@article{salem_kasera_rahman_jameel_habibi_eichhorn_french_pal_lucia_2023, title={Comparison and assessment of methods for cellulose crystallinity determination}, volume={52}, ISSN={0306-0012 1460-4744}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/D2CS00569G}, DOI={10.1039/d2cs00569g}, abstractNote={A suite of techniques is compared to understand the requirements, differences, synergies, and limitations of each method more comprehensively. Our review summarizes key principles to guide studies on the structure of cellulosics.}, number={18}, journal={Chemical Society Reviews}, publisher={Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)}, author={Salem, Khandoker Samaher and Kasera, Nitesh Kumar and Rahman, Md. Ashiqur and Jameel, Hasan and Habibi, Youssef and Eichhorn, Stephen J. and French, Alfred D. and Pal, Lokendra and Lucia, Lucian A.}, year={2023}, pages={6417–6446} }
 @article{peresin_vesterinen_habibi_johansson_pawlak_nevzorov_rojas_2014, title={Crosslinked PVA nanofibers reinforced with cellulose nanocrystals: Water interactions and thermomechanical properties}, volume={131}, ISSN={0021-8995}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/APP.40334}, DOI={10.1002/app.40334}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT}, number={11}, journal={Journal of Applied Polymer Science}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Peresin, Maria Soledad and Vesterinen, Arja-Helena and Habibi, Youssef and Johansson, Leena-Sisko and Pawlak, Joel J. and Nevzorov, Alexander A. and Rojas, Orlando J.}, year={2014}, month={Jan}, pages={n/a-n/a} }
 @article{lin_zhan_liu_habibi_fu_lucia_2013, title={RAFT synthesis of cellulose-g-polymethylmethacrylate copolymer in an ionic liquid}, volume={127}, ISSN={["1097-4628"]}, DOI={10.1002/app.38071}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={6}, journal={JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE}, author={Lin, Chunxiang and Zhan, Huaiyu and Liu, Minghua and Habibi, Youssef and Fu, Shiyu and Lucia, Lucian A.}, year={2013}, month={Mar}, pages={4840–4849} }
 @article{fonseca silva_habibi_colodette_elder_lucia_2012, title={A fundamental investigation of the microarchitecture and mechanical properties of tempo-oxidized nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC)-based aerogels}, volume={19}, ISSN={["0969-0239"]}, DOI={10.1007/s10570-012-9761-x}, number={6}, journal={CELLULOSE}, author={Fonseca Silva, Teresa Cristina and Habibi, Youssef and Colodette, Jorge Luiz and Elder, Thomas and Lucia, Lucian A.}, year={2012}, month={Dec}, pages={1945–1956} }
 @book{habibi_lucia_2012, title={Polysaccharide building blocks: a sustainable approach to the development of renewable biomaterials}, publisher={Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.}, year={2012} }
 @article{spence_venditti_rojas_habibi_pawlak_2011, title={A comparative study of energy consumption and physical properties of microfibrillated cellulose produced by different processing methods}, volume={18}, ISSN={0969-0239 1572-882X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10570-011-9533-z}, DOI={10.1007/s10570-011-9533-z}, number={4}, journal={Cellulose}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Spence, Kelley L. and Venditti, Richard A. and Rojas, Orlando J. and Habibi, Youssef and Pawlak, Joel J.}, year={2011}, month={Apr}, pages={1097–1111} }
 @article{cao_habibi_magalhaes_rojas_lucia_2011, title={Cellulose nanocrystals-based nanocomposites: fruits of a novel biomass research and teaching platform}, volume={100}, number={8}, journal={Current Science}, author={Cao, X. D. and Habibi, Y. and Magalhaes, W. L. E. and Rojas, O. J. and Lucia, L. A.}, year={2011}, pages={1172–1176} }
 @article{fonseca silva_habibi_colodette_lucia_2011, title={The influence of the chemical and structural features of xylan on the physical properties of its derived hydrogels}, volume={7}, ISSN={["1744-6848"]}, DOI={10.1039/c0sm00868k}, abstractNote={Xylan polysacccharides, both with and without acetyl substituents, were obtained from the specific hardwood Eucalyptus urograndis by controlled extraction processes and eventually post-acetylated. They were subsequently functionalized with well-defined levels of methacrylic monomers to thereby provide different degrees of substitution of the functional group. These modified xylans were the basis to successfully prepare for the first time