@article{wang_song_qiao_cheng_liu_jiang_ma_ma_2023, title={Developing super-hydrophobic and corrosion-resistant coating on magnesium-lithium alloy via one-step hydrothermal processing}, volume={11}, ISSN={["2213-9567"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.jma.2021.08.0022213-9567}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF MAGNESIUM AND ALLOYS}, author={Wang, Guowei and Song, Dan and Qiao, Yanxin and Cheng, Jiangbo and Liu, Huan and Jiang, Jinghua and Ma, Aibin and Ma, Xiaolong}, year={2023}, month={Apr}, pages={1422–1439} }
 @misc{fang_li_wang_ruiz_ma_wang_zhu_schoell_zheng_kaoumi_et al._2022, title={Achieving high hetero-deformation induced (HDI) strengthening and hardening in brass by dual heterostructures}, volume={98}, ISSN={["1005-0302"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmst.2021.03.088}, DOI={10.1016/j.jmst.2021.03.088}, abstractNote={Heterostructured materials have a superior combination of strength and ductility, due to their ability to produce hetero-deform induced (HDI) strengthening and hardening. Therefore, achieving high HDI strengthening and hardening is the primary goal for designing heterostructures. Here we report a dual heterostructure in brass that consists of the heterogeneous lamella and gradient structure, fabricated by rolling, partial annealing, and rotationally accelerated shot peening (RASP). The dual heterostructures are able to generate extra interfaces of heterogeneity compared to the single heterostructures, which could lead to higher HDI strengthening and hardening, and a more superior combination of strength and ductility. This finding presents a new pathway to designing heterostructures in metallic materials.}, journal={JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY}, author={Fang, X. T. and Li, Z. K. and Wang, Y. F. and Ruiz, M. and Ma, X. L. and Wang, H. Y. and Zhu, Y. and Schoell, R. and Zheng, C. and Kaoumi, D. and et al.}, year={2022}, month={Jan}, pages={244–247} }
 @article{zhang_ma_zhang_bradford_zhu_2021, title={Length-dependent carbon nanotube film structures and mechanical properties}, volume={32}, ISSN={["1361-6528"]}, DOI={10.1088/1361-6528/abef92}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={26}, journal={NANOTECHNOLOGY}, author={Zhang, Liwen and Ma, Xiaolong and Zhang, Yongyi and Bradford, Philip D. and Zhu, Yuntian T.}, year={2021}, month={Jun} }
 @article{song_wang_yang_chen_liang_ma_jiang_ma_2020, title={Microstructure and deformation behavior of a novel steel rebar: Effect of the heterogeneous microstructure of soft ferrite and Hard bainite}, volume={9}, ISSN={["2214-0697"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.jmrt.2020.08.085}, abstractNote={This study reports a detailed investigation of the deformation behavior and microstructural evolution of a novel ultra-low carbon Cr-Mo alloyed dual-phase steel rebar aimed for marine applications. The rebar matrix consists of the lamellar ferrite/bainite dual phases with the lamellar interfaces along the rolling direction. The soft ferrite phase is composed of larger grains with a low dislocation density, while the hard bainite phase is composed of finer grains with a much higher dislocation density. By comparing the strain hardening behavior from different sites at the rebar with varying ferrite and bainite volume fractions, it shows that the hetero-deformation induced (HDI) hardening is strong and dominates the overall work hardening behavior in the early stage of plastic deformation by prevailing over the conventional sum-up of contribution of each phase alone. In this stage, the plastic deformation of ferrite was constrained by the disproportionally-strained, neighboring bainite, creating the accumulation of geometrically necessary dislocations (GNDs) at the phase interface and the long-range HDI stress. The results also reinforce the understanding of deformation behavior of dual-phase steels, especially around the role of HDI stress and hardening.}, number={6}, journal={JOURNAL OF MATERIALS RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY-JMR&T}, author={Song, Dan and Wang, Guowei and Yang, Falin and Chen, Huande and Liang, Ningning and Ma, Han and Jiang, Jinghua and Ma, Xiaolong}, year={2020}, pages={12281–12292} }
