@misc{baas_manchester_wheeler_srivastava_2022, title={Validation of the names linked to the oldest fossil Connaraceae wood (Connaroxylon, Connaroxylon dimorphum)}, volume={558}, ISSN={["1179-3163"]}, DOI={10.11646/phytotaxa.558.2.9}, abstractNote={N/A}, number={2}, journal={PHYTOTAXA}, author={Baas, Pieter and Manchester, Steven and Wheeler, Elisabeth A. and Srivastava, Rashmi}, year={2022}, month={Aug}, pages={249–250} }
 @article{wheeler_baas_manchester_2022, title={Wood Anatomy of Modern and Fossil Fagales in Relation to Phylogenetic Hypotheses, Familial Classification, and Patterns of Character Evolution}, volume={183}, ISSN={["1537-5315"]}, DOI={10.1086/717328}, abstractNote={The wood anatomy of fagalean families is summarized. Each family and most genera are wood anatomically distinct and can be distinguished by features such as vessel grouping and arrangement, vessel-ray parenchyma pit type, imperforate element type, ray structure, and axial parenchyma distribution. For each family, we review the published fossil wood record (with particular attention to Cretaceous and Paleogene occurrences) that we consider to be reliably identified on the basis of diagnostic character syndromes, giving insights into their stratigraphic range and former geographic ranges. Fossil woods with characteristics of the Fagaceae (Castaneoideae) occurred as early as the Late Cretaceous (Campanian) of the Northern Hemisphere and were widespread in the Cenozoic. Nothofagaceae wood occurred in the Late Cretaceous and Early Tertiary of Antarctica. Ring-porous Castaneoideae were not common until after the Eocene, reflecting the increase in seasonality that occurred in the Northern Hemisphere at that time. Woods diagnostic of Betulaceae, Juglandaceae, and Myricaceae occurred in the Eocene. With the recognition of Morella Lour. as a genus distinct from Myrica L., we propose two new combinations for fossil woods of Myricaceae. Reliably identified Casuarinaceae wood did not occur until the Miocene. There are no reports of Ticodendraceae fossil wood, although there are reports of fossil woods with its combination of features from the Cretaceous onward, but these are assigned to different families or are of unknown affinities. Most fagalean fossil woods have anatomy similar to that of modern genera, but some Paleogene taxa have combinations of characters not found in present-day genera. We discuss the utility of wood anatomy in assessing phylogenetic relationships within and among families of Fagales, with reference to clades supported by molecular sequence data. Generally, wood anatomical groupings are consistent with recent phylogenetic analyses of the order and of its constituent families. We propose hypotheses about adaptive character evolution in the order based on previously presented phylogenetic relationships inferred from DNA sequence data and the current ecological preferences of individual families.}, number={1}, journal={INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PLANT SCIENCES}, author={Wheeler, Elisabeth A. and Baas, Pieter and Manchester, Steven R.}, year={2022}, month={Jan}, pages={61–86} }
 @article{wheeler_gasson_baas_2020, title={Using the InsideWood web site: Potentials and pitfalls}, volume={41}, ISSN={["2294-1932"]}, DOI={10.1163/22941932-bja10032}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={4}, journal={IAWA JOURNAL}, author={Wheeler, Elisabeth A. and Gasson, Peter E. and Baas, Pieter}, year={2020}, month={Nov}, pages={412–462} }
 @article{chin_estrada-ruiz_wheeler_upchurch_wolfe_2019, title={Early angiosperm woods from the mid-Cretaceous (Turonian) of New Mexico, USA: Paraphyllanthoxylon, two new taxa, and unusual preservation}, volume={98}, ISSN={["1095-998X"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.cretres.2019.01.017}, abstractNote={The fossil record of Cretaceous angiosperm wood is skewed toward the latest part of the period; most described taxa are based on specimens from Campanian or Maastrichtian sediments. The low percentage of pre-Campanian angiosperm woods relative to other flowering plant organs may reflect a taphonomic bias or the existence of relatively few woody angiosperm taxa until the last part of the Cretaceous. The discovery of three fossil angiosperm wood taxa in the Turonian Moreno Hill Formation of New Mexico offers additional data on the occurrence of secondary xylem in early angiosperms. These wood fossils represent a common Cretaceous wood taxon plus two new angiosperm wood types, and increase the number of known pre-Campanian wood types by 10–20%. Analyses of thin sections from a large (>50 cm diameter) silicified log at a locality in the lower Moreno Hill Formation reveal it is Paraphyllanthoxylon arizonense Bailey, a wood taxon known from Cenomanian and Maastrichtian to Paleocene sites in the American Southwest. Paraphyllanthoxylon arizonense represents large trees that may belong to Laurales. Several other sizeable logs in the same area are also likely to be P. arizonense. In contrast, two taxa from a stratigraphically higher site in the Moreno Hill have not been previously described and are each represented by only one specimen. These two new wood types, based upon small, phosphatic axes (5–7 cm in diameter), differ from Paraphyllanthoxylon in their smaller diameter vessels and scalariform perforation plates. The unique combinations of character states of these phosphatic specimens indicate that they are new genera. Although the taxonomic affinities of Herendeenoxylon zuniense gen. et sp. nov. are uncertain, it is possible that it belongs to the Ericales. The affinities of the other new wood type, Vasunum cretaceum gen. et sp. nov. are unknown. The presence of three angiosperm wood taxa in the Moreno Hill Formation is noteworthy because exposures of terrestrial Turonian deposits are uncommon. The large diameter and apparent abundance of P. arizonense in the lower member of the Moreno Hill Formation suggest that these trees were dominant members of woodland or forest habitats of the ancient coastal lowlands. The small diameters and scarcity of the other two wood types suggest that they came from shrubs or small trees that were not common.}, journal={CRETACEOUS RESEARCH}, author={Chin, Karen and Estrada-Ruiz, Emilio and Wheeler, Elisabeth A. and Upchurch, Garland R., Jr. and Wolfe, Douglas G.}, year={2019}, month={Jun}, pages={292–304} }
 @article{wheeler_baas_2019, title={Wood evolution: Baileyan trends and Functional traits in the fossil record}, volume={40}, ISSN={["2294-1932"]}, DOI={10.1163/22941932-40190230}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT}, number={3}, journal={IAWA JOURNAL}, author={Wheeler, Elisabeth A. and Baas, Pieter}, year={2019}, month={Aug}, pages={488–529} }
 @article{estrada-ruiz_wheeler_upchurch_mack_2018, title={LATE CRETACEOUS ANGIOSPERM WOODS FROM THE MCRAE FORMATION, SOUTH-CENTRAL NEW MEXICO, USA: PART 2}, volume={179}, ISSN={["1537-5315"]}, DOI={10.1086/695503}, abstractNote={Premise of research. Over the past 3 decades, angiosperm woods have been reported from the Campanian to the Maastrichtian of southern Laramidia, including Coahuila and Chihuahua, Mexico; Big Bend National Park, Texas; and the San Juan Basin, New Mexico. Recent investigations of the upper Campanian (76.5 to >72.5 Ma) Jose Creek Member of the McRae Formation, south-central New Mexico, indicate an abundance of well-preserved silicified woods, representing one of the most diverse Cretaceous wood floras in the world. In this report, we describe four new angiosperm wood types. Methodology. The fossil woods described here were collected from the upper Campanian of south-central New Mexico, along the northeastern flank of the Caballo Mountains and in the adjacent Cutter Sag, and were studied using thin sections. The potential affinities of these McRae woods were determined by comparison with fossil and extant woods. Pivotal results. The woods reported here comprise one magnoliid and three eudicots with varying levels of comparability to extant taxa. Laurinoxylon rennerae sp. nov. belongs to Lauraceae and has a combination of features found in multiple extant genera variously referred to as Cinnamomeae Nees, Laureae Maout & Decaisne, or Lauroideae Burnett/core Lauraceae. Turneroxylon newmexicoense gen. et sp. nov. is a eudicot with many similarities to Dilleniaceae but differs in having narrower rays. Mcraeoxylon waddellii gen. et sp. nov. has a suite of features seen in several families of Malpighiales, Myrtales, and Oxalidales. McRae angiosperm wood type 1 has a suite of features found in genera of Dilleniales, Ericales, and Malpighiales. Conclusions. All wood types, with the exception of M. waddellii, have minimum axis diameters of >10 cm (12–50 cm), indicating that they represent trees. This reinforces previous evidence for the presence of small to large angiosperm trees in the Jose Creek Member and underscores the importance of woody angiosperms in vegetation of the southern Western Interior during the Campanian-Maastrichtian.}, number={2}, journal={INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PLANT SCIENCES}, author={Estrada-Ruiz, Emilio and Wheeler, Elisabeth A. and Upchurch, Garland R., Jr. and Mack, Greg H.}, year={2018}, month={Feb}, pages={136–150} }