xylan/poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate)-based hydrogels via the radical polymerization of HEMA, used as a crosslinking agent. The tuning of the crosslinking density of the hydrogel network was accomplished by preparing hydrogels that had two composition ratios of xylan to HEMA (60:40 and 40:60) and was also done by varying the degrees of substitution. The resulting hydrogels were characterized according to their morphology, swelling and rheological properties by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), gravimetric measurements after immersion in water, and dynamical mechanical analysis. Surprisingly, the presence of acetyl moieties leads to stiffer hydrogels which have a reduced capacity for water uptake. A natural extension to the synthesis and characterization of the novel-based xylan hydrogels is examining one of their primary functionalities: encapsulation and release. This functionality was one of the drivers of this work when it was conceived given the inherent ability of hydrogels to act as cargo carriers. Therefore, a representative anticancer drug doxorubicin was loaded into these hydrogels and its release in different media was studied. Acetylated xylans showed high delivery ratios while non-acetylated samples leveled off at half the level of the acetylated samples.}, number={3}, journal={SOFT MATTER}, author={Fonseca Silva, Teresa Cristina and Habibi, Youssef and Colodette, Jorge Luiz and Lucia, Lucian A.}, year={2011}, pages={1090–1099} }
 @misc{habibi_lucia_rojas_2010, title={Cellulose Nanocrystals: Chemistry, Self-Assembly, and Applications}, volume={110}, ISSN={["1520-6890"]}, DOI={10.1021/cr900339w}, abstractNote={Cellulose constitutes the most abundant renewable polymer resource available today. As a chemical raw material, it is generally well-known that it has been used in the form of fibers or derivatives for nearly 150 years for a wide spectrum of products and materials in daily life. What has not been known until relatively recently is that when cellulose fibers are subjected to acid hydrolysis, the fibers yield defect-free, rod-like crystalline residues. Cellulose nanocrystals (CNs) have garnered in the materials community a tremendous level of attention that does not appear to be relenting. These biopolymeric assemblies warrant such attention not only because of their unsurpassed quintessential physical and chemical properties (as will become evident in the review) but also because of their inherent renewability and sustainability in addition to their abundance. They have been the subject of a wide array of research efforts as reinforcing agents in nanocomposites due to their low cost, availability, renewability, light weight, nanoscale dimension, and unique morphology. Indeed, CNs are the fundamental constitutive polymeric motifs of macroscopic cellulosic-based fibers whose sheer volume dwarfs any known natural or synthetic biomaterial. Biopolymers such as cellulose and lignin and † North Carolina State University. ‡ Helsinki University of Technology. Dr. Youssef Habibi is a research assistant professor at the Department of Forest Biomaterials at North Carolina State University. He received his Ph.D. in 2004 in organic chemistry from Joseph Fourier University (Grenoble, France) jointly with CERMAV (Centre de Recherche sur les Macromolecules Vegetales) and Cadi Ayyad University (Marrakesh, Morocco). During his Ph.D., he worked on the structural characterization of cell wall polysaccharides and also performed surface chemical modification, mainly TEMPO-mediated oxidation, of crystalline polysaccharides, as well as their nanocrystals. Prior to joining NCSU, he worked as assistant professor at the French Engineering School of Paper, Printing and Biomaterials (PAGORA, Grenoble Institute of Technology, France) on the development of biodegradable nanocomposites based on nanocrystalline polysaccharides. He also spent two years as postdoctoral fellow at the French Institute for Agricultural Research, INRA, where he developed new nanostructured thin films based on cellulose nanowiskers. Dr. Habibi’s research interests include the sustainable production of materials from biomass, development of high performance nanocomposites from lignocellulosic materials, biomass conversion technologies, and the application of novel analytical tools in biomass research. Chem. Rev. 2010, 110, 3479–3500 3479}, number={6}, journal={CHEMICAL REVIEWS}, author={Habibi, Youssef and Lucia, Lucian A. and Rojas, Orlando J.}, year={2010}, month={Jun}, pages={3479–3500} }