 @article{xiao_chen_cao_zhou_ma_yin_ye_han_zhu_2020, title={Solute segregation assisted nanocrystallization of a cold-rolled Mg-Ag alloy during annealing}, volume={177}, ISSN={["1359-6462"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.scriptamat.2019.10.012}, abstractNote={Refining grains to nanoscale has been a challenge, especially for materials with low-melting points and poor ductility, such as Mg alloys. Here we report a novel mechanism of nanocrystallization assisted by solute segregation, by which a nanocrystalline Mg-Ag alloy was produced by moderate cold rolling (∼55% strain) followed by low-temperature annealing. Specifically, during cold rolling non-basal 〈c + a〉 dislocations were activated to form dislocation cells walls, which were pinned by Ag segregation, and transformed into boundaries of nanocrystalline grains during annealing.}, journal={SCRIPTA MATERIALIA}, author={Xiao, L. R. and Chen, X. F. and Cao, Y. and Zhou, H. and Ma, X. L. and Yin, D. D. and Ye, B. and Han, X. D. and Zhu, Y. T.}, year={2020}, month={Mar}, pages={69–73} }
 @article{zhou_huang_sha_xiao_ma_hoeppel_goeken_wu_ameyama_han_et al._2019, title={In-situ observation of dislocation dynamics near heterostructured interfaces}, volume={7}, ISSN={["2166-3831"]}, DOI={10.1080/21663831.2019.1616330}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT There has been a long-standing controversy on how dislocations interact with interfaces. Here we report in-situ observations that in a Cu–brass heterostructured TEM film Frank–Read sources are the primary dislocation sources. They were dynamically formed and deactivated throughout the deformation in grain interior, which has never been reported before. This observation indicates that strain gradient near interfaces cannot be quantitatively related to the density gradient of geometrically necessary dislocations, and it was primarily produced by Frank–Read source gradient instead of dislocation pile-ups. These findings provide new insights on how to design heterostructured interfaces to enhance mechanical properties. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT}, number={9}, journal={MATERIALS RESEARCH LETTERS}, author={Zhou, Hao and Huang, Chongxiang and Sha, Xuechao and Xiao, Lirong and Ma, Xiaolong and Hoeppel, Heinz Werner and Goeken, Mathias and Wu, Xiaolei and Ameyama, Kei and Han, Xiaodong and et al.}, year={2019}, pages={376–382} }
 @article{song_li_liang_yang_jiang_sun_wu_ma_ma_2019, title={Simultaneously improving corrosion resistance and mechanical properties of a magnesium alloy via equal-channel angular pressing and post water annealing}, volume={166}, ISSN={["1873-4197"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.matdes.2019.107621}, abstractNote={Developing magnesium alloys with both high corrosion resistance and superior mechanical properties is a long-standing challenge for the lightweight metal community. Herein, processing route combining equal-channel angular pressing (ECAP) and water annealing to achieve simultaneous improvements on both anti-corrosion and mechanical performances of a Mg-2Zn-Mn-Ca-Ce alloy is proposed. The cast alloy was ECAP-processed at 573 k for 12 passes to obtain ultra-fine grains (UFG), followed by water annealing in the autoclave under 160 °C for 3 h. The treated sample exhibits significantly improved corrosion resistance, presenting less corrosion current density and hydrogen evolution rate in the Hanks' solution. The doubled yield/ultimate strength and elongation, as well as the better-maintained mechanical integrity after corrosion, were achieved simultaneously. The profuse dislocations and grain boundaries in the UFG substrate offer intensive hydrothermal-reaction driving force, favoring the formation of a thicker and more compact Mg(OH)2 coating layer. Such a protective coating layer together with the annealed substrate with fewer crystal defects effectively retards the corrosion degradation and preserves the mechanical integrity afterwards. Meanwhile, the modified heterogeneous substrate microstructure results in the observed superior strength-ductility synergy. The proposed processing route and the resulted comprehensive properties should be applicable to other magnesium alloys as well.}, journal={MATERIALS & DESIGN}, author={Song, Dan and Li, Cheng and Liang, Ningning and Yang, Falin and Jiang, Jinghua and Sun, Jiapeng and Wu, Guosong and Ma, Aibin and Ma, Xiaolong}, year={2019}, month={Mar} }
