@article{white_zhang_campbell_smith_phillips_freeman_schilling_2023, title={Effectiveness of nets treated with food-grade coatings following various drying methods for controlling mite growth on dry-cured hams}, volume={100}, ISSN={["1879-1212"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.jspr.2022.102065}, abstractNote={Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Schrank), commonly referred to as the ham mite, may infest dry-cured pork during aging. Food-grade propylene glycol (PG) coated ham nets inhibit mite growth and reproduction, but there are application challenges, including shipping costs and handling. Therefore, the objective of this research aimed was to determine if the food-grade coating treated ham nets were still effective at controlling mite growth after drying. Using previously developed methods, polyester nets were coated with a food-grade solution of 40% PG, 1% propylene glycol alginate, and 1% carrageenan. Six treatments were evaluated: no net (NC), coated and wet net (WC), uncoated net (UC), oven-dried for 7 min at 93.3 °C (OD7m), oven-dried for 20 min at 93.3 °C (OD20m), and counter-dried at 22-23 °C for 24 h (CD24h). Ham cubes (2.5cm × 2.5cm × 2.5 cm) were wrapped in the nets (n = 5/trt) and inoculated with 20 adult mites. The cubes were stored in ventilated jars at 25 °C and 70% relative humidity for 14 d. Mites on each ham cube were counted after the 14 d incubation period. A randomized complete block design was used to determine if differences existed (P ≤ 0.05) among treatments. Duncan's multiple range test was used to separate treatment means when differences existed. The OD7m, CD24h, and WC treatments had fewer mites (P ≤ 0.05) than the OD20m and UC treatments; the C treatment had the greatest (P ≤ 0.05) mite count. The OD7m and CD24h treatments lost 37.3% and 36.5% of their starting weights, respectively, while OD20m lost 72.0%. The greater loss (P ≤ 0.05) for the OD20m treatment may have affected the treatment's efficacy. In addition, drying coated nets did not affect the mechanical quality of nets nor the sensory quality of hams when they were wrapped in dried coated nets.}, journal={JOURNAL OF STORED PRODUCTS RESEARCH}, author={White, Sadie A. and Zhang, Xue and Campbell, Yan L. and Smith, Sawyer Wyatt and Phillips, Thomas W. and Freeman, Charles and Schilling, M. Wes}, year={2023}, month={Jan} }
 @article{smith_zhang_little_zaldivar_white_campbell_phillips_schilling_2023, title={Efficacy of a carboxymethylcellulose (CMC)-based edible film with propylene glycol to control ham mite populations that infest dry cured ham}, volume={103}, ISSN={["1879-1212"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.jspr.2023.102162}, abstractNote={Dry-cured hams are susceptible to ham mite, Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Schrank) (Sarcoptiformes: Acaridae), infestations during the aging process. Methyl bromide (MB) fumigation has been used to control mites from infesting hams. However, MB is an ozone depleting substance that is both expensive and scarce, so alternative control methods must be discovered. The objective of this research was to determine the efficacy of using an edible film to control or reduce mite growth and reproduction on dry-cured hams. The edible films consist of water, 1% of carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), and propylene glycol (PG), which was included at five concentrations: 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%. The resulting films’ ability to reduce mite infestation was tested against two control groups: exposed ham cubes (negative control) and ham cubes wrapped in polyester nets (positive control) containing 40% PG, 1% carrageenan, and 1% propylene glycol alginate. Two weeks after inoculation with 20 mites, all film treatments had fewer (P < 0.05) mites than the negative control (262-mites). Film treatments with 0% (24-mites), 5% (26-mites), and 10% PG (17 mites) were effective at slowing mite reproduction, but not to the extent of the positive control (0-mites), 15% (6-mites), and 20% (1-mite) PG films as evidenced by a linear decrease in mite counts (F1 = 19.22, P < 0.0001) as PG concentration increased. Water Vapor Transmission (WVT) and Oxygen Permeability (OP) results indicated that all films exhibited substantial breathability with values ranging from 805 g m−2 day−1 to 899 g m−2 day−1 for WVT and 355 cc m−2 day−1 to 3413 cc m−2 day−1 for OP. Sensory analysis results indicated that the film treatments did not alter the sensory properties of the treated hams when compared to the untreated control. Further studies will include application of films to whole hams during aging and improved manufacturing techniques for films.}, journal={JOURNAL OF STORED PRODUCTS RESEARCH}, author={Smith, Sawyer Wyatt and Zhang, Xue and Little, Emily M. and Zaldivar, Lizzie R. and White, Sadie A. and Campbell, Yan L. and Phillips, Thomas W. and Schilling, M. Wes}, year={2023}, month={Sep} }
 @article{white_smith_zhang_campbell_phillips_freeman_schilling_2023, title={Uses and commercialization of food grade and effectiveness of coated ham nets to combat <i>Tyrophagus putrescentiae</i>: a review}, ISSN={["1746-7748"]}, DOI={10.1177/00405175231211951}, abstractNote={ Since the 1930s, the dry-cured ham industry has used methyl bromide fumigation to control Tyrophagus putrescentiae (ham mite) infestations. However, due to methyl bromide being a class I ozone depleting substance and no longer being manufactured, alternatives to methyl bromide have been studied extensively. Direct contact food-grade coatings and coated ham nets of various materials have shown efficacy in controlling ham mite growth and reproduction. These coated nets, often including propylene glycol, can be dried to ease application and reduce shipping cost, but chemical and thermal treatments on fabrics may cause the fabrics to become more brittle, which negatively impacts stretchability and bursting strength, and ultimately the effectiveness of the net. Scanning electron microscopy can provide precise visual inspection of fabric surface morphology, allowing for a detection of potential damage to the fibers. This purpose of this review is to summarize the application of food-grade coatings on nets used in the dry-cured ham industry to control mite infestations. More importantly, the review provides comprehensive information on coated nets, covering various aspects such as the selection of netting materials, evaluation of fabric properties, techniques for coating nets, net drying method, all in relation to their efficacy for mite control. This review contributes to the broad area of this applied technology by highlighting efficacious treatments to control mites, ineffective treatments, a discussion of processes to evaluate their properties, and future prospectives regarding this area of study. }, journal={TEXTILE RESEARCH JOURNAL}, author={White, Sadie and Smith, Sawyer Wyatt and Zhang, Xue and Campbell, Yan and Phillips, Thomas and Freeman, Charles and Schilling, M. Wes}, year={2023}, month={Dec} }
 @article{shao_campbell_phillips_freeman_zhang_hendrix_to_dinh_rogers_schilling_2023, title={Using liquid smoke to control infestations of the ham mite, Tyrophagus putrescentiae, on dry-cured hams during aging}, volume={200}, ISSN={["1873-4138"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.meatsci.2023.109139}, abstractNote={Eight treatments of edible coatings and nets including liquid smoke (SP and 24P) and xanthan gum (XG) were used to evaluate their effectiveness at controlling mite growth on dry-cured hams. Mite growth was controlled (P < 0.05) in both coating and netting treatments of 1% SP + 1% XG. Increasing SP concentration from 1% to 2% in the SP only treatments without XG did not control mite growth (P > 0.05) in the coating but controlled mite growth (P < 0.05) when infused in the nets. Both coating and netting treatments with 2% 24P + 1% XG controlled mite growth (P < 0.05), and ham cubes with 1% and 2% 24P in infused nets had mite numbers of 4.6 and 9.4, respectively. SP did not impact the sensory attributes of the ham. Results indicate that liquid smoke can potentially be added in coatings or ham nets to control mites and used in an integrated pest management program for dry-cured hams.}, journal={MEAT SCIENCE}, author={Shao, Wenjie and Campbell, Yan L. and Phillips, Thomas W. and Freeman, Charles and Zhang, Xue and Hendrix, Jasmine D. and To, K. Virell and Dinh, Thu and Rogers, William D. and Schilling, M. Wes}, year={2023}, month={Jun} }