@article{rose_chiu_showman_ku_jaczynski_matak_2023, title={Characterization of protein concentrates obtained by defatting cricket, locust, and silkworm powders using one-step organic solvent extraction}, volume={182}, ISSN={["1096-1127"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.lwt.2023.114876}, abstractNote={Nutritional and functional properties were determined on proteins recovered from cricket, locust, and silkworm using a one-step organic solvent (OS) lipid extraction process. Hexane (H), chloroform (C), methyl-tert-butyl ether (MTBE), hexane:isopropanol (HI, 3.2, vol:vol) and chloroform:methanol (CM, 2:1, vol:vol) was used as the extraction solvents. Proximate composition, SDS-page, amino acid (AA) profile, and solubility were measured on the defatted insect powders. H and MTBE was the most effective OS tested, with the greatest concentration of protein and least lipid (p < 0.05) in the defatted insect powders. SDS-Page revealed a variety of proteins in each of the samples. The AA concentrations were increased in all H and MTBE samples. Defatted insect powders were most soluble between pH 11 and pH 12 when MTBE or H was used as the OS. Results show H or MTBE has the potential to extract lipids and concentrate protein from insect powders. Protein concentrates were developed by defatting insect powders (cricket, locust, silkworm) with a one-step extraction process that tested different organic solvents (OS). The resulting protein concentrates contained on average 75% protein and amino acid concentrations were increased. Results showed that of the OS tested, hexane or methyl-tert-butyl ether were most effective at removing lipids and concentrating protein from insect powders.}, journal={LWT-FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY}, author={Rose, Alleda and Chiu, Yu-Chun and Showman, Casey and Ku, Kang Mo and Jaczynski, Jacek and Matak, Kristen}, year={2023}, month={Jun} }
 @article{arnold_burns_chiu_carvalho_nguyen_ralph_la spada_bennett_2023, title={Chronic BMAA exposure combined with TDP-43 mutation elicits motor neuron dysfunction phenotypes in mice}, volume={126}, ISSN={["1558-1497"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2023.02.010}, abstractNote={Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disease with an average age-of-onset of ∼60 years and is usually fatal within 2-5 years of diagnosis. Mouse models based upon single gene mutations do not recapitulate all ALS pathological features. Environmental insults may also contribute to ALS, and β-N-methylamino-L-alanine (BMAA) is an environmental toxin linked with an increased risk of developing ALS. BMAA, along with cycasin, are hypothesized to be the cause of the Guam-ALS epicenter of the 1950s. We developed a multihit model based on low expression of a dominant familial ALS TDP-43 mutation (Q331K) and chronic low-dose BMAA exposure. Our two-hit mouse model displayed a motor phenotype absent from either lesion alone. By LC/MS analysis, free BMAA was confirmed at trace levels in brain, and were as high as 405 ng/mL (free) and 208 ng/mL (protein-bound) in liver. Elevated BMAA levels in liver were associated with dysregulation of the unfolded protein response (UPR) pathway. Our data represent initial steps towards an ALS mouse model resulting from combined genetic and environmental insult.}, journal={NEUROBIOLOGY OF AGING}, author={Arnold, F. J. and Burns, M. and Chiu, Y. and Carvalho, J. and Nguyen, A. D. and Ralph, P. C. and La Spada, A. R. and Bennett, C. L.}, year={2023}, month={Jun}, pages={44–57} }
 @article{barnes_rodriguez-zapata_juarez-nunez_gates_janzen_kur_wang_jensen_estevez-palmas_crow_et al._2022, title={An adaptive teosinte mexicana introgression modulates phosphatidylcholine levels and is associated with maize flowering time}, volume={119}, ISSN={["1091-6490"]}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2100036119}, DOI={10.1073/pnas.2100036119}, abstractNote={Native Americans domesticated maize ( Zea mays ssp. mays ) from lowland teosinte parviglumis ( Zea mays ssp. parviglumis) in the warm Mexican southwest and brought it to the highlands of Mexico and South America where it was exposed to lower temperatures that imposed