 @article{xiao_cao_li_zhou_ma_mao_sha_wang_zhu_han_et al._2019, title={The formation mechanism of a novel interfacial phase with high thermal stability in a Mg-Gd-Y-Ag-Zr alloy}, volume={162}, ISSN={["1873-2453"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2018.10.005}, DOI={10.1016/j.actamat.2018.10.005}, abstractNote={Due to their unique precipitation behavior, magnesium-rare earth (Mg-RE) alloys exhibit excellent mechanical properties and decent thermal stability. In this work, a Mg-Gd-Y-Ag-Zr alloy was employed to investigate the segregation and interfacial phase formation at grain boundaries after plastic deformation and heat treatment. The interfacial phase was unequivocally investigated by aberration-corrected high-angle annular dark-filed scanning transmission electron microscopy (HAADF-STEM) from three different crystal directions and modeling, which reveals a hitherto unknown crystal structure (monoclinic: β = 139.1°, a = 1.20 nm, b = 1.04 nm and c = 1.59 nm). Its orientation relationship with the Mg matrix is: [101]//[112¯0]α, [302]//[101¯0]α and (010)//(0001)α. Different from the precipitates in matrix, the size of the interfacial phase was not sensitive to annealing temperature between 250 °C and 400 °C. Transformation of twin boundaries to coaxial grain boundaries via multiple twinning led to the generation of many high strain sites along the boundaries, which promoted the formation of the interfacial phase. The interfacial phase was stable up to 400 °C, which was about 100 °C higher than the dissolution temperature of β′ and γ" precipitates.}, journal={ACTA MATERIALIA}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Xiao, L. R. and Cao, Y. and Li, S. and Zhou, H. and Ma, X. L. and Mao, L. and Sha, X. C. and Wang, Q. D. and Zhu, Y. T. and Han, X. D. and et al.}, year={2019}, month={Jan}, pages={214–225} }
 @article{song_li_zhang_ma_guo_zhang_jiang_ma_2017, title={Decreasing bio-degradation rate of the hydrothermal-synthesizing coated mg alloy via pre-solid-solution treatment}, volume={10}, number={8}, journal={Materials}, author={Song, D. and Li, C. and Zhang, L. W. and Ma, X. L. and Guo, G. H. and Zhang, F. and Jiang, J. H. and Ma, A. B.}, year={2017} }
 @article{liu_ma_li_zhang_trimby_liao_li_zhao_zhu_2016, title={Effect of triple junctions on deformation twinning in a nanostructured Cu-Zn alloy: A statistical study using transmission Kikuchi diffraction}, volume={7}, journal={Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology}, author={Liu, S. L. and Ma, X. L. and Li, L. Z. and Zhang, L. W. and Trimby, P. W. and Liao, X. Z. and Li, Y. S. and Zhao, Y. H. and Zhu, Y. T.}, year={2016}, pages={1501–1506} }
 @article{song_guo_jiang_zhang_ma_ma_chen_cheng_2016, title={Hydrothermal synthesis and corrosion behavior of the protective coating on Mg-2Zn-Mn-Ca-Ce alloy}, volume={26}, number={6}, journal={Progress in Natural Science}, author={Song, D. and Guo, G. H. and Jiang, J. H. and Zhang, L. W. and Ma, A. B. and Ma, X. L. and Chen, J. Q. and Cheng, Z. J.}, year={2016}, pages={590–599} }
 @article{ma_huang_moering_ruppert_hoeppel_goeken_narayan_zhu_2016, title={Mechanical properties of copper/bronze laminates: Role of interfaces}, volume={116}, ISSN={["1873-2453"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2016.06.023}, DOI={10.1016/j.actamat.2016.06.023}, abstractNote={Interfaces play a crucial role in mechanical behaviors of both laminated and gradient structured materials. In this work, copper/bronze laminates with varying interface spacing were fabricated by accumulative roll bonding and subsequent annealing to systematically study the interface effect on mechanical properties. Heterogeneities exist in chemical composition, grain size, hardness and texture across the interfaces. Simultaneous improvement of strength and ductility with decreasing interface spacing is found in tensile tests. Extra geometrically necessary dislocations (GNDs) are found to accumulate in the vicinity of interfaces, which is due to mechanical incompatibility across the interfaces. Importantly, an interface-affected zone spanning a few micrometers was found, which is not affected by interface spacing. These observations suggest the existence of an optimum spacing, which may produce the highest hardening capacity and ductility without sacrificing strength.}, journal={ACTA MATERIALIA}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Ma, Xiaolong and Huang, Chongxiang and Moering, Jordan and Ruppert, Mathis and Hoeppel, Heinz Werner and Goeken, Mathias and Narayan, Jagdish and Zhu, Yuntian}, year={2016}, month={Sep}, pages={43–52} }