 @article{habibi_hoeger_kelley_rojas_2010, title={Development of Langmuir-Schaeffer Cellulose Nanocrystal Monolayers and Their Interfacial Behaviors}, volume={26}, ISSN={["0743-7463"]}, DOI={10.1021/la902444x}, abstractNote={Model cellulose surfaces based on cellulose nanocrystals (CNs) were prepared by the Langmuir-Schaeffer technique. Cellulose nanocrystals were obtained by acid hydrolysis of different natural fibers, producing rodlike nanoparticles with differences in charge density, aspect ratio, and crystallinity. Dioctadecyldimethylammonium bromide (DODA-Br) cationic surfactant was used to create CN-DODA complexes that allowed transfer of the CNs from the air/liquid interface in an aqueous suspension to hydrophobic solid substrates. Langmuir-Schaeffer horizontal deposition at various surface pressures was employed to carry out such particle transfer that resulted in CN monolayers coating the substrate. The morphology and chemical composition of the CN films were characterized by using atomic force microscopy (AFM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Also, their swelling behavior and stability after treatment with aqueous and alkaline solutions were studied using quartz crystal microgravimetry (QCM). Overall, it is concluded that the Langmuir-Schaeffer method can be used to produce single coating layers of CNs that were shown to be smooth, stable, and strongly attached to the solid support. The packing density of the films was controlled by selecting the right combination of surface pressure during transfer to the solid substrate and the amount of CNs available relative to the cationic charges at the interface.}, number={2}, journal={LANGMUIR}, author={Habibi, Youssef and Hoeger, Ingrid and Kelley, Stephen S. and Rojas, Orlando J.}, year={2010}, month={Jan}, pages={990–1001} }
 @article{peresin_habibi_vesterinen_rojas_pawlak_seppala_2010, title={Effect of Moisture on Electrospun Nanofiber Composites of Poly(vinyl alcohol) and Cellulose Nanocrystals}, volume={11}, ISSN={["1526-4602"]}, DOI={10.1021/bm1006689}, abstractNote={The effect of humidity on the morphological and thermomechanical properties of electrospun poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) fiber mats reinforced with cellulose nanocrystals (CNs) was investigated. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images revealed that the incorporation of CNs improved the morphological stability of the composite fibers even in high humidity environments. Thermal and mechanical properties of the electrospun fiber mats were studied by using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), and large deformation tensile tests under controlled humidity and temperatures. The balance between the moisture-induced plasticization and the reinforcing effect of rigid CN particles was critical in determining the thermomechanical behaviors of the electrospun fiber mats. Results indicated that the stabilizing effect of the CNs in the PVA matrix might be compromised by water absorption, disrupting the hydrogen bonding within the structure. The amount of this disruption depended on the surrounding humidity and the CN loading. The reduction in tensile strength of neat PVA fiber mats as they were conditioned from low relative humidity (10% RH) to high relative humidity (70% RH) was found to be about 80%, from 1.5 to 0.4 MPa. When the structure was reinforced with CNs, the reduction in strength was limited to 40%, from 2 to 0.8 MPa over the same range in relative humidity. More importantly, the CN-loaded PVA fiber mats showed a reversible recovery in mechanical strength after cycling the relative humidity. Finally, humidity treatments of the composite PVA fiber mats induced significant enhancement of their strength as a result of the adhesion between the continuous matrix and the CNs.}, number={9}, journal={BIOMACROMOLECULES}, author={Peresin, Maria S. and Habibi, Youssef and Vesterinen, Arja-Helena and Rojas, Orlando J. and Pawlak, Joel J. and Seppala, Jukka V.}, year={2010}, month={Sep}, pages={2471–2477} }