 @article{morris_plavcova_cvecko_fichtler_gillingham_martinez-cabrera_mcglinn_wheeler_zheng_zieminska_et al._2016, title={A global analysis of parenchyma tissue fractions in secondary xylem of seed plants}, volume={209}, ISSN={["1469-8137"]}, DOI={10.1111/nph.13737}, abstractNote={Summary}, number={4}, journal={NEW PHYTOLOGIST}, author={Morris, Hugh and Plavcova, Lenka and Cvecko, Patrick and Fichtler, Esther and Gillingham, Mark A. F. and Martinez-Cabrera, Hugo I. and McGlinn, Daniel J. and Wheeler, Elisabeth and Zheng, Jingming and Zieminska, Kasia and et al.}, year={2016}, month={Mar}, pages={1553–1565} }
 @article{baas_srivastava_manchester_wheeler_2015, title={CIRCULAR OR SPHERICAL VESSELS IN THE FOSSIL RECORD}, volume={36}, ISSN={["2294-1932"]}, DOI={10.1163/22941932-00000092}, abstractNote={Strangely configured vessels composed of few elements interconnected in a sphere- or ring-like structure are reported from the type specimen of Amooroxylon deccanensis Bande & Prakash, a large fossil trunk from the Deccan Intertrappean Beds of central India (late Cretaceous-early Paleocene, about 66 MY before present). In the recent flora, circular vessels have been found mainly in association with branching nodes, axillary buds, wound callus, and pathogens, and they have been artificially induced by auxin. The presence of circular vessels in this fossil trunk showing no signs of branching or trauma makes this record highly unusual.}, number={2}, journal={IAWA JOURNAL}, author={Baas, Pieter and Srivastava, Rashmi and Manchester, Steven R. and Wheeler, Elisabeth A.}, year={2015}, pages={152–157} }
 @article{srivastava_wheeler_manchester_baas_2015, title={WOOD OF OLEACEAE FROM THE LATEST CRETACEOUS OF INDIA - THE EARLIEST OLIVE BRANCH?}, volume={36}, ISSN={["2294-1932"]}, DOI={10.1163/22941932-20150113}, abstractNote={The wood of Oleoxylon deccanense, reported informally in 1981 from the Deccan Intertrappean Beds of central India, is re-examined. We provide a formal diagnosis for the species and a more detailed description. The similarity to wood from species groups of the modern genera Chionanthus and Olea leads us to infer that this fossil taxon probably belongs to the monophyletic drupaceous subtribe Oleinae of the olive family, Oleaceae (Lamiales), although affinities with Rhamnaceae and Rutaceae cannot be wholly excluded. Since the fossil is from a late Maastrichtian-Danian horizon (65–67 MY BP) this would imply that a member of the Oleaceae was part of the flora that inhabited India several million years prior to the tectonic impact of India with Asia. The seemingly modern appearance of this and other Deccan fossil woods is briefly discussed.}, number={4}, journal={IAWA JOURNAL}, author={Srivastava, Rashmi and Wheeler, Elisabeth A. and Manchester, Steven R. and Baas, Pieter}, year={2015}, pages={443–451} }
 @article{boonchai_manchester_wheeler_2015, title={Welkoetoxylon multiseriatum: Fossil moraceous wood from the Eocene Green River formation, Wyoming, U. S. A.}, volume={36}, DOI={10.1163/22941932-00000093}, abstractNote={A silicified wood, Welkoetoxylon multiseriatum, gen. et sp. nov., is described from the late Early Eocene Green River Formation of southwestern Wyoming. The combination of features observed in W. multiseriatum, including latex tubes (laticifers) in the rays and abundant sheath cells, indicates affinities with the Moraceae. This is the first report of fossil moraceous wood from the Eocene of the western interior of the U.S.A. and it provides reliable evidence for the Paleogene occurrence of Moraceae in this region. The indistinct growth rings of this fossil indicate this tree did not experience a distinct dormant season.}, number={2}, journal={IAWA Journal}, author={Boonchai, N. and Manchester, S. R. and Wheeler, E. A.}, year={2015}, pages={158–166} }
 @article{muhs_budahn_mcgeehin_bettis_skipp_paces_wheeler_2013, title={Loess origin, transport, and deposition over the past 10,000 years, Wrangell-St. Elias National Park, Alaska}, volume={11}, ISSN={["2212-1684"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.aeolia.2013.06.001}, abstractNote={Contemporary glaciogenic dust has not received much attention, because most research has been on glaciogenic dust of the last glacial period or non-glaciogenic dust of the present interglacial period. Nevertheless, dust from modern glaciogenic sources may be important for Fe inputs to primary producers in the ocean. Adjacent to the subarctic Pacific Ocean, we studied a loess section near Chitina, Alaska along the Copper River in Wrangell-St. Elias National Park, where dust has been accumulating over the past ∼10,000 years. Mass accumulation rates for the fine-grained (<20 μm) fraction of this loess section are among the highest reported for the Holocene of high-latitude regions of the Northern Hemisphere. Based on mineralogy and geochemistry, loess at Chitina is derived from glacial sources in the Wrangell Mountains, the Chugach Mountains, and probably the Alaska Range. Concentrations of Fe in the silt-plus-clay fraction of the loess at Chitina are much higher than in all other loess bodies in North America and higher than most loess bodies on other continents. The very fine-grained (<2 μm) portion of this sediment, capable of long-range transport, is dominated by Fe-rich chlorite, which can yield Fe readily to primary producers in the ocean. Examination of satellite imagery shows that dust from the Copper River is transported by wind on a regular basis to the North Pacific Ocean. This Alaskan example shows that high-latitude glaciogenic dust needs to be considered as a significant Fe source to primary producers in the open ocean.}, journal={AEOLIAN RESEARCH}, author={Muhs, Daniel R. and Budahn, James R. and McGeehin, John P. and Bettis, E. Arthur, III and Skipp, Gary and Paces, James B. and Wheeler, Elisabeth A.}, year={2013}, month={Dec}, pages={85–99} }
 @article{wheeler_meyer_2012, title={A NEW (HOVENIA) AND AN OLD (CHADRONOXYLON) FOSSIL WOOD FROM THE LATE EOCENE FLORISSANT FORMATION, COLORADO, USA}, volume={33}, ISSN={["2294-1932"]}, DOI={10.1163/22941932-90000096}, abstractNote={A fossil wood with features similar to those of the Oligocene Hovenia palaeodulcis Suzuki (Rhamnaceae) from Japan is described from the late Eocene Florissant Fossil Beds National Monument, Colorado, U.S.A. This is the first report of fossil wood of this Asian genus in North America and is further documentation of Tertiary exchange between East Asia and North America. The affinities of Chadronoxylon florissantensis, the most common angiosperm wood at Florissant, are reevaluated; its combination of features suggests relationships with two families in the Malpighiales, the Salicaceae and Phyllanthaceae. Chadronoxylon is compared with Paraphyllanthoxylon Bailey. The Eocene P. hainanensis from China has notable differences from the original diagnosis of Paraphyllanthoxylon, but shares features with Chadronoxylon warranting transfer of P. hainanensis to Chadronoxylon and the creation of Chadronoxylon hainanensis (Feng, Yi, Jen) Wheeler & Meyer, comb. nov.}, number={3}, journal={IAWA JOURNAL}, author={Wheeler, Elisabeth A. and Meyer, Herbert W.}, year={2012}, pages={309–318} }
 @article{falcon-lang_wheeler_baas_herendeen_2012, title={A diverse charcoalified assemblage of Cretaceous (Santonian) angiosperm woods from Upatoi Creek, Georgia, USA. Part 1: Wood types with scalariform perforation plates}, volume={184}, ISSN={["1879-0615"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.revpalbo.2012.03.016}, abstractNote={This paper is the first in a series describing a diverse assemblage of charcoalified angiosperm woods from the Cretaceous (early to mid-Santonian) Eutaw Formation at Upatoi Creek, Georgia, USA. In our study, we separated ‘twigs’ from more ‘mature’ woods and further subdivided the latter material into specimens showing scalariform and simple perforation plates. Here, we report on thirteen ‘mature’ specimens with scalariform perforation plates. For such a small sample size, there is a remarkable diversity, with seven more or less distinct wood types present including two new taxa: Gregoryoxylon georgiaensis gen. et. sp. nov. and Chaloneroxylon pagei gen. et. sp. nov. The seven wood types are similar to most previously reported specimens from the Turonian–Santonian interval, i.e., they are diffuse porous, with predominantly solitary vessels, heterocellular rays, and only diffuse and/or scanty paratracheal parenchyma. None of the seven Upatoi wood types has a combination of features that allows unequivocal assignment to a single extant family. Chaloneroxylon may represent a record of the Magnoliaceae; of the other unnamed wood types, one has features found in the asterid orders Cornales and Ericales, while two possibly are referred to the Malpighiales. The affinities of the remaining three wood types, including Gregoryoxylon, are uncertain. The cryptic affinity of these woods is significant in itself, reflecting their Cretaceous age, a time when extant families were still rapidly diversifying.}, journal={REVIEW OF PALAEOBOTANY AND PALYNOLOGY}, author={Falcon-Lang, Howard J. and Wheeler, Elisabeth and Baas, Pieter and Herendeen, Patrick S.}, year={2012}, month={Sep}, pages={49–73} }
 @article{estrada-ruiz_upchurch_wheeler_mack_2012, title={LATE CRETACEOUS ANGIOSPERM WOODS FROM THE CREVASSE CANYON AND MCRAE FORMATIONS, SOUTH-CENTRAL NEW MEXICO, USA: PART 1}, volume={173}, ISSN={["1537-5315"]}, DOI={10.1086/664714}, abstractNote={Late Cretaceous angiosperm woods from the Western Interior of North America are poorly known relative to palynomorphs and leaf macrofossils. In this report we describe angiosperm woods from the Campanian Crevasse Canyon Formation and the Maastrichtian Jose Creek Member of the McRae Formation, in south-central New Mexico. New taxa include Baasia armendarisense (Celastraceae), Fulleroxylon armendarisense (Myrtaceae), and Pygmaeoxylon paucipora (magnoliid of uncertain affinities). Previously described taxa include Metcalfeoxylon (eudicots), Paraphyllanthoxylon (most likely Laurales), and Platanoxylon (Platanaceae). Tree habit is indicated for Metcalfeoxylon, which is known from in situ stumps with a maximum basal diameter of 0.75 m, and for Baasia and Paraphyllanthoxyon, which are known from axes at least 0.14 m in diameter. Baasia and Fulleroxylon represent the first North American fossil wood records of Celastraceae and Myrtaceae, respectively. Baasia also indicates that within Celastraceae, the pattern of alternating regions of thick- and thin-walled fibers originated during the Cretaceous.}, number={4}, journal={INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PLANT SCIENCES}, author={Estrada-Ruiz, Emilio and Upchurch, Garland R., Jr. and Wheeler, Elisabeth A. and Mack, Greg H.}, year={2012}, month={May}, pages={412–428} }
 @article{royer_peppe_wheeler_niinemets_2012, title={ROLES OF CLIMATE AND FUNCTIONAL TRAITS IN CONTROLLING TOOTHED VS. UNTOOTHED LEAF MARGINS}, volume={99}, ISSN={["1537-2197"]}, DOI={10.3732/ajb.1100428}, abstractNote={• Premise of the study: Leaf‐margin state (toothed vs. untoothed) forms the basis of several popular methods for reconstructing temperature. Some potential confounding factors have not been investigated with large data sets, limiting our understanding of the adaptive significance of leaf teeth and their reliability to reconstruct paleoclimate. Here we test the strength of correlations between leaf‐margin state and deciduousness, leaf thickness, wood type (ring‐porous vs. diffuse‐porous), height within community, and several leaf economic variables.}, number={5}, journal={AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY}, author={Royer, Dana L. and Peppe, Daniel J. and Wheeler, Elisabeth A. and Niinemets, Uelo}, year={2012}, month={May}, pages={915–922} }
 @article{gasson_baas_wheeler_2011, title={WOOD ANATOMY OF CITES-LISTED TREE SPECIES}, volume={32}, ISSN={["0928-1541"]}, DOI={10.1163/22941932-90000050}, abstractNote={The wood anatomy of all currently CITES-listed angiosperm and conifer tree taxa is illustrated with low- to high-power magnification light micrographs. Their diagnostic wood features are presented in numerical codes taken from the IAWA Hardwood (1989) and Softwood (2004) Lists of microscopic features for wood identification. Features used are summarized in two appendices. These descriptions and illustrations can be used for genus identification when carefully compared with look-alike non-CITES-listed timbers illustrated and described in the InsideWood web-database or present in reference wood collections.}, number={2}, journal={IAWA JOURNAL}, author={Gasson, Peter and Baas, Pieter and Wheeler, Elisabeth}, year={2011}, pages={155–198} }
 @article{manchester_lehman_wheeler_2010, title={FOSSIL PALMS (ARECACEAE, CORYPHOIDEAE) ASSOCIATED WITH JUVENILE HERBIVOROUS DINOSAURS IN THE UPPER CRETACEOUS AGUJA FORMATION, BIG BEND NATIONAL PARK, TEXAS}, volume={171}, ISSN={["1537-5315"]}, DOI={10.1086/653688}, abstractNote={Seeds of two palm species conforming to the extant genus Sabal have been recovered from the Campanian (Upper Cretaceous) Aguja Formation of Big Bend National Park, Texas: Sabal bigbendense sp. nov. and Sabal bracknellense (Chandler) Mai. These remains, found together with anatomically preserved palm stems, augment previous reports of Sabalites ungeri (Lesq.) Dorf leaves from the same formation. The co‐occurrence of palm seeds with numerous juvenile hadrosaur and ceratopsian bones indicates that palms closely related to modern cabbage palms may have provided fodder and shelter for young herbivorous dinosaurs. The distribution of these and other Late Cretaceous palm fossils is reviewed.}, number={6}, journal={INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PLANT SCIENCES}, author={Manchester, Steven R. and Lehman, Thomas M. and Wheeler, Elisabeth A.}, year={2010}, pages={679–689} }
 @book{mary gregory_wheeler_2009, title={Fossil dicot wood names an annotated list with full bibliograph y2009}, publisher={Leiden: Published for the International Association of Wood Anatomists at the Nationaal Herbarium Nederland}, author={Mary Gregory, Imogen Poole and Wheeler, Elisabeth A.}, year={2009} }
 @book{gregory_poole_wheeler_2009, title={Fossil dicot wood names: An annotated list with full bibliography}, ISBN={9071236686}, journal={(IAWA Journal. Supplement, 6)}, publisher={Leiden: Nationaal Herbarium Nederland}, author={Gregory, M. and Poole, I. and Wheeler, E. A.}, year={2009} }
 @article{wheeler_lehman_2009, title={New late Cretaceous and Paleocene dicot woods of Big Bend National Park, Texas and review of Cretaceous wood characteristics}, volume={30}, DOI={10.1163/22941932-90000220}, abstractNote={Three new wood types from the Late Cretaceous and one from the Paleocene of Big Bend National Park, Texas, U.S.A. add to our knowledge of North American Late Cretaceous and Paleocene plants. Sabinoxylon wicki sp. nov. provides further evidence of similarities in late Campanian-early Maastrichtian vegetation of Texas, New Mexico, and northern Mexico. This species is characterized by mostly solitary vessels, scalariform perforation plates, vessel-ray parenchyma pits similar to intervessel pits, vasicentric tracheids, and two size classes of rays. Storage tissue accounts for close to 50% of its wood volume. Another of the new Cretaceous wood types, referred to as Big Bend Ericalean Wood Type I, has more than 40% ray parenchyma. Both Big Bend Ericalean Wood Type I and Sabinoxylon have a combination of characters that occurs in the order Ericales (sensu APGII). The third new Cretaceous wood type is from a small axis (less than 3 cm diameter), and has a combination of features that is the most common pattern in extant eudicots (vessels solitary and in radial multiples randomly arranged, simple perforation plates and alternate intervessel pits, and heterocellular rays). The Paleocene wood (cf. Cunonioxylon sensu Gottwald) differs from all other North American Paleocene woods and has characteristics found in the predominantly Southern Hemisphere family Cunoniaceae. The characteristics of these new Big Bend woods contribute to a database for fossil angiosperm woods, and allow for comparison of incidences of selected wood anatomical features in Northern Hemisphere Cretaceous woods from Albian to Maastrichtian time as well as comparison with extant woods. Cretaceous woods as a whole differ from Recent woods in having higher incidences of exclusively solitary vessels, scalariform perforation plates, and wide rays (>10-seriate), and lower incidences of ring porosity, wide vessels (>200 μm), vessels in groups, non-random arrangements of vessels, and marginal parenchyma. The occurrence of relatively high percentages of storage cells (>40%) in some Cretaceous trees is noteworthy; the ability to produce wood with varying amounts and arrangements of parenchyma is likely to be a contributing factor to the success of angiosperm trees in a wide variety of environments.}, number={3}, journal={IAWA Journal}, author={Wheeler, E. A. and Lehman, T. M.}, year={2009}, pages={293–318} }
 @book{wheeler_dillhoff_2009, title={The Middle Miocene fossil wood flora from Vantage, Washington}, ISBN={9071236693}, publisher={Leiden: Nationaal Herbarium Nederland}, author={Wheeler, E. A. and Dillhoff, T. A.}, year={2009} }
 @article{wheeler_manchester_2007, title={Review of the wood anatomy of extant Ulmaceae as context for new reports of late Eocene Ulmus woods}, volume={82}, ISSN={["1214-1119"]}, DOI={10.3140/bull.geosci.2007.04.329}, number={4}, journal={BULLETIN OF GEOSCIENCES}, author={Wheeler, Elisabeth A. and Manchester, Steven R.}, year={2007}, pages={329–342} }
 @article{wheeler_baas_rodgers_2007, title={Variations in dicot wood anatomy: a global analysis based on the insidewood database}, volume={28}, ISSN={["2294-1932"]}, DOI={10.1163/22941932-90001638}, abstractNote={Information from the Inside Wood database (5,663 descriptions) was used to determine the relative abundance of selected IAWA Hardwood List Features, for the whole world and for the broad geographic regions used in the IAWA List. Features that occur in more than 75 % of the records are: growth ring boundaries indistinct or absent, diffuse porosity, exclusively simple perforation plates, alternate intervessel pitting, and non-septate fibers. The geographic distribution of vessel element features found in this study is consistent with previous studies: ring porosity is a Northern Hemisphere adaptation; numerous, narrow, short vessel elements are more common in temperate regions than in tropical regions. Element size is related to habit, with few wide vessels being a syndrome that is virtually absent from shrubs and small trees. The co-occurrence of selected features, ones that earlier have been suggested to be correlated, was examined; e.g., tangential vessel arrangement and ring porosity, rare axial parenchyma and septate fibers, tracheids and exclusively solitary vessels that are of medium to wide diameter. Axial parenchyma features show geographic variation, with aliform to confluent parenchyma and bands more than 3 cells wide being primarily tropical in occurrence. Storied rays, crystals, and silica bodies are more common in the tropics than in the temperate Northern Hemisphere. For ray features, geographic patterns are less apparent. In Australia, incidences of some features (vestured pits, solitary vessels, radial/diagonal vessel arrangement) are influenced by the Myrtaceae being a major component of the flora. This paper is but a general overview. Information from the Inside Wood database when combined with detailed information on ecological and geographical distributions of species, and subjected to more robust statistical analyses can be used to address a variety of questions on the evolution of wood structure and the ecological and phylogenetic significance of suites of features.}, number={3}, journal={IAWA JOURNAL}, author={Wheeler, E. A. and Baas, P. and Rodgers, S.}, year={2007}, pages={229–258} }
 @inbook{baas_lens_wheeler_2007, title={Wood anatomy}, booktitle={Flora malesiana.  Series I, Volume 17, Apocynaceae}, publisher={Leiden: Foundation Flora Malesiana}, author={Baas, P. and Lens, F. and Wheeler, E. A.}, year={2007}, pages={16–18} }
 @article{wheeler_wiemann_fleagle_2007, title={Woods from the Miocene Bakate Formation, Ethiopia Anatomical characteristics, estimates of original specific gravity and ecological inferences}, volume={146}, ISSN={["1879-0615"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.revpalbo.2007.04.002}, abstractNote={An assemblage of permineralized woods from the Miocene Bakate Formation, Fejej Plain, Ethiopia, is described. This assemblage of twelve wood types differs from other Miocene wood assemblages known from Ethiopia. Cell wall percentages of the woods were determined to estimate the original specific gravities of the woods in order to better understand the Miocene vegetation and environment of Fejej. The relatively high specific gravities (0.63 to 0.82) and numerous and narrow vessels of these Miocene woods are characteristics of dry deciduous forests or woodlands. The affinities of some of the Fejej woods could not be determined because critical diagnostic features could not be determined, but others have characteristics seen in the Sapotaceae, Leguminosae, Combretaceae, and Bignoniaceae (a ring porous wood). None of the families represented by a fruit and seed assemblage from Fejej are represented in the wood assemblage.}, number={1-4}, journal={REVIEW OF PALAEOBOTANY AND PALYNOLOGY}, author={Wheeler, E. A. and Wiemann, M. C. and Fleagle, J. G.}, year={2007}, month={Sep}, pages={193–207} }
 @article{el-din_wheeler_bartlett_2006, title={Cretaceous woods from the Farafra Oasis, Egypt}, volume={27}, DOI={10.1163/22941932-90000143}, abstractNote={There are fewer than 200 angiosperm wood records for the whole of the Cretaceous; the majority are from North America, Europe, and Asia. This paper describes two petrified woods from the Late Cretaceous Hefhuf Formation, Farafra Oasis, Egypt, a locality near the Campanian equator. Affinities of these two wood types cannot be determined with certainty. One wood has characteristics seen in the Lauraceae, Moraceae, and Anacardiaceae; the other wood has exclusively uniseriate homocellular rays, scalariform perforation plates, rare axial parenchyma, and alternate-opposite intervessel pitting.}, number={2}, journal={IAWA Journal}, author={El-Din, M. M. K. and Wheeler, E. A. and Bartlett, J. A.}, year={2006}, pages={137–143} }
 @article{wheeler_manchester_wiemann_2006, title={Eocene woods of central Oregon}, volume={26}, number={3}, journal={PaleoBios}, author={Wheeler, E. A. and Manchester, S. R. and Wiemann, M.}, year={2006}, pages={1–6} }
 @article{jagels_visscher_wheeler_2005, title={An Eocene high arctic angiosperm wood}, volume={26}, ISSN={["2294-1932"]}, DOI={10.1163/22941932-90000123}, number={3}, journal={IAWA JOURNAL}, author={Jagels, R and Visscher, GE and Wheeler, EA}, year={2005}, pages={387–392} }
 @article{wheeler_lehman_2005, title={Upper Cretaceous-Paleocene conifer woods from Big Bend National Park, Texas}, volume={226}, ISSN={["0031-0182"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.palaeo.2005.05.014}, abstractNote={Conifer wood types from the Upper Cretaceous Aguja and Javelina Formations and the Paleocene Black Peaks Formation of Big Bend National Park, Texas, are briefly described. The Big Bend conifer woods represent the largest assemblage of late Cretaceous conifer wood thus far described from the western interior of North America, and include samples with characteristics of the Araucariaceae and Cheirolepidiaceae, and Cupressaceae and Podocarpaceae. Cupressaceae/Podocarpaceae types of the Maastrichtian Javelina Formation have, on average, narrower rings than those of the Campanian Aguja Formation, consistent with the drier climate already proposed for the Javelina Formation. Angiosperm wood assemblages differ between the lower shale and upper shale members of the Aguja Formation, the Javelina Formation, and the Black Peaks, so do the conifer assemblages. The Big Bend conifer woods differ from those described from other western interior localities and document more variation in growth ring types than previously recognized for the whole of the northern hemisphere Late Cretaceous. The sizes of some logs and width of their growth rings suggest that some trees might have reached diameters of 1 m in approximately 80 years. Woods of the Cupressaceae/Podocarpaceae type show that the strategy of having juvenile wood with narrower tracheids and less distinct growth rings than in mature wood occurred in the Late Cretaceous. The incidence of compression wood in mature trunk wood is relatively high and may reflect either unstable substrates or frequent storms with high winds.}, number={3-4}, journal={PALAEOGEOGRAPHY PALAEOCLIMATOLOGY PALAEOECOLOGY}, author={Wheeler, EA and Lehman, TM}, year={2005}, month={Oct}, pages={233–258} }
 @article{wheeler_michalski_2003, title={Paleocene and Eocene woods of the Denver Basin, Colorado}, volume={38}, DOI={10.2113/gsrocky.38.1.29}, abstractNote={Silicified woods are common in the upper D1 (Paleocene – Puercan and Torrejonian) and D2 (Eocene – Wasatchian) sequences of the Denver Basin. Almost all derive from angiosperms. Woods from the upper D1 sequence are the second set of angiosperm woods described from Paleocene strata of the Rocky Mountain region. Wood assemblages from the upper D1 sequence differ from Paleocene wood assemblages of the San Juan Basin, New Mexico and the Big Bend region of Texas, indicating variation within the Western Interior. Lauraceous woods with oil cells are common in the Denver Basin assemblages while they are not known from the San Juan Basin or Big Bend. This initial survey suggests that the early Paleocene D1 (7 wood types) and early Eocene D2 (5 wood types) wood assemblages differ. Lauraceous woods with oil cells apparently are not common in the D2 sequence. The early Eocene Denver Basin wood assemblages differ from the early Eocene Yellowstone Fossil Forest wood assemblages in which conifers are common and phyllanthoid woods are rare. Growth rings are present but not well defined in the D1 and D2 sequence woods. The Denver Basin angiosperm woods are neither semi-ring porous nor ring porous, features that are common in present-day northern temperate forests and in angiosperm woods from the late Eocene Florissant Fossil Beds.}, journal={Rocky Mountain Geology}, author={Wheeler, E. A. and Michalski, T. M.}, year={2003}, pages={29–43} }
 @article{lavin_wojciechowski_gasson_hughes_wheeler_2003, title={Phylogeny of robinioid legumes (Fabaceae) revisited: Coursetia and Gliricidia recircumscribed, and a biogeographical appraisal of the Caribbean endemics}, volume={28}, number={2}, journal={Systematic Botany}, author={Lavin, M. and Wojciechowski, M. F. and Gasson, P. and Hughes, C. and Wheeler, E.}, year={2003}, pages={387–409} }
 @book{wheeler_manchester_2002, title={Woods of the Middle Eocene nut beds flora, Clarno Formation, Oregon, USA}, ISBN={9071236528}, journal={(IAWA Journal, Supplement, 3)}, publisher={Leiden: Nationaal Herbarium Nederland}, author={Wheeler, E. A. and Manchester, S. R.}, year={2002} }
 @article{lehman_wheeler_2001, title={A fossil dicotyledonous woodland/forest from the Upper Cretaceous of Big Bend National Park, Texas}, volume={16}, ISSN={["0883-1351"]}, DOI={10.2307/3515555}, abstractNote={Other| February 01, 2001 A Fossil Dicotyledonous Woodland/Forest From The Upper Cretaceous of Big Bend National Park, Texas THOMAS M. LEHMAN; THOMAS M. LEHMAN 1Department of Geosciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409-1053 Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar ELISABETH A. WHEELER ELISABETH A. WHEELER 2Department of Wood and Paper Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8005 Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Author and Article Information THOMAS M. LEHMAN 1Department of Geosciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409-1053 ELISABETH A. WHEELER 2Department of Wood and Paper Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8005 Publisher: SEPM Society for Sedimentary Geology Accepted: 02 Oct 2000 First Online: 03 Mar 2017 Online ISSN: 1938-5323 Print ISSN: 0883-1351 Society for Sedimentary Geology PALAIOS (2001) 16 (1): 102–108. https://doi.org/10.1669/0883-1351(2001)016<0102:AFDWFF>2.0.CO;2 Article history Accepted: 02 Oct 2000 First Online: 03 Mar 2017 Cite View This Citation Add to Citation Manager Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Email Permissions Search Site Citation THOMAS M. LEHMAN, ELISABETH A. WHEELER; A Fossil Dicotyledonous Woodland/Forest From The Upper Cretaceous of Big Bend National Park, Texas. PALAIOS 2001;; 16 (1): 102–108. doi: https://doi.org/10.1669/0883-1351(2001)016<0102:AFDWFF>2.0.CO;2 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Refmanager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentBy SocietyPALAIOS Search Advanced Search Abstract A fossil woodland/forest in Upper Cretaceous strata of the Aguja Formation in Big Bend National Park, Texas, preserves two species of dicotyledonous trees with trunks up to 1.3 m in diameter. The straight buttressed trunks, absence of low branching, and lack of distinct growth rings suggest that these trees represent a tropical evergreen community having a canopy height of 40 to 50 m. Well before the end of Cretaceous time, dicotyledonous angiosperms were the dominant canopy forming trees in at least some ecosystems in North America. These trees may have been among the woody plants that produced the Normapolles palynoflora. You do not have access to this content, please speak to your institutional administrator if you feel you should have access.}, number={1}, journal={PALAIOS}, author={Lehman, TM and Wheeler, EA}, year={2001}, month={Feb}, pages={102–108} }
 @inproceedings{baas_wheeler_2001, title={A survey of the wood anatomy of the PROSEA timbers}, booktitle={Taxonomy, the Cornerstone of Biodiversity: Proceedings of the Fourth International Flora Malesiana Symposium, 1998}, publisher={Kuala Lumpur: FRIM}, author={Baas, P. and Wheeler, E. A.}, year={2001}, pages={51–60} }
 @inbook{wheeler_2001, title={Fossil dicotyledonous woods from the Florissant Fossil Beds National Monument, Colorado}, booktitle={Stratigraphy and fossil flora of the Florissant Formation, Colorado}, publisher={Denver: Museum of Nature and Science}, author={Wheeler, E. A.}, editor={E. Evanoff, K. M. Gregory-Wodzicki and Johnson, K. R.Editors}, year={2001}, pages={197–214} }
 @article{baas_wheeler_chase_2000, title={Dicotyledonous wood anatomy and the APG system of angiosperm classification}, volume={134}, ISSN={["1095-8339"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1095-8339.2000.tb02343.x}, abstractNote={The recently proposed classification by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG) of angiosperms based on monophyletic groups as recognized mainly by molecular analysis is used here to discuss wood anatomical diversity patterns at the ordinal level. The APG orders are compared with the most recent «classical» orders as listed in the second edition ofThe Plant Book for «improved» or «deteriorated» wood anatomical coherence. Although homoplasy in wood anatomical characters, largely due to ecological adaptations, limits the value of wood anatomy at higher levels of classification, many families and orders tend to have characteristic combinations of microscopic wood features. Out of the 29 APG dicot orders, seven (Aquifoliales, Cucurbitales, Gentianales, Geraniales, Myrtales, Sapindales, Saxifragales) show an increase in wood anatomical homogeneity relative to their «classical» predecessors; four APG dicot orders (Apiales, Ericales, Fabales, and Rosales) show a decrease, although within the orders several suprafamilial subclades are homogeneous. For the remaining 18 orders, wood anatomical diversity remains about the same as in previous classifications or the APG ordinal composition is almost identical to the «classical» composition. The results support the value of both molecular markers and wood anatomical characters in phylogenetic classification. Because the «classical» ordinal classifications have been partly inspired by wood anatomical information, one might have expected a greater wood anatomical coherence in them than in the largely molecularly delimited APG orders if wood anatomy did not provide significant phylogenetic signals at higher taxonomic levels. The reverse appears to be the case. Among the wood anatomical characters included in the comparison, vestured intervessel pits, large and simple ray parenchyma pits, and sometimes also wide and tall rays appear to characterize orders. Some orders tend to be characterized by a combination of «primitive» features in the Baileyan sense: scalariform perforations, fibres with distinctly bordered pits, apotracheal parenchyma, and heterocellular rays. This raises the question as to whether in these clades this entire combination of characteristics should not be viewed as synapomorphic rather than symplesiomorphic.}, number={1-2}, journal={BOTANICAL JOURNAL OF THE LINNEAN SOCIETY}, author={Baas, P and Wheeler, E and Chase, M}, year={2000}, pages={3–17} }
 @article{wheeler_lehman_2000, title={Late Cretaceous woody dicots from the Aguja and Javelina Formations, Big Bend National Park, Texas, USA}, volume={21}, ISSN={["2294-1932"]}, DOI={10.1163/22941932-90000239}, abstractNote={Angiosperm woods occur throughout Upper Cretaceous (84–66 million years old) continental strata of Big Bend National Park, Texas, USA. Vertebrate remains occur along the same stratigraphic levels, providing a rare opportunity to reconstruct associations of sedimentary facies, wood remains, and vertebrate remains. The wood collection sites span a vertical stratigraphic succession that corresponds to an environmental transect from poorly-drained coastal salt- or brackish water swamps to progressively better drained freshwater flood-plains lying at increasingly greater distance from the shoreline of the inland Cretaceous sea and at higher elevations. The eight dicot wood types of the Aguja Formation differ from the five types of the Javelina Formation, paralleling a change from a fauna dominated by duckbill and horned dinosaurs to a fauna dominated by the large sauropod, Alamosaurus. These woods increase the known diversity of Cretaceous woods, and include the earliest example of wood with characteristics of the Malvales. The lower part of the upper shale member of the Aguja contains numerous narrow axes, some seemingly in growth position, of the platanoid/ icacinoid type, and of another wood that has a suite of features considered primitive in the Baileyan sense. Duckbill dinosaur remains are common in the facies with these woods. In contrast to other Cretaceous localities with dicot wood, Paraphyllanthoxylon is not common. Dicotyledonous trees are most abundant at the top of the Aguja and the lower part of the Javelina Formations in sediments indicating well-drained inland fluvial flood-plain environments. One locality has logs and insitu stumps, with an average spacing of 12–13 metres between each tree, and trees nearly 1 metre in diameter. To our knowledge this is the first report of anatomically preserved in situ Cretaceous dicot trees. Javelinoxylon wood occurs at all levels where remains of the giant sauropod Alamosaurus occur. The vertebrate faunas of the late Cretaceous of New Mexico and Texas are said to comprise a ʻsouthernʼ fauna distinct from the ʻnorthern faunaʼ of Alberta and Montana. The wood remains are consistent with such provincialism. It has been suggested that dicots were not commonly trees in the late Cretaceous of the northern part of the western interior of North America. The Big Bend woods provide direct evidence for dicot trees having more than a subordinate role in Cretaceous vegetation at lower latitudes. Most of the dicot wood types of Big Bend are characterized by high proportions of parenchyma, over 50% in one type. Whether these high proportions of parenchyma are correlated with the higher CO2 levels of the Cretaceous and /or the pressures exerted by aggressive browsing by large dinosaur herbivores is unknown.}, number={1}, journal={IAWA JOURNAL}, author={Wheeler, EA and Lehman, TM}, year={2000}, pages={83–120} }
 @inbook{baas_wheeler_2000, title={Wood structure of Southeast-Asian timbers: the PROSEA woods reviewed}, booktitle={New horizons in wood anatomy}, publisher={Korea: Chonnam National University Press}, author={Baas, P. and Wheeler, E. A.}, year={2000}, pages={1–9} }
 @article{herendeen_wheeler_baas_1999, title={Angiosperm wood evolution and the potential contribution of paleontological data}, volume={65}, ISSN={["1874-9372"]}, DOI={10.1007/bf02857632}, number={3}, journal={BOTANICAL REVIEW}, author={Herendeen, PS and Wheeler, EA and Baas, P}, year={1999}, pages={278–300} }
 @misc{wiemann_manchester_wheeler_1999, title={Paleotemperature estimation from dicotyledonous wood anatomical characters}, volume={14}, ISSN={["0883-1351"]}, DOI={10.2307/3515397}, abstractNote={Following an earlier study documenting the relationships between wood anatomical features and climate, we examine the utility of dicotyledonous wood assemblages in assessing paleoclimate. The wood anatomy of dicotyledons from modern forest sites in North, Central, and South America, England, Africa, Malaysia, and the Pacific islands was used to derive equations to predict site mean annual temperature. The best equations gave estimates within 5 degrees C at validation sites. Because trees are physiologically active over a wide range in temperature throughout the year, it would be surprising if wood anatomical characters were more finely tuned to temperature. Mean annual temperature (MAT) was estimated from five fossil wood assemblages: Yellow-stone, Wyoming (early Eocene); Clarno Nut Beds, Oregon (middle Eocene); Post, Oregon (late Eocene); Vantage, Washington (middle Miocene); and Fejej, Ethiopia (Miocene). We used the two best equations to estimate paleotemperature at each site; the MAT estimates differed by 0.1 degrees C at Fejej and 5.7 degrees C at Yellowstone, with differences intermediate to these at the other fossil sites. Compared to present-day values, the paleotemperature estimates indicate that, at middle latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere, mean annual temperatures were warmer in the Eocene and Miocene, whereas the near-equatorial Fejej site was the same temperature in the Miocene as it is today. Where possible, we compared the MAT estimates obtained using fossil woods with those obtained using fossil leaves, and found discrepancies of up to 13 degrees C. These differences may, in part, reflect the complicating effect of evolutionary trends in wood anatomical characters that may have been independent of climate change.}, number={5}, journal={PALAIOS}, author={Wiemann, MC and Manchester, ST and Wheeler, EA}, year={1999}, month={Oct}, pages={459–474} }
 @article{wiemann_wheeler_manchester_portier_1998, title={Dicotyledonous wood anatomical characters as predictors of climate}, volume={139}, ISSN={["1872-616X"]}, DOI={10.1016/S0031-0182(97)00100-4}, abstractNote={The relationships among wood anatomical characters and climate are examined for 50 wood anatomical features in floras from 37 regions in North America, South America, Africa and Malaysia. Correlations, simple regressions and multiple regressions, were used to develop models for the prediction of climate from wood anatomy. The climate variables considered were: mean annual temperature, mean annual range in temperature, cold month mean temperature, mean annual precipitation, precipitation of the driest month and length of the dry season. Good correlations were found with temperature; poorer correlations with precipitation. The climate variables, especially the temperature-related ones, were best predicted by two or more wood anatomical characters considered together. Characters that we selected to calculate climate variables are: vessels with multiple perforations; spiral thickenings present in the vessels; vessel mean tangential diameter less than 100 μm; fibers septate; rays commonly more than 10 cells wide; rays heterocellular with four or more rows of upright cells; rays storied; axial parenchyma absent or rare; marginal parenchyma present; and wood ring-porous. Models were validated on seven temperate and six tropical sites. Based on these results, a method for determining paleoclimate from fossil wood assemblages is suggested.}, number={1-2}, journal={PALAEOGEOGRAPHY PALAEOCLIMATOLOGY PALAEOECOLOGY}, author={Wiemann, MC and Wheeler, EA and Manchester, SR and Portier, KM}, year={1998}, month={May}, pages={83–100} }
 @article{wiemann_manchester_dilcher_hinojosa_wheeler_1998, title={Estimation of temperature and precipitation from morphological characters of dicotyledonous leaves}, volume={85}, ISSN={["0002-9122"]}, DOI={10.2307/2446514}, abstractNote={The utility of regression and correspondence models for deducing climate from leaf physiognomy was evaluated by the comparative application of different predictive models to the same three leaf assemblages. Mean annual temperature (MAT), mean annual precipitation (MAP), and growing season precipitation (GSP) were estimated from the morphological characteristics of samples of living leaves from two extant forests and an assemblage of fossil leaves. The extant forests are located near Gainesville, Florida, and in the Florida Keys; the fossils were collected from the Eocene Clarno Nut Beds, Oregon. Simple linear regression (SLR), multiple linear regression (MLR), and canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) were used to estimate temperature and precipitation. The SLR models used only the percentage of species having entire leaf margins as a predictor for MAT and leaf size as a predictor for MAP. The MLR models used from two to six leaf characters as predictors, and the CCA used 31 characters. In comparisons between actual and predicted values for the extant forests, errors in prediction of MAT were 0.6°–5.7°C, and errors in prediction of precipitation were 6–89 cm (=6–66%). At the Gainesville site, seven models underestimated MAT and only one overestimated it, whereas at the Keys site, all eight models overestimated MAT. Precipitation was overestimated by all four models at Gainesville, and by three of them at the Keys. The MAT estimates from the Clarno leaf assemblage ranged from 14.3° to 18.8°C, and the precipitation estimates from 227 to 363 cm for MAP and from 195 to 295 cm for GSP.}, number={12}, journal={AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY}, author={Wiemann, MC and Manchester, SR and Dilcher, DL and Hinojosa, LF and Wheeler, EA}, year={1998}, month={Dec}, pages={1796–1802} }
 @misc{wheeler_baas_1998, title={Wood identification - A review}, volume={19}, ISSN={["2294-1932"]}, DOI={10.1163/22941932-90001528}, abstractNote={Wood identification is of value in a variety of contexts - commercial, forensic, archaeological and paleontological. This paper reviews the basics of wood identification, including the problems associated with different types of materials, lists commonly used microscopic and macroscopic features and recent wood anatomical atlases, discusses types ofkeys (synoptic, dichotomous, and multiple entry), and outlines some work on computer-assisted wood identification.}, number={3}, journal={IAWA JOURNAL}, author={Wheeler, EA and Baas, P}, year={1998}, pages={241–264} }
 @article{jayawickrama_mckeand_jett_wheeler_1997, title={Date of earlywood-latewood transition in provenances and families of loblolly pine, and its relationship to growth phenology and juvenile wood specific gravity}, volume={27}, ISSN={["0045-5067"]}, DOI={10.1139/x97-091}, abstractNote={When grown together in plantations, fast-growing southern and coastal sources of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) often have lower wood specific gravity than northern and inland sources. This study investigated whether this phenomenon could be explained by a later transition to latewood, associated with a longer period of height growth, of the fast-growing sources. Seven to nine open-pollinated families, from each of four provenances, were grown at two locations in southwest Georgia. Tree cambia were wounded with a needle during summer and fall of the fifth and sixth growing seasons (1993 and 1994). The wounding was done to leave a mark in the xylem used later to determine whether earlywood or latewood was being produced at the time of wounding. Provenances were significantly different for the date of transition in 1994, with 22 days between the earliest and the latest. For most families, latewood transition followed height growth cessation in 1993, but preceded it in 1994. The date of latewood transition had a strong positive correlation (family mean basis across provenances) with the date of height growth cessation and a moderate negative correlation with specific gravity. Juvenile wood specific gravity had a weak (nonsignificant) negative correlation with annual height increment and a stronger negative correlation, significant in 1993, with diameter increment. Correlations within provenances were weak or close to zero. This study provided evidence for an association (especially at the provenance level) between a later cessation of height growth, a later transition to latewood, and lower specific gravity in 5- and 6-year-old trees.}, number={8}, journal={CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE}, author={Jayawickrama, KJS and McKeand, SE and Jett, JB and Wheeler, EA}, year={1997}, month={Aug}, pages={1245–1253} }
 @article{wheeler_mcclammer_lapasha_1995, title={Similarities and differences in dicotyledonous woods of the Cretaceous and Paleocene. San Juan Basin, New Mexico, USA}, volume={16}, DOI={10.1163/22941932-90001407}, abstractNote={Fossil wood is common in the Late Cretaceous and Early Paleocene of the San Juan Basin, New Mexico. Six types of dicotyledonous wood are recognized: Paraphyllanthoxylon arizonense Bailey, Paraphyllanthoxylon anasazi sp. nov., Plataninium piercei sp. nov., Metcalfeoxylon kirtlandense gen. et sp. nov., Chalkoxylon cretaceum gen. et sp. nov., Carlquistoxylon nacimientense gen. et sp. nov. Woods with the characteristics of Paraphyllanthoxylon arizonense Bailey are the most common and occur in the Cretaceous Kirtland Shale and the Paleocene Ojo Alamo Sandstone and Nacimiento Formation. This wood type's characteristics are stable from the Cretaceous to the Paleocene. There were no significant differences in the vessel diameters, vessel densities, ray sizes, or estimated specific gravities of the P. arizonense woods from the Late Cretaceous (Kirtland Shale) and Early Paleocene (Nacimiento Formation and Ojo Alamo Sandstone). Based on the samples examined for this study, dicotyledonous woods were more diverse in the Cretaceous (five types) than in the Paleocene (two types) of the San Juan Basin. Diameters of the Cretaceous woods examined ranged from 14-40cm indicating they were trees rather than shrubs; diameters of the Paleocene woods examined ranged from 10-80cm. All the woods have generalized structure with combinations of features seen in more than one extant family, order, or subclass. Information from databases for fossil and extant woods indicates that some combinations of features (e. g., solitary narrow vessels, low vessel density and scalariform perforation plates, as seen in Metcalfeoxylon kirtlandense and Chalkoxylon cretaceum), while relatively common in the Cretaceous, represent strategies of the hydraulic system that are extremely rare in the Tertiary and at present. None of the dicotyledonous woods have distinct growth rings, although some samples of Paraphyllanthoxylon arizonense from the Paleocene show variations in vessel density and vessel diameter that may correspond to seasonal variations in water availability.}, number={3}, journal={IAWA Journal}, author={Wheeler, E. A. and McClammer, J. and LaPasha, C. A.}, year={1995}, pages={223} }
 @article{wheeler_1995, title={WOOD OF PLATANUS KERRII}, volume={16}, ISSN={["0928-1541"]}, DOI={10.1163/22941932-90001399}, abstractNote={Mature wood of extant Platanus kerrii Gagnep., native to Laos and Vietnam, is described for the first time. Its general characteristics are similar to other Platanus species; it has narrow, mostly solitary vessels, perforation plates both simple and scalariform, opposite intervessel pitting, diffuse-in-aggregates axial parenchyma, mostly wide (> 10-seriate) rays that usually are homocellular. Rays are wider (up to 30 cells wide) than in other extant species and in this feature P. kerrii resembles Cretaceous and Paleogene platanoid woods more than other extant species do. Vessel element lengths are similar to other species, although the incidence of scalariform perforation plates is greater than in other extant Platanus species.}, number={2}, journal={IAWA JOURNAL}, author={WHEELER, EA}, year={1995}, pages={127–132} }
 @article{wheeler_lehman_gasson_1994, title={JAVELINOXYLON, AN UPPER CRETACEOUS DICOTYLEDONOUS TREE FROM BIG-BEND NATIONAL-PARK, TEXAS, WITH PRESUMED MALVALEAN AFFINITIES}, volume={81}, ISSN={["0002-9122"]}, DOI={10.2307/2445648}, abstractNote={Well-preserved petrified woods from the Maastrichtian of Big Bend National Park, Texas, with a combination of characters seen in the Malvales are described as Javelinoxylon multiporosum gen. et sp. nov. One log is over 70 cm in diameter and is riddled with termite galleries; this specimen provides additional documentation for the occurrence of dicotyledonous trees in the Late Cretaceous. These woods have structure different from any other known Cretaceous dicotyledonous wood and are advanced in the Baileyan sense as vessel elements are relatively short, perforations are exclusively simple, vessels are commonly in long radial multiples, and rays are storied. This is the earliest record for woods with storied structure. The occurrence of large dicotyledonous trees with advanced wood structure in Big Bend suggests there were differences between the Late Cretaceous vegetation of the northern Rocky Mountains and the Big Bend region.}, number={6}, journal={AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY}, author={WHEELER, EA and LEHMAN, TM and GASSON, PE}, year={1994}, month={Jun}, pages={703–710} }
 @article{wheeler_lapasha_1994, title={WOODS OF THE VITACEAE - FOSSIL AND MODERN}, volume={80}, ISSN={["0034-6667"]}, DOI={10.1016/0034-6667(94)90001-9}, abstractNote={Vitaceoxylon tiffneyi gen. et sp. nov. and Vitaceoxylon carlquistii sp. nov. from the Middle Eocene Clarno formation are the oldest known woods with characteristics of the Vitaceae. They are characterized by a tendency to two diameter classes of vessels, wide and tall rays, and a high proportion of their area is vessel. Other characteristics include septate imperforate elements, scanty paratracheal to vasicentric parenchyma, idioblasts in the rays, crowded alternate intervessel pitting, and vessel-parenchyma pits with reduced borders. Wood anatomy of the major extant genera of Vitaceae was examined and compared to the fossils. Features of secondary xylem useful for distinguishing between genera in the Vitaceae include vessel size and arrangement (two distinct diameter classes or not, radial multiples or tendency to tangential multiples), vessel pitting (scalariform or alternate), crystal type (prismatic, druses, and/or raphides) and location (in chambered parenchyma and/or ray parenchyma), cambial variants (present or absent). Wood anatomy supports the proposed close relationship of Cissus to Cayratia. Pronounced vessel dimorphism occurs in temperate Vitaceae; cambial variant structure occurs in tropical Vitaceae. Despite their conformity with Vitaceae at the family level, the two fossil woods are not comparable to any one extant genus. This contrasts with the Vitaceae seeds from Clarno, all of which are referable to extant genera. Two new combinations for fossil woods of the Vitaceae are proposed: Vitaceoxylon ampelopsoides (Schönfeld) comb. nov., and Vitaceoxylon megyazoense (Greguss) comb. nov.}, number={3-4}, journal={REVIEW OF PALAEOBOTANY AND PALYNOLOGY}, author={WHEELER, EA and LAPASHA, CA}, year={1994}, month={Feb}, pages={175–207} }
 @article{wheeler_baas_1993, title={THE POTENTIALS AND LIMITATIONS OF DICOTYLEDONOUS WOOD ANATOMY FOR CLIMATIC RECONSTRUCTIONS}, volume={19}, ISSN={["0094-8373"]}, DOI={10.1017/s009483730001410x}, abstractNote={The incidences of selected features of dicotyledonous wood that are believed to be of ecologic and/or phylogenetic significance (distinct growth rings, narrow and wide vessel diameter, high and low vessel frequencies, scalariform perforations, tangential vessel arrangement, ring porosity, and helical wall thickenings) were plotted through time (Cretaceous–Recent). There are marked differences between the Cretaceous and Tertiary in the frequency of all wood anatomical features. Incidences of features that are associated with markedly seasonal climates in extant floras do not approach modern levels until the Neogene. Correlations of wood anatomical features with ecology do not appear to have been constant through time, because in the Cretaceous different features provide conflicting information about the climate. Throughout the Tertiary the southern hemisphere/tropical and the northern hemisphere/temperate regions differed in the incidences of ecologically significant features and these differences are similar to those in the Recent flora. Possibilities for reliably using dicotyledonous wood for climatic reconstructions appear restricted to the Tertiary and Quaternary. However, at present the fossil wood record for most epochs and regions is too limited to permit detailed reconstructions of their past climate.}, number={4}, journal={PALEOBIOLOGY}, author={WHEELER, EA and BAAS, P}, year={1993}, pages={487–498} }
 @article{iawa-botanical society of america symposium. 'bark: inside and outside: its development, function and systematic utility.' aibs meeting, honolulu, hawaii, usa, august 9-13, 1992_1992, volume={13}, DOI={10.1163/22941932-90001272}, number={2}, journal={IAWA Journal}, year={1992}, pages={232} }
 @article{wheeler_baas_1991, title={A SURVEY OF THE FOSSIL RECORD FOR DICOTYLEDONOUS WOOD AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE FOR EVOLUTIONARY AND ECOLOGICAL WOOD ANATOMY}, volume={12}, ISSN={["0254-3915"]}, DOI={10.1163/22941932-90001256}, abstractNote={Data on fossil dicotyledonous wood were assembled in order to 1) test the Baileyan model for trends of specialisation in dicotyledonous wood anatomy by addressing the question - were 'primitive' wood anatomieal features (as defined by the Baileyan model) more common in the geologie past than at present?, 2) infer, on a broad geographie scale, past climatie regimes, and long term climatic change, and 3) assess the extent of knowledge of fossil dicotyledonous woods. The resulting database has information on 91 anatomieal features for over 1200 fossil dicotyledonous woods. The incidence of selected anatomical features was plotted through time (by geologie epoch) for the world and for two regional groupings (roughly corresponding to the Laurasian and Gondwanan supercontinents). For comparison to the fossil wood record, the incidence of wood anatomie al features in the Recent flora was obtained from the 5260 record OPCN database for extant dicotyledonous woods.}, number={3}, journal={IAWA BULLETIN}, author={WHEELER, EA and BAAS, P}, year={1991}, pages={275–332} }
 @article{wheeler_1991, title={PALEOCENE DICOTYLEDONOUS TREES FROM BIG-BEND NATIONAL-PARK, TEXAS - VARIABILITY IN WOOD TYPES COMMON IN THE LATE CRETACEOUS AND EARLY TERTIARY, AND ECOLOGICAL INFERENCES}, volume={78}, ISSN={["0002-9122"]}, DOI={10.2307/2445087}, abstractNote={Paraphyllanthoxylon abbottii n. sp. and cf. Plataninium haydenii Felix from the Paleocene Black Peaks Formation, Big Bend National Park, Texas, are the first Paleocene dicotyledonous woods described from North America. Both represent wood types common in the Cretaceous. There are 30 logs of Paraphyllanthoxylon abbottii; it is rare that a single locality has such as large number of petrified dicotyledonous logs with a similar structural pattern, and the variability in mature wood structure can be documented. Paraphyllanthoxylon abbottii has a combination of features that occurs in many dicotyledonous families, but it is most similar to genera of Burseraceae. The Big Bend Paraphyllanthoxylon trees lack distinct growth rings, which suggests they grew in a climate without marked seasonality; they have high (10–74) vulnerability indices; such high values occur in extant tropical trees. The type species of Paraphyllanthoxylon, P. arizonense Bailey was reexamined, and its quantitative features are described. Aplectotremas Serlin of Albian age from the Edwards Limestone has anatomy like Paraphyllanthoxylon, and most probably is wood from a tree. The wood designated cf. Plataninium haydenii Felix resembles extant Platanaceae but differs in having exclusively scalariform perforation plates. Comparison of this wood with other platanoid woods suggests that in platanoid woods there has been a shortening of vessel elements and a decrease in the frequency of scalariform perforation plates from the Cretaceous through the Tertiary. These changes are consistent with the Baileyan model for specialization in tracheary elements.}, number={5}, journal={AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY}, author={WHEELER, EA}, year={1991}, month={May}, pages={658–671} }
 @article{wheeler_1990, title={Fossil dicotyledonous woods of the USA}, volume={11}, number={2}, journal={IAWA Journal}, author={Wheeler, E. A.}, year={1990}, pages={139} }
 @article{wheeler_lapasha_miller_1989, title={WOOD ANATOMY OF ELM (ULMUS) AND HACKBERRY (CELTIS) SPECIES NATIVE TO THE UNITED-STATES}, volume={10}, ISSN={["0254-3915"]}, DOI={10.1163/22941932-90001106}, abstractNote={Wood anatomy of Ulmus and Celtis species (Ulmaceae) native to the United States is described. Ulmus differs from ring-porous species of Celtis in ray structure, crystallocation, and colour and fluorescence of water extracts. The soft elms/non-winged bark species (Ulmus americana and Ulmus rubra) differ from the hard elms/winged bark species (U. alata, U. crassifolia, U. serotina, and U. thomasii) in density, earlywood pore diameter, and appearance of crystal-containing axial parenchyma. Some species of hard elm can be distinguished from one another by a combination of characters: water extract colour and fluorescence, earlywood pore diameter and spacing. The anatomy of ring-porous species of Celtis is unifonn, except that in C. reticulata earlywood pores have a smaller radial diameter than the other species. Celtis pallida is diffuse-porous and resembles other diffuse-porous species of the genus. Vessel element lengths are similar for all species within these two genera regardless of habitat.}, number={1}, journal={IAWA BULLETIN}, author={WHEELER, EA and LAPASHA, CA and MILLER, RB}, year={1989}, pages={5–26} }