 @article{cheng_song_jiang_jiang_ma_you_ma_2016, title={Microstructure characteristic and electrochemical corrosion behavior of surface nano-crystallization modified carbon steel}, volume={23}, number={12}, journal={Journal of Iron and Steel Research International}, author={Cheng, Z. J. and Song, D. and Jiang, J. Y. and Jiang, J. H. and Ma, X. L. and You, K. and Ma, A. B.}, year={2016}, pages={1281–1289} }
 @article{fang_ma_zhang_zhu_2016, title={Nucleation of deformation twins in nanocrystalline fcc alloys}, volume={96}, ISSN={["1478-6443"]}, DOI={10.1080/14786435.2016.1240379}, abstractNote={Abstract An earlier dislocation model for predicting the grain size effect on deformation twinning in nanocrystalline (nc) face-centred-cubic (fcc) metals has been found valid for pure metals but problematic for alloys. The problem arises from the assumption that the stacking-fault energy (γSF) is twice the coherent twin-boundary energy (γfcc), which is approximately correct for pure fcc metals, but not for alloys. Here we developed a modified dislocation model to explain the deformation twinning nucleation in fcc alloy systems, where γSF ≠ 2γtwin. This model can explain the differences in the formations of deformation twins in pure metals and alloys, which is significant in low stacking-fault energy alloys. We also describe the procedure to calculate the optimum grain size for twinning in alloy systems and present a method to estimate γtwin.}, number={36}, journal={PHILOSOPHICAL MAGAZINE}, author={Fang, Xiaotian and Ma, Xiaolong and Zhang, Liwen and Zhu, Yuntian}, year={2016}, pages={3790–3802} }
 @article{yin_yang_ma_moering_yang_gong_zhu_zhu_2016, title={Strength and ductility of gradient structured copper obtained by surface mechanical attrition treatment}, volume={105}, ISSN={["1873-4197"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.matdes.2016.05.015}, abstractNote={By using surface mechanical attrition treatment (SMAT) at room temperature, a gradient structure (GS) is generated in the surface layer of bulk pure copper samples, which exhibits good uniform elongation and high yield strength simultaneously. Changing SMAT processing time leads to different gradient structures with various component fractions and therefore tune their mechanical properties. The yield strength of the SMAT samples is much higher than the sum of standalone GS layer and coarse-grained (CG) matrix, indicating a synergetic strengthening. Repeated stress relaxation tests were performed to characterize the evolution of mobile dislocations. It was found that the relative mobile dislocation density of SMAT processed sample first drops and then increases with increasing tensile strain. The evolution of mobile dislocations correlates well with strain-hardening evolution. These observations provide insight for the superior combination of high strength and good ductility in SMAT samples.}, journal={MATERIALS & DESIGN}, author={Yin, Zhe and Yang, Xincheng and Ma, Xiaolong and Moering, Jordan and Yang, Jian and Gong, Yulan and Zhu, Yuntian and Zhu, Xinkun}, year={2016}, month={Sep}, pages={89–95} }
 @article{moering_ma_malkin_yang_zhu_mathaudhu_2016, title={Synergetic strengthening far beyond rule of mixtures in gradient structured aluminum rod}, volume={122}, ISSN={["1359-6462"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.scriptamat.2016.05.006}, abstractNote={Gradient structured metals have been reported to exhibit high strength and high ductility. Here we report that the strength of gradient structured aluminum rod is much higher than the value calculated using the rule of mixtures. The mechanical incompatibility in the gradient structured round sample produced 3D stress states, extraordinary strengthening and good ductility. An out of plane {111} wire texture was developed during the testing, which contributes to the evolution of the stress state and mechanical behavior.}, journal={SCRIPTA MATERIALIA}, author={Moering, Jordan and Ma, Xiaolong and Malkin, Jacob and Yang, Muxin and Zhu, Yuntian and Mathaudhu, Suveen}, year={2016}, month={Sep}, pages={106–109} }