 @article{peresin_habibi_zoppe_pawlak_rojas_2010, title={Nanofiber Composites of Polyvinyl Alcohol and Cellulose Nanocrystals: Manufacture and Characterization}, volume={11}, ISSN={["1526-4602"]}, DOI={10.1021/bm901254n}, abstractNote={Cellulose nanocrystals (CN) were used to reinforce nanofibers in composite mats produced via electrospinning of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) with two different concentrations of acetyl groups. Ultrathin cross-sections of the obtained nanocomposites consisted of fibers with maximum diameters of about 290 nm for all the CN loads investigated (from 0 to 15% CN loading). The electrospinning process did not affect the structure of the PVA polymer matrix, but its degree of crystallinity increased significantly together with a slight increase in the corresponding melting temperature. These effects were explained as being the result of alignment and enhanced crystallization of PVA chains within the individual nanofibers that were subjected to high shear stresses during electrospinning. The strong interaction of the PVA matrix with the dispersed CN phase, mainly via hydrogen bonding or bond network, was reduced with the presence of acetyl groups in PVA. Most importantly, the elastic modulus of the nanocomposite mats increased significantly as a consequence of the reinforcing effect of CNs via the percolation network held by hydrogen bonds. However, this organization-driven crystallization was limited as observed by the reduction in the degree of crystallinity of the CN-loaded composite fibers. Finally, efficient stress transfer and strong interactions were demonstrated to occur between the reinforcing CN and the fully hydrolyzed PVA electrospun fibers.}, number={3}, journal={BIOMACROMOLECULES}, author={Peresin, Maria S. and Habibi, Youssef and Zoppe, Justin O. and Pawlak, Joel J. and Rojas, Orlando J.}, year={2010}, month={Mar}, pages={674–681} }
 @article{zoppe_habibi_rojas_venditti_johansson_efimenko_österberg_laine_2010, title={Poly(<i>N</i>-isopropylacrylamide) Brushes Grafted from Cellulose Nanocrystals via Surface-Initiated Single-Electron Transfer Living Radical Polymerization}, volume={11}, ISSN={1525-7797 1526-4602}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bm100719d}, DOI={10.1021/bm100719d}, abstractNote={Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) or nanowhiskers produced from sulfuric acid hydrolysis of ramie fibers were used as substrates for surface chemical functionalization with thermoresponsive macromolecules. The CNCs were grafted with poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) brushes via surface-initiated single-electron transfer living radical polymerization (SI-SET-LRP) under various conditions at room temperature. The grafting process was confirmed via Fourier transform IR spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and the different molecular masses of the grafts were quantified and found to depend on the initiator and monomer concentrations used. No observable damage occurred to the CNCs after grafting, as determined by X-ray diffraction. Size exclusion chromatography analyses of polymer chains cleaved from the cellulose nanocrystals indicated that a higher degree of polymerization was achieved by increasing initiator or monomer loading, most likely caused by local heterogeneities yielding higher rates of polymerization. It is expected that suspension stability, interfacial interactions, friction, and other properties of grafted CNCs can be controlled by changes in temperature and provide a unique platform for further development of stimuli-responsive nanomaterials.}, number={10}, journal={Biomacromolecules}, publisher={American Chemical Society (ACS)}, author={Zoppe, Justin O. and Habibi, Youssef and Rojas, Orlando J. and Venditti, Richard A. and Johansson, Leena-Sisko and Efimenko, Kirill and Österberg, Monika and Laine, Janne}, year={2010}, month={Sep}, pages={2683–2691} }
 @article{spence_venditti_habibi_rojas_pawlak_2010, title={The effect of chemical composition on microfibrillar cellulose films from wood pulps: Mechanical processing and physical properties}, volume={101}, ISSN={0960-8524}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2010.02.104}, DOI={10.1016/j.biortech.2010.02.104}, abstractNote={Films of microfibrillated celluloses (MFCs) from pulps of different yields, containing varying amounts of extractives, lignin, and hemicelluloses, were produced by combining refining and high-pressure homogenization techniques. MFC films were produced using a casting-evaporation technique and the physical and mechanical properties (including density, roughness, fold endurance and tensile properties) were determined. Homogenization of bleached and unbleached Kraft pulps gave rise to highly individualized MFCs, but not for thermo-mechanical pulp (TMP). The resulting MFC films had a roughness equivalent to the surface upon which the films were cast. Interestingly, after homogenization, the presence of lignin significantly increased film toughness, tensile index, and elastic modulus. The hornification of fibers through a drying and rewetting cycle prior to refining and homogenization did not produce any significant effect compared to films from never-dried fibers, indicating that MFC films can potentially be made from low-cost recycled cellulosic materials.}, number={15}, journal={Bioresource Technology}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Spence, Kelley L. and Venditti, Richard A. and Habibi, Youssef and Rojas, Orlando J. and Pawlak, Joel J.}, year={2010}, month={Aug}, pages={5961–5968} }
 @article{spence_venditti_rojas_habibi_pawlak_2010, title={The effect of chemical composition on microfibrillar cellulose films from wood pulps: water interactions and physical properties for packaging applications}, volume={17}, ISSN={0969-0239 1572-882X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10570-010-9424-8}, DOI={10.1007/s10570-010-9424-8}, number={4}, journal={Cellulose}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Spence, Kelley L. and Venditti, Richard A. and Rojas, Orlando J. and Habibi, Youssef and Pawlak, Joel J.}, year={2010}, month={May}, pages={835–848} }
 @article{kim_montero_habibi_hinestroza_genzer_argyropoulos_rojas_2009, title={Dispersion of Cellulose Crystallites by Nonionic Surfactants in a Hydrophobic Polymer Matrix}, volume={49}, ISSN={["1548-2634"]}, DOI={10.1002/pen.21417}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={10}, journal={POLYMER ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE}, author={Kim, Jooyoun and Montero, Gerardo and Habibi, Youssef and Hinestroza, Juan P. and Genzer, Jan and Argyropoulos, Dimitris S. and Rojas, Orlando J.}, year={2009}, month={Oct}, pages={2054–2061} }
 @article{rojas_montero_habibi_2009, title={Electrospun Nanocomposites from Polystyrene Loaded with Cellulose Nanowhiskers}, volume={113}, ISSN={["1097-4628"]}, DOI={10.1002/app.30011}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE}, author={Rojas, Orlando J. and Montero, Gerardo A. and Habibi, Youssef}, year={2009}, month={Jul}, pages={927–935} }
 @inbook{rojas_lucia_habibi_stubenrauch_2009, title={Interfacial properties of sugar-based surfactants}, ISBN={9781893997677}, booktitle={Bio-based surfactants and detergents: Synthesis, properties, and applications}, publisher={Urbana, IL: AOCS Press}, author={Rojas, O. J. and Lucia, L. A. and Habibi, Y. and Stubenrauch, C.}, year={2009} }
 @article{habibi_mahrouz_vignon_2009, title={Microfibrillated cellulose from the peel of prickly pear fruits}, volume={115}, ISSN={["0308-8146"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.12.034}, abstractNote={Cellulose microfibrils were isolated from the skin of Opuntia ficus indica (prickly pear fruits). Defatted skin powder was processed through consecutive extraction steps in order to remove mucilage, pectin and hemicelluloses. The cellulosic residue was made up of disencrusted cell-ghosts, having ovoid or elongated shapes, as revealed by optical microscopy. Transmission electron microscopy showed that, at the ultrastructural level, the cell walls of these cell-ghosts consisted of a loose network of cellulose microfibrils. This residue was subjected to mechanical homogenisation, leading to a stable and non-flocculating suspension by cellulose microfibril individualisation. This cellulosic material was characterised in terms of chemical composition, morphology and crystallinity, using sugar analyses, transmission electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction, as well as solid state NMR 13C spectroscopy.}, number={2}, journal={FOOD CHEMISTRY}, author={Habibi, Youssef and Mahrouz, Mostafa and Vignon, Michel R.}, year={2009}, month={Jul}, pages={423–429} }
 @article{cao_habibi_lucia_2009, title={One-pot polymerization, surface grafting, and processing of waterborne polyurethane-cellulose nanocrystal nanocomposites}, volume={19}, ISSN={["1364-5501"]}, DOI={10.1039/b910517d}, abstractNote={A series of new waterborne polyurethane (WPU)/cellulose nanocrystal (CN) composites have been successfully synthesized viain situpolