). Fe3O4@lignin (1:0.5)-phenol-formaldehyde adhesive demonstrated the best EMW absorbing properties with a reflection loss of −29.5 dB (15.1 GHz) with a matching thickness of 4 mm, which is significantly higher than those of LPF adhesive (−1.95 dB at 16.2 GHz) and Fe3O4-phenol-formaldehyde adhesive (−5.75 dB at 12.1 GHz). The measurement of complex permittivity and complex permeability revealed that the excellent EMW absorption abilities of magnetic LPF adhesives are owing to the enhancement in interfacial polarization, natural resonance, exchange resonance, dielectric polarization originating from the introduced lignin with Fe3O4 in adhesives, which can balance the impedance matching and attenuation ability an the excellent EMW absorbing performance.}, journal={INDUSTRIAL CROPS AND PRODUCTS}, author={Pei, Wenhui and Shang, Wenqi and Liang, Chen and Jiang, Xiao and Huang, Caoxing and Yong, Qiang}, year={2020}, month={Oct} }
 @article{huang_wang_liang_jiang_yang_xu_yong_2019, title={A sustainable process for procuring biologically active fractions of high-purity xylooligosaccharides and water-soluble lignin from Moso bamboo prehydrolyzate}, volume={12}, ISSN={["1754-6834"]}, DOI={10.1186/s13068-019-1527-3}, abstractNote={Prehydrolyzate, which is from the prehydrolysis process in dissolving pulps industry, contains various sugar-derived and lignin compounds such as xylooligosaccharides (XOS), gluco-oligosaccharides, xylose, glucose, and soluble lignin (S-L). The XOS has several beneficial effects on human physiology. XOS and S-L in prehydrolyzate are difficult to efficiently fractionate due to their similar molecular weights and water solubility. In this work, we proposed a sustainable and green process using polystyrene divinylbenzene (PS-DVB) resin to simultaneously separate and recover XOS and S-L. Enzymatic hydrolysis with endo-1,4-β-xylanase and fermentation with P. stipites were sequentially applied to purify XOS to minimize xylose content as well as amplify contents of xylobiose and xylotriose. In addition, 2D-HSQC NMR was used to analyze the structural characteristics of XOS and S-L. Furthermore, the biological abilities of antioxidants and prebiotics of these fractions were investigated by scavenging radicals and cultivating intestinally beneficial bacterias, respectively.Results showed that PS-DVB resin could simultaneously separate XOS and solubilized lignin with excellent yields of 93.2% and 85.3%, respectively. The obtained XOS after being purified by enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation contained 57.7% of xylobiose and xylotriose. 10.4% amount of inherent xylan was found in the S-L fraction obtained by PS-DVB resin separation. 2D-HSQC NMR revealed that lignin carbohydrate complexes existed in both XOS and S-L as covalent linkages between lignin and 4-O-methylglucuronoarabinoxylan. The biological application results showed that the antioxidant capacity of S-L was stronger than XOS, while XOS was superior in promoting growth of intestinal Bifidobacteria adolescentis and stimulating production of short-chain fatty acids by Lactobacillus acidophilus.The proposed strategy of sequentially combining hydrophobic resin separation, enzymatic hydrolysis, and fermentation was successfully demonstrated and resulted in simultaneous production of high-quality XOS and solubilized lignin. These biomass-derived products in prehydrolyzate can be regarded as value-adding prebiotics and antioxidants.}, journal={BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS}, author={Huang, Caoxing and Wang, Xucai and Liang, Chen and Jiang, Xiao and Yang, Gan and Xu, Jie and Yong, Qiang}, year={2019}, month={Jul} }
 @article{ribeiro_vaz junior_jameel_chang_narron_jiang_colodette_2019, title={Chemical Study of Kraft Lignin during Alkaline Delignification of E. urophylla x E. grandis Hybrid in Low and High Residual Effective Alkali}, volume={7}, ISSN={["2168-0485"]}, DOI={10.1021/acssuschemeng.8b06635}, abstractNote={Chips from E. urophylla x E. grandis hybrid were subjected to kraft cooking using two different approaches: low and high residual effective alkali. The lignin remaining in the pulps were analyzed for hydroxyl and carboxyl functional groups. For both pulping cases, the kappa number varied between 14 and 26. Significant yield gains were observed when kraft cooking was terminated with low residual effective alkali (L-REA) in contrast to those with high residual effective alkali (H-REA) at a given kappa number. The L-REA pulps also tended to contain higher lignin and lower HexA contents than the H-REA pulps at a given kappa number. Cellulolytic enzyme lignin (CEL) was isolated from the studied pulp’s residual lignins, and their hydroxyl functional group distributions were quantified using a method involving ³¹P NMR. Analysis of residual lignins isolated from L-REA and H-REA cooking indicated that L-REA had high contents of phenolic hydroxyl groups and carboxylic acid groups in relation to the H-REA pulps. This work demonstrates the varied lignin chemistry one can expect when residual effective alkali levels are varied during kraft pulping and how this parameter can influence downstream unit operations and overall process performance.}, number={12}, journal={ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING}, author={Ribeiro, Robisnea Adriana and Vaz Junior, Silvio and Jameel, Hasan and Chang, Hou-Min and Narron, Robert and Jiang, Xiao and Colodette, Jorge Luiz}, year={2019}, month={Jun}, pages={10274–10282} }
 @article{zhang_jiang_lin_zhao_chang_jameel_2019, title={Reactivity improvement by phenolation of wheat straw lignin isolated from a biorefinery process}, volume={43}, ISSN={["1369-9261"]}, DOI={10.1039/c8nj05016c}, abstractNote={This work describes an effective phenolation process to improve wheat straw biorefinery lignin reactivity.}, number={5}, journal={NEW JOURNAL OF CHEMISTRY}, author={Zhang, Fangda and Jiang, Xiao and Lin, Jian and Zhao, Guangjie and Chang, Hou-min and Jameel, Hasan}, year={2019}, month={Feb}, pages={2238–2246} }
 @article{geng_narron_jiang_pawlak_chang_park_jameel_venditti_2019, title={The influence of lignin content and structure on hemicellulose alkaline extraction for non-wood and hardwood lignocellulosic biomass}, volume={26}, ISSN={0969-0239 1572-882X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10570-019-02261-y}, DOI={10.1007/s10570-019-02261-y}, number={5}, journal={Cellulose}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Geng, Wenhui and Narron, Robert and Jiang, Xiao and Pawlak, Joel J. and Chang, Hou-min and Park, Sunkyu and Jameel, Hasan and Venditti, Richard A.}, year={2019}, month={Jan}, pages={3219–3230} }
 @article{jiang_liu_du_hu_chang_jameel_2018, title={Phenolation to Improve Lignin Reactivity toward Thermosets Application}, volume={6}, ISSN={["2168-0485"]}, DOI={10.1021/acssuschemeng.8b00369}, abstractNote={Phenolation can be used to improve the reactivity and decrease the molecular weight of lignin, thereby making it more useful for various applications. We report an effective phenolation process with only a catalytic amount of sulfuric acid and using phenol as solvent. The optimum phenolation conditions for pine kraft lignin and sweetgum biorefinery lignin were determined to be lignin/phenol (L/P, wt/wt) of 3/5, 5% acid charge at 90 °C for 2 h and L/P of 2/5, 5% acid charge at 110 °C for 2 h, respectively. Phenolation resulted in introducing 30 wt % of phenol onto pine kraft lignin and 60 wt % of phenol onto sweetgum biorefinery lignin and significantly decreasing in the molecular weight of lignin. Phenol was incorporated onto both the side chains and aromatic nuclei of lignin. All lignin substructures of β-O-4′, β-5′/α-O-4′, β–β′, α-carbonyl, etc. were reacted, resulting in a significant decrease in aliphatic hydroxyl groups and increase in the phenolic hydroxyl groups. The comprehensive characterization ...}, number={4}, journal={ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING}, author={Jiang, Xiao and Liu, Jie and Du, Xueyu and Hu, Zhoujian and Chang, Hou-min and Jameel, Hasan}, year={2018}, month={Apr}, pages={5504–5512} }
 @article{jiang_savithri_du_pawar_jameel_chang_zhou_2017, title={Fractionation and Characterization of Kraft Lignin by Sequential Precipitation with Various Organic Solvents}, volume={5}, ISSN={["2168-0485"]}, DOI={10.1021/acssuschemeng.6b02174}, abstractNote={The value-added utilizations of technical lignin are restricted by its heterogeneous features, such as high polydispersity, complex functional group distribution, ununiformed reactivity, etc. Fractionation of lignin into more homogeneous parts represents a promising approach to overcome this challenge. In the present study, softwood kraft lignin was fractionated into four different portions (F1, F2, F3, and F4) by first dissolving it in a methanol–acetone mixture followed by sequential precipitation with various organic solvents (ethyl acetate, 1:1 ethyl acetate/petroleum ether, petroleum ether) of decreasing solubility parameters. The yields of various fractions F1, F2, F3, and F4 were 48%, 39%, 10%, and 3%, respectively. The results from gel permeation chromatography indicated that the molecular weights of each fraction decreased from F1 to F4. The lowest molecular weight fraction F4 contained mainly monomeric and dimeric aromatic structures such as guaiacol and vanillin formed from lignin degradation. ...}, number={1}, journal={ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING}, author={Jiang, Xiao and Savithri, Dhanalekshmi and Du, Xueyu and Pawar, Siddhesh and Jameel, Hasan and Chang, Hou-Min and Zhou, Xiaofan}, year={2017}, month={Jan}, pages={835–842} }