 @article{ma_xu_zhou_moering_narayan_zhu_2015, title={Alloying effect on grain-size dependent deformation twinning in nanocrystalline Cu-Zn alloys}, volume={95}, ISSN={["1478-6443"]}, DOI={10.1080/14786435.2014.1000418}, abstractNote={Grain-size dependency of deformation twinning has been previously reported in nanocrystalline face-centred-cubic metals, which results in an optimum grain-size range for twin formation. Here, we report, for the first time in experiments, the observed optimum grain sizes for deformation twins in nanocrystalline Cu–Zn alloys which slightly increase with increasing Zn content. This result agrees with the reported trend but is much weaker than predicted by stacking-fault-energy based models. Our results indicate that alloying changes the relationship between the stacking-fault and twin-fault energy and therefore affects the optimum grain size for deformation twinning. These observations should be also applicable to other alloy systems.}, number={3}, journal={PHILOSOPHICAL MAGAZINE}, author={Ma, X. L. and Xu, W. Z. and Zhou, H. and Moering, J. A. and Narayan, J. and Zhu, Y. T.}, year={2015}, month={Jan}, pages={301–310} }
 @article{zhou_cheng_ma_xu_mathaudhu_wang_zhu_2015, title={Effect of Ag on interfacial segregation in Mg-Gd-Y-(Ag)-Zr alloy}, volume={95}, ISSN={["1873-2453"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.actamat.2015.05.020}, abstractNote={Interfaces such as twin boundaries, stacking faults and grain boundaries often play an important role in controlling mechanical properties of metals through interaction with dislocations. Segregation of alloy elements and impurities to these interfaces can stabilize them and produce a large strengthening effect. Here we report the effect of Ag on segregation of alloy elements at twin boundaries, stacking faults and grain boundaries in the Mg–Gd system. Specifically, for the first time a spinal-shaped periodic segregation is observed at the {1 0 1¯ 2} twin boundary and high-angle lamellar grain boundary in the Mg–Gd–Y–Zr alloy due to the presence of the Ag addition. The segregation consists of Gd- and Ag-rich columns. It appears that high Ag content in the spinal-shaped segregation induces fcc-like cell structures.}, journal={ACTA MATERIALIA}, author={Zhou, H. and Cheng, G. M. and Ma, X. L. and Xu, W. Z. and Mathaudhu, S. N. and Wang, Q. D. and Zhu, Y. T.}, year={2015}, month={Aug}, pages={20–29} }
 @article{cai_ma_moering_zhou_yang_zhu_2015, title={Enhanced mechanical properties in Cu-Zn alloys with a gradient structure by surface mechanical attrition treatment at cryogenic temperature}, volume={626}, ISSN={["1873-4936"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.msea.2014.12.070}, abstractNote={This paper describes the effects of gradient structure on mechanical properties of Cu–Zn alloys processed by surface mechanical attrition treatment (SMAT) at liquid nitrogen temperature (77 K). This method leads to the formation of a gradient structure with surface fine-grained regions and a coarse-grained interior. In this study, a fine-grained surface layer with a thickness of 10 μm is formed on a coarse-grained Cu–Zn alloy sheet after the cryogenic SMAT process. Microstructural observations and microhardness measurements demonstrate that a significant microstructure refinement in grain size and a gradient increase in hardness from the coarse-grained core to the top surface. Tensile tests at room temperature showed superior strength–ductility synergy for the SMAT sample.}, journal={MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING A-STRUCTURAL MATERIALS PROPERTIES MICROSTRUCTURE AND PROCESSING}, author={Cai, Baozhuang and Ma, Xiaolong and Moering, Jordan and Zhou, Hao and Yang, Xincheng and Zhu, Xinkun}, year={2015}, month={Feb}, pages={144–149} }
 @article{zhou_wang_guo_ye_jian_xu_ma_moering_2015, title={Finite element simulation and experimental investigation on homogeneity of Mg-9.8Gd-2.7Y-0.4Zr magnesium alloy processed by repeated-upsetting}, volume={225}, ISSN={["0924-0136"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2015.06.010}, abstractNote={A novel severe plastic deformation (SPD) process called repeated-upsetting (RU), which produces homogenous samples of large size, is employed to process a high performance magnesium alloy Mg-9.8Gd-2.7Y-0.4Zr at 350 °C with 1–4 passes. Homogenous microstructure and mechanical properties can be achieved after 4 passes of RU. Experimental and finite-element modeling results show that effective strain accumulation with more passes can improve both grain refinement and micro-hardness of samples.}, journal={JOURNAL OF MATERIALS PROCESSING TECHNOLOGY}, author={Zhou, H. and Wang, Q. D. and Guo, W. and Ye, B. and Jian, W. W. and Xu, W. Z. and Ma, X. L. and Moering, J.}, year={2015}, month={Nov}, pages={310–317} }
 @article{yang_ma_moering_zhou_wang_gong_tao_zhu_zhu_2015, title={Influence of gradient structure volume fraction on the mechanical properties of pure copper}, volume={645}, ISSN={["1873-4936"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.msea.2015.08.037}, abstractNote={This paper reports the influence of gradient structure volume fraction on the tensile mechanical behaviors of pure copper processed by surface mechanical attrition treatment at cryogenic temperature. Superior combinations of tensile strength and ductility are observed in a certain volume fraction, in which strain hardening uprising after yielding is also observed. The gradient structure produces a synergetic strengthening and extra work hardening. These findings suggest the existence of an optimum volume fraction of gradient structure for the best mechanical properties.}, journal={MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING A-STRUCTURAL MATERIALS PROPERTIES MICROSTRUCTURE AND PROCESSING}, author={Yang, Xincheng and Ma, Xiaolong and Moering, Jordan and Zhou, Hao and Wang, Wei and Gong, Yulan and Tao, Jingmei and Zhu, Yuntian and Zhu, Xinkun}, year={2015}, month={Oct}, pages={280–285} }
 @article{chen_xu_choi_pozuelo_ma_bhowmick_yang_mathaudhu_li_2015, title={Processing and properties of magnesium containing a dense uniform dispersion of nanoparticles}, volume={528}, number={7583}, journal={Nature}, author={Chen, L. Y. and Xu, J. Q. and Choi, H. and Pozuelo, M. and Ma, X. L. and Bhowmick, S. and Yang, J. M. and Mathaudhu, S. and Li, X. C.}, year={2015}, pages={539-} }
 @article{ma_zhou_narayan_zhu_2015, title={Stacking-fault energy effect on zero-strain deformation twinning in nanocrystalline Cu-Zn alloys}, volume={109}, ISSN={["1359-6462"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.scriptamat.2015.07.027}, abstractNote={It has been reported that most deformation twins in nanocrystalline face-centered-cubic metals do not produce macroscopic strain. Here we report the decrease of zero-strain deformation twinning with decreasing stacking-fault energy. One of the two major mechanisms that produce zero-strain twinning is cooperative slip of three partials under external applied stress. Lower stacking-fault energy weakens this mechanism and statistically reduces the fraction of twins with zero-strain.}, journal={SCRIPTA MATERIALIA}, author={Ma, X. L. and Zhou, H. and Narayan, J. and Zhu, Y. T.}, year={2015}, month={Dec}, pages={89–93} }
 @article{ma_huang_xu_zhou_wu_zhu_2015, title={Strain hardening and ductility in a coarse-grain/nanostructure laminate material}, volume={103}, ISSN={["1359-6462"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.scriptamat.2015.03.006}, abstractNote={A laminate structure with a nanostructured Cu–10Zn layer sandwiched between two coarse-grained Cu layers was produced by high-pressure torsion, rolling and annealing. Sharp interlayer interfaces with sufficient bonding strength were developed. Mechanical incompatibility between different layers during tensile deformation produced high strain hardening, which led to a tensile ductility higher than prediction by the rule-of-mixture. These observations provide insights into the architectural design and deformation studies of materials with gradient and laminate structures.}, journal={SCRIPTA MATERIALIA}, author={Ma, X. L. and Huang, C. X. and Xu, W. Z. and Zhou, H. and Wu, X. L. and Zhu, Y. T.}, year={2015}, month={Jul}, pages={57–60} }
 @article{moering_ma_chen_miao_li_qian_mathaudhu_zhu_2015, title={The role of shear strain on texture and microstructural gradients in low carbon steel processed by Surface Mechanical Attrition Treatment}, volume={108}, ISSN={["1359-6462"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.scriptamat.2015.06.027}, abstractNote={In this study, the shear strain at various depths of a low carbon steel processed by Surface Mechanical Attrition Treatment (SMAT) was measured using deformed carbide bands as internal strain markers. The shear strain gradient is found to strongly correlate with the gradients of texture, microstructure and hardness. The microhardness increases approximately linearly with shear strain, but deviates at the top surface. In the top surface, the average ferrite grain size is reduced to 60 nm with a strong {1 1 0}//SMAT surface texture.}, journal={SCRIPTA MATERIALIA}, author={Moering, Jordan and Ma, Xiaolong and Chen, Guizhen and Miao, Pifeng and Li, Guozhong and Qian, Gang and Mathaudhu, Suveen and Zhu, Yuntian}, year={2015}, month={Nov}, pages={100–103} }