strong selection on flowering time. Phospholipids are important metabolites in plant responses to low-temperature and phosphorus availability and have been suggested to influence flowering time. Here, we combined linkage mapping with genome scans to identify High PhosphatidylCholine 1 ( HPC1 ), a gene that encodes a phospholipase A1 enzyme, as a major driver of phospholipid variation in highland maize. Common garden experiments demonstrated strong genotype-by-environment interactions associated with variation at HPC1, with the highland HPC1 allele leading to higher fitness in highlands, possibly by hastening flowering. The highland maize HPC1 variant resulted in impaired function of the encoded protein due to a polymorphism in a highly conserved sequence. A meta-analysis across HPC1 orthologs indicated a strong association between the identity of the amino acid at this position and optimal growth in prokaryotes. Mutagenesis of HPC1 via genome editing validated its role in regulating phospholipid metabolism. Finally, we showed that the highland HPC1 allele entered cultivated maize by introgression from the wild highland teosinte Zea mays ssp. mexicana and has been maintained in maize breeding lines from the Northern United States, Canada, and Europe. Thus, HPC1 introgressed from teosinte mexicana underlies a large metabolic QTL that modulates phosphatidylcholine levels and has an adaptive effect at least in part via induction of early flowering time.}, number={27}, journal={PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA}, publisher={Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences}, author={Barnes, Allison C. and Rodriguez-Zapata, Fausto and Juarez-Nunez, Karla A. and Gates, Daniel J. and Janzen, Garrett M. and Kur, Andi and Wang, Li and Jensen, Sarah E. and Estevez-Palmas, Juan M. and Crow, Taylor M. and et al.}, year={2022}, month={Jul} }
 @article{li_chiu_jiang_jones_etienne_shen_2020, title={Comparing the Efficacy of Two Triple-Wash Procedures With Sodium Hypochlorite, a Lactic–Citric Acid Blend, and a Mix of Peroxyacetic Acid and Hydrogen Peroxide to Inactivate Salmonella, Listeria monocytogenes, and Surrogate Enterococcus faecium on Cucumbers and Tomatoes}, volume={4}, ISSN={2571-581X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2020.00019}, DOI={10.3389/fsufs.2020.00019}, abstractNote={This study was designed to evaluate two triple-wash procedures with commercial antimicrobials to inactivate foodborne pathogens and surrogate bacteria on cucumbers and tomatoes. Fresh, West Virginia locally grown cucumbers and tomatoes were dip-inoculated with Salmonella Typhimurium and Tennessee, Listeria monocytogenes (3-strain), and Enterococcus faecium. Produce was washed through two triple-wash steps (10 s each) including water dip, antimicrobial dip, and water dip (WAW), or water dip, water dip, and antimicrobial dip (WWA), followed by draining (2 min) on aluminum foil. A triple-water (WWW) process was also included as a water-only control. Tested treatments were (1) water; (2) sodium hypochlorite (SH, 100 ppm, pH 8.2); (3) acidified sodium hypochlorite (ASH, 100 ppm, pH 6.8 adjusted by citric acid); (4) lactic and citric acid blend (LCA, 2.5%); and (5) a H2O2-peroxyacetic acid mix [SaniDate-5.0 (SD) 0.0064, 0.25, and 0.50%]. Surviving bacteria were recovered on xylose lysine tergitol-4 (XLT-4, Salmonella), Modified Oxford (MOX, L. monocytogenes), and bile esculin agar (E. faecium). Data (two replicates, four samples/replicate) were analyzed using the mixed model procedure of SAS (P = 0.05). Counts of Salmonella, L. monocytogenes, and E. faecium on unwashed cucumbers and tomatoes were 5.42–6.23, 6.31–6.92, and 6.05 log colony-forming units (CFU)/produce, respectively. Triple-wash with water only reduced all three tested bacteria by 0.45–1.36 log CFU/fruit. Triple-wash by WWA with antimicrobials achieved additional reductions [least squares means (LsMeans)] of 0.38 log CFU/cucumber (Salmonella), 0.56 log CFU/cucumber (E. faecium), 1.48 log CFU/tomato (Salmonella), 1.09 log CFU/tomato (L. monocytogenes), and 0.71 log CFU/tomato more than the WAW procedure. Applying SD-0.25 and SD-0.50% solutions in triple-washing cucumbers and tomatoes resulted in reductions (P > 0.05) similar to ASH and greater reductions (P < 0.05) than SH and LCA. E. faecium was less susceptible (P < 0.05) or there was no difference (P > 0.05) in comparison with Salmonella in most cases, except for tomatoes treated with WWA. The results of this study indicate that SD could be used as an alternative antimicrobial agent for chlorine water in triple-wash processing at local small produce plants. Future pilot plant validation studies and cost-effectiveness analyses are needed for applying SD solutions in triple-wash by WV local small produce growers.}, journal={Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems}, publisher={Frontiers Media SA}, author={Li, KaWang and Chiu, Yu-Chun and Jiang, Wentao and Jones, Lisa and Etienne, Xiaoli and Shen, Cangliang}, year={2020}, month={Mar} }
 @inproceedings{chiu_farnham_ku_2020, title={Impact of epicuticular wax on the attachment of Salmonella on leaf green surfaces}, author={Chiu, Y.C. and Farnham, M.W. and Ku, K.M.}, year={2020}, month={Jul} }
 @article{ku_chiu_shen_jenks_2020, title={Leaf cuticular waxes of lettuce are associated with reduced attachment of the foodborne pathogen Salmonella spp. at harvest and after postharvest storage}, volume={117}, ISSN={0023-6438}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2019.108657}, DOI={10.1016/j.lwt.2019.108657}, abstractNote={The amount and composition of cuticular wax on bolting lettuce leaves of different maturity was shown to be associated with Salmonella attachment and survival. The amount of cuticular wax on leaves from the top (40.9 ± 4.7 μg cm−2) and middle stem (44.7 ± 2.9 μg cm−2) locations was significantly greater than that observed on those from the bottom area (17.5 ± 11.9 μg cm−2). Salmonella attachment was compared between leaves from the middle of the lettuce stem (a visible waxy layer) and mature leaves from the lettuce rosette (lacking with a visible waxy layer) to assess the impact of these crystals. Mature rosette leaves on bolting lettuce showed significantly higher Salmonella attachment (5.72 ± 0.16 CFU g−1) than immature leaves (5.18 ± 0.30 CFU g−1) at harvest. After 7 days of storage at 4 °C, the Salmonella survival rate on mature leaves (5.16 ± 0.23 CFU g−1) was significantly higher (P = 0.01) than that observed on immature leaves (4.38 ± 0.33 CFU g−1). Hexacosanol was identified as the major component of platelet-shaped crystals in the recrystallized wax, which were similar to the wax structures on the lettuce leaf surface. These results suggest that the presence of wax crystals may affect Salmonella attachment on lettuce and that their primary component is hexacosanol.}, journal={LWT}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Ku, Kang-Mo and Chiu, Yu-Chun and Shen, Cangliang and Jenks, Matthew}, year={2020}, month={Jan}, pages={108657} }
 @article{chiu_matak_ku_2020, title={Methyl Jasmonate Treatment of Broccoli Enhanced Glucosinolate Concentration, Which Was Retained after Boiling, Steaming, or Microwaving}, volume={9}, ISSN={2304-8158}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods9060758}, DOI={10.3390/foods9060758}, abstractNote={Exogenous methyl jasmonate (MeJA) treatment was known to increase the levels of neoglucobrassicin and their bioactive hydrolysis products in broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica), but the fate of MeJA-induced glucosinolates (GSLs) after various cooking methods was unknown. This study measured the changes in GSLs and their hydrolysis compounds in broccoli treated with MeJA and the interaction between MeJA and cooking treatments. All cooked MeJA-treated broccoli contained significantly more GSLs than untreated broccoli (p < 0.05). After 5 min of cooking (boil, steam, microwave), MeJA-treated broccoli still contained 1.6- to 2.3-fold higher GSL content than untreated broccoli. Neoglucobrassicin hydrolysis products were also significantly greater in steamed and microwaved MeJA-treated broccoli. The results show that exogenous MeJA treatment increases neoglucobrassicin and its hydrolysis compounds in broccoli even after cooking. Once the positive and negative effects of these compounds are better understood, the results of this experiment can be a valuable tool to help food scientists, nutrition scientists, and dieticians determine how to incorporate raw or cooked broccoli and Brassica vegetables in the diet.}, number={6}, journal={Foods}, publisher={MDPI AG}, author={Chiu, Yu-Chun and Matak, Kristen and Ku, Kang-Mo}, year={2020}, month={Jun}, pages={758} }
 @article{chiu_shen_farnham_ku_2020, title={Three-dimensional epicuticular wax on plant surface reduces attachment and survival rate of Salmonella during storage}, volume={166}, ISSN={0925-5214}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.postharvbio.2020.111197}, DOI={10.1016/j.postharvbio.2020.111197}, abstractNote={Salmonella is the second most common foodborne pathogen for leafy vegetables, therefore understanding how to reduce Salmonella attachment onto produce surface is crucial to combat salmonellosis. Epicuticular wax is the outermost layer on the leaf surface that directly interact with food pathogen attachment. The hydrophobic nature of epicuticular wax was found to increase pathogen resistance, however, there is limited study on if three-dimensional epicuticular wax on the leaf can reduce Salmonella attachment. This study aims to test whether the presence of three-dimensional epicuticular wax crystals decreases the attachment of Salmonella on leafy green surfaces. Using gum arabic paste, three-dimensional epicuticular wax was removed from three waxy plants (USVL188-NG, USVL115-NG, and ‘Top Bunch’ collard). Leafy surfaces in disks were dip-inoculated with a mixture of Salmonella Typhimurium and Tennessee at day 0, followed by aerobic storage at 4.0 ± 0.2 °C for 14 d. After 30-minute inoculation, significantly lower (P < 0.05) Salmonella were attached to plants with three-dimensional epicuticular wax, resulting in 3.27, 2.76, and 4.51 log10 CFU cm−2, respectively when compared to three glossy plants (USVL188-GL, USVL115-GL, and ‘Green Glaze’ collard greens) on XLT-4 agar. Attached Salmonella on gum arabic-treated plants were significantly lower than the untreated plants, suggesting that three-dimensional epicuticular wax reduced the attachment efficiency of Salmonella. The survival rate of Salmonella populations on three waxy plants were usually significantly lower (P < 0.05) than glossy plants during storage. From day-9 to day-14, the Salmonella population on ‘Top Bunch’ collard greens decreased faster and resulted in lower (P < 0.05) numbers than ‘Green Glaze’ collard greens (2.88–3.47 vs 4.41–4.82 log10 CFU cm-2). The results implied that plant cultivars with three-dimensional epicuticular wax may be a safer choice for producers in terms of minimizing foodborne outbreak risks.}, journal={Postharvest Biology and Technology}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Chiu, Yu-Chun and Shen, Cangliang and Farnham, Mark W. and Ku, Kang-Mo}, year={2020}, month={Aug}, pages={111197} }
 @article{li_etienne_chiu_jones_khouryieh_jiang_shen_2020, title={Validation of triple-wash procedure with a H2O2-peroxyacetic acid mixer to improve microbial safety and quality of butternut squashes and economic feasibility analysis}, volume={112}, ISSN={0956-7135}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2020.107146}, DOI={10.1016/j.foodcont.2020.107146}, abstractNote={This study aims to i) evaluate two triple-wash procedures with an H2O2-peroxyacetic-acid mixer (SaniDate-5.0) to improve microbial safety and quality of butternut squashes and ii) determine the feasibility of the triple-wash application in a processing plant. In study I, fresh squashes were dip-inoculated with a mixture of Salmonella and Listeria monocytogenes, followed by two triple-wash steps including water dip-antimicrobial dip-water dip (WAW) or water dip-water dip-antimicrobial dip (WWA). Tested antimicrobials were i) lactic/citric acid blend (LCA; 2.5%); ii) sodium hypochlorite (SH; 100 ppm); and iii) SaniDate-5.0, 0.0064, 0.25 and 0.50%. Surviving bacteria were recovered using XLT-4 agar for Salmonella and MOX agar for L. monocytogenes. In study II, freshly harvested squashes were either left unwashed or triple-washed using WWA in water and SaniDate-5.0 (0.0071 and 0.45%) at a processing plant followed by storage at 9 °C for 70 days. Aerobic Plate Counts (APCs), coliforms/Escherichia coli, lactic-acid-bacteria, and psychrotrophs on squashes were tested every seven days. Counts of Salmonella and L. monocytogenes on unwashed squash were 5.0–5.3 and 5.4–6.0 log CFU/squash, respectively. WWA wash was more effective (P < 0.05) in reducing Salmonella (2.5 log CFU/squash) and L. monocytogenes (2.3 log CFU/squash) than WAW (1.8 log CFU/squash for Salmonella and 0.3 log CFU/squash for L. monocytogenes). Antimicrobials caused different degrees in reduction of Salmonella (1.7–2.6 log CFU/squash) and L. monocytogenes (1.2–1.8 log CFU/squash) on squashes, while the highest was achieved with SantiDate-5.0 (0.25 or 0.5%). During storage, SaniDate-5.0 treated squashes showed lower (P < 0.05) counts of APCs, coliforms, lactic-acid-bacteria, and psychrotrophs than the unwashed and water-treated samples on days 50–70. The estimated annual operating cost of the triple-wash process with SaniDate-5.0 ranges from $487.05 to $1977.33 for growers producing 1000–5000 squashes. The WWA procedure with SaniDate-5.0 appears to be an economically feasible way for local small producers to improve microbial safety and quality of squashes during postharvest processing.}, journal={Food Control}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Li, KaWang and Etienne, Xiaoli and Chiu, Yu-Chun and Jones, Lisa and Khouryieh, Hanna and Jiang, Wentao and Shen, Cangliang}, year={2020}, month={Jun}, pages={107146} }
 @article{simpson_chiu_richards‐babb_blythe_ku_2019, title={Demonstration of allelopathy of horseradish root extract on lettuce seed}, volume={47}, ISSN={1470-8175 1539-3429}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bmb.21219}, DOI={10.1002/bmb.21219}, abstractNote={Allelopathy plays crucial roles in invasive plant viability and agricultural production systems. However, there is no well‐established hands‐on learning activity to teach the concept of allelopathy. Nor is there an activity which allows students to gain knowledge about glucosinolates and their corresponding enzyme, myrosinase, which are present in almost all Brassica crops. Lettuce germination was counted by the students from three different treatments including water treated with Parafilm sealing, horseradish treated with Parafilm sealing, and horseradish treated without Parafilm sealing. Additionally, lettuce root length was measured by students using ImageJ software from each treatment using pictures captured by students' smartphones. Students took an identical quiz as a pre‐laboratory and a post‐laboratory assignment. Their average scores on the pre‐laboratory and post‐laboratory quizzes were 3.14 and 6.56 out of 10, respectively, indicating the lab activity significantly improved students' understanding of allelopathy and glucosinolate‐myrosinase system. In addition, students (n = 76) completed a survey post‐laboratory to assess their self‐efficacy. This simple and cost‐effective laboratory activity improved students' knowledge and skill development as it made learning more inviting, meaningful, and fun. © 2019 International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 47(3):333–340, 2019.}, number={3}, journal={Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Education}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Simpson, Tyler and Chiu, Yu‐Chun and Richards‐Babb, Michelle and Blythe, Jessica M. and Ku, Kang‐Mo}, year={2019}, month={Feb}, pages={333–340} }
 @article{chiu_matak_ku_2019, title={Methyl jasmonate treated broccoli: Impact on the production of glucosinolates and consumer preferences}, volume={299}, ISSN={0308-8146}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.125099}, DOI={10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.125099}, abstractNote={Applying methyl jasmonate can mimic the defense response to insect damage in broccoli and enhances the production of glucosinolates, especially inducible indolyl GS-neoglucobrassicin. Previous studies have suggested that glucosinolates and their hydrolysis products are anti-carcinogenic. Therefore, MeJA treatment may increase the nutritional quality of broccoli. However, there are few reports on the sensory evaluation and consumer acceptance of MeJA-treated broccoli. In this study, an untrained consumer panel could not detect any taste differences between steamed MeJA-treated and untreated broccoli, even though the steamed MeJA-treated broccoli contained 50% more glucosinolates than untreated broccoli. The partial least square-regression model suggested that neoglucobrassicin-derived hydrolysis compounds were the major metabolites that determined overall preference for raw MeJA-treated broccoli potentially due to their potential negative sensory qualities. The results imply that MeJA treatment can increase the nutritional quality of broccoli without sacrificing taste in precooked meals or frozen vegetables.}, journal={Food Chemistry}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Chiu, Yu-Chun and Matak, Kristen and Ku, Kang-Mo}, year={2019}, month={Nov}, pages={125099} }
 @inproceedings{chiu_matak_ku_2019, title={Steaming Eliminates the Bitter Taste of Methyl Jasmonate Treated Broccoli}, author={Chiu, Y.C. and Matak, K. and Ku, K.M.}, year={2019}, month={Jul} }
 @inproceedings{chiu_ku_2018, title={Effect of Boiling, Steaming, and Microwaving on Glucosinolates and Primary Metabolites in Methyl Jasmonate Treated Broccoli}, author={Chiu, Y.C. and Ku, K.M.}, year={2018} }
 @article{kim_simpson_chiu_becker_juvik_ku_2018, title={Environmental and Genetic Variation in Essential Mineral Nutrients and Nutritional Value Among Brassica Vegetables}, volume={10}, ISSN={1916-9760 1916-9752}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v10n7p1}, DOI={10.5539/jas.v10n7p1}, abstractNote={Dietary minerals play an important role in human nutrition and proper metabolism. We grew various Brassica crops under field conditions in 2012 and 2013 and analyzed 8 essential minerals from edible tissues of those crops. Among the investigated crops, pak choi (Brassica rapa), mustard greens (B. juncea; B. nigra), and komatsuna (B. rapa) were generally high in most minerals, according to dry weight-based concentrations. The percentage recommended daily intake (RDA) or adequate intake (AI) values, calculated using fresh weight-based concentrations, suggest that Brassica vegetables are a good source of iron, calcium, and manganese, providing > 20% of %RDA/AI depending on crop. Kale (B. oleracea; B. napus) was generally higher in %RDA/AI, in particular for calcium (Ca), phosphorous (P), magnesium (Mg), and manganese (Mn). From the 2-year study, days to harvest, growing degree days, total solar radiation, and total precipitation and evaporation were found to affect the concentration of Ca, P, Ma, and Me. The results of this study provide a direct comparison of the mineral composition of various Brassica crops grown under the same conditions and will help consumers’ food choice for better nutritional value.}, number={7}, journal={Journal of Agricultural Science}, publisher={Canadian Center of Science and Education}, author={Kim, Moo Jung and Simpson, Tyler J. and Chiu, Yu-Chun and Becker, Talon M. and Juvik, John A. and Ku, Kang-Mo}, year={2018}, month={Jun}, pages={1} }
 @inproceedings{chiu_matak_ku_2018, title={Sensory Evaluation of Nutrition-Enhanced Broccoli by Methyl Jasmonate Treatment}, author={Chiu, Y.C. and Matak, K. and Ku, K.M.}, year={2018} }
 @article{chiu_juvik_ku_2018, title={Targeted Metabolomic and Transcriptomic Analyses of “Red Russian” Kale (Brassicae napus var. pabularia) Following Methyl Jasmonate Treatment and Larval Infestation by the Cabbage Looper (Trichoplusia ni Hübner)}, volume={19}, ISSN={1422-0067}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms19041058}, DOI={10.3390/ijms19041058}, abstractNote={Methyl jasmonate (MeJA), synthesized in the jasmonic acid (JA) pathway, has been found to upregulate glucosinolate (GS) biosynthesis in plant species of the Brassicaceae family. Exogenous application of MeJA has shown to increase tissue GS concentrations and the formation of myrosinase-mediated GS hydrolysis products (GSHPs). In vitro and in vivo assays have demonstrated the potential health-promoting effects of certain GSHPs. MeJA is also known to elicit and induce genes associated with defense mechanisms to insect herbivory in Brassica species. To investigate the relationship between MeJA-induced GS biosynthesis and insect defense, three treatments were applied to “Red Russian” kale (Brassicae napus var. pabularia) seedlings: (1) a 250 µM MeJA leaf spray treatment; (2) leaf infestation with larvae of the cabbage looper (Trichoplusia ni (Hübner)); (3) control treatment (neither larval infestation nor MeJA application). Samples of leaf tissue from the three treatments were then assayed for changes in GS and GSHP concentrations, GS gene biosynthesis expression, and myrosinase activity. Major differences were observed between the three treatments in the levels of GS accumulation and GS gene expression. The insect-damaged samples showed significantly lower aliphatic GS accumulation, while both MeJA and T. ni infestation treatments induced greater accumulation of indolyl GS. The gene expression levels of CYP81F4, MYB34, and MYB122 were significantly upregulated in samples treated with MeJA and insects compared to the control group, which explained the increased indolyl GS concentration. The results suggest that the metabolic changes promoted by MeJA application and the insect herbivory response share common mechanisms of induction. This work provides potentially useful information for kale pest control and nutritional quality.}, number={4}, journal={International Journal of Molecular Sciences}, publisher={MDPI AG}, author={Chiu, Yu-Chun and Juvik, John and Ku, Kang-Mo}, year={2018}, month={Apr}, pages={1058} }
 @article{kim_chiu_kim_park_lee_juvik_ku_2017, title={Cultivar-Specific Changes in Primary and Secondary Metabolites in Pak Choi (Brassica Rapa, Chinensis Group) by Methyl Jasmonate}, volume={18}, ISSN={1422-0067}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms18051004}, DOI={10.3390/ijms18051004}, abstractNote={Glucosinolates, their hydrolysis products and primary metabolites were analyzed in five pak choi cultivars to determine the effect of methyl jasmonate (MeJA) on metabolite flux from primary metabolites to glucosinolates and their hydrolysis products. Among detected glucosinolates (total 14 glucosinolates; 9 aliphatic, 4 indole and 1 aromatic glucosinolates), indole glucosinolate concentrations (153–229%) and their hydrolysis products increased with MeJA treatment. Changes in the total isothiocyanates by MeJA were associated with epithiospecifier protein activity estimated as nitrile formation. Goitrin, a goitrogenic compound, significantly decreased by MeJA treatment in all cultivars. Changes in glucosinolates, especially aliphatic, significantly differed among cultivars. Primary metabolites including amino acids, organic acids and sugars also changed with MeJA treatment in a cultivar-specific manner. A decreased sugar level suggests that they might be a carbon source for secondary metabolite biosynthesis in MeJA-treated pak choi. The result of the present study suggests that MeJA can be an effective agent to elevate indole glucosinolates and their hydrolysis products and to reduce a goitrogenic compound in pak choi. The total glucosinolate concentration was the highest in “Chinese cabbage” in the control group (32.5 µmol/g DW), but indole glucosinolates increased the greatest in “Asian” when treated with MeJA.}, number={5}, journal={International Journal of Molecular Sciences}, publisher={MDPI AG}, author={Kim, Moo and Chiu, Yu-Chun and Kim, Na and Park, Hye and Lee, Choong and Juvik, John and Ku, Kang-Mo}, year={2017}, month={May}, pages={1004} }
 @inproceedings{chiu_kim_kim_park_lee_juvik_ku_2017, title={Cultivar-Specific Changes in Primary and Secondary Metabolites in Pak Choi (Brassica Rapa, Chinensis Group) by Methyl Jasmonate}, author={Chiu, Y.C. and Kim, M.K. and Kim, N.K. and Park, H.M. and Lee, C.H. and Juvik, J.A. and Ku, K.M.}, year={2017} }
 @article{chiu_jenks_richards-babb_ratcliff_juvik_ku_2017, title={Demonstrating the Effect of Surfactant on Water Retention of Waxy Leaf Surfaces}, volume={94}, ISSN={0021-9584 1938-1328}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jchemed.6b00546}, DOI={10.1021/acs.jchemed.6b00546}, abstractNote={We report here the development of an inexpensive and engaging laboratory-based activity that can help students learn about the scientific method and the role of plant epicuticular waxes and surfactant function on waxy plant leaves as real life example in the agricultural industry. Three each of nontreated collard leaves (Brassica oleraceae L. Acephala group) and brushed-leaves were sprayed with water to demonstrate hydrophobicity of epicuticular waxes. Another set of three nontreated collard leaves was sprayed with Tween 20 containing water to demonstrate function of surfactant. Then, water retention rate was calculated by subtracting between before and after spray treatments. Water contact angles were measured by ImageJ software from nontreated and brushed-leaves from pictures taken by students’ smartphone. This lab activity provides a foundation for instruction on the importance of the plant epicuticular waxes that is the outermost hydrophobic barrier in agrochemical applications and the function of sur...}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Chemical Education}, publisher={American Chemical Society (ACS)}, author={Chiu, Yu-Chun and Jenks, Matthew A. and Richards-Babb, Michelle and Ratcliff, Betsy B. and Juvik, John A. and Ku, Kang-Mo}, year={2017}, pages={230–234} }
 @inproceedings{chiu_li_kim_shen_ku_2017, title={Difference in attachment of Salmonella enterica to waxy or glossy salad leaves}, author={Chiu, Y.C. and Li, K.W. and Kim, M.K. and Shen, C.L. and Ku, K.M.}, year={2017} }
 @article{kim_chiu_ku_2017, title={Glucosinolates, Carotenoids, and Vitamins E and K Variation from Selected Kale and Collard Cultivars}, volume={2017}, ISSN={0146-9428 1745-4557}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/5123572}, DOI={10.1155/2017/5123572}, abstractNote={Glucosinolates, carotenoids, and fat-soluble vitamins E and K contents were analyzed from various kale and collard cultivars at mature stage. We found a significant difference in these phytonutrients among cultivars. Among kale cultivars, “Beira” and “Olympic Red” were the highest in the total glucosinolate and “Toscano” kale was the highest in total carotenoid content. “Scarlet” kale was highest in tocopherols. For collard, total glucosinolate was the highest in “Top Bunch” while carotenoids were the highest in “Green Glaze.” An accession PI261597 was the highest in phylloquinone. In addition to the total content of each phytonutrient class, their composition differed among cultivars, indicating that each cultivar may have differential regulatory mechanisms for biosynthesis of these phytonutrients. Our result indicates that cultivar selection may play an important role in consumption of kale and collard with greater nutritional benefit. Therefore, the result of this study will provide a more thorough profile of essential and nonessential phytonutrients of kale and collard cultivars for consumers’ choice and for future research on nutritional value of these crops.}, journal={Journal of Food Quality}, publisher={Hindawi Limited}, author={Kim, Moo Jung and Chiu, Yu-Chun and Ku, Kang-Mo}, year={2017}, pages={1–8} }
 @inproceedings{chiu_ku_2017, place={Hawaii, USA}, title={Metabolites change under insect herbivory and exogenous MeJA application in ‘Red Russian’ kale}, author={Chiu, Y.C. and Ku, K.M.}, year={2017} }
 @inproceedings{ku_chiu_jenks_juvik_2016, title={Demonstrating the Role of Plant Epicuticular Waxes in Water Retention on Leaf Surfaces Using Brassica Leafy Vegetables}, author={Ku, K.M. and Chiu, Y.C. and Jenks, M.A. and Juvik, J.A.}, year={2016}, month={Aug} }
 @inproceedings{ku_chiu_jenks_juvik_2016, title={Epicuticular wax on leaves of the rosette and inflorescence of lettuce}, author={Ku, K.M. and Chiu, Y.C. and Jenks, M.A. and Juvik, J.A.}, year={2016}, month={Aug} }
 @inproceedings{chiu_ku_2016, title={Metabolomic and transcriptomic comparisons of insect or methyl jasmonate effect on Red Russian kale seedlings compared to control}, author={Chiu, Y.C. and Ku, K.M.}, year={2016}, month={Apr} }
 @misc{chiu_2015, title={Broccoli and Your Life}, author={Chiu, Y.C.}, year={2015}, month={Mar} }
 @inproceedings{chiu_thomas_reid_brown_2015, title={QTL Mapping of Flavonoid and Hydroxycinnamic Acid Variation in Broccoli}, author={Chiu, Y.C. and Thomas, A. and Reid, R. and Brown, A.F.}, year={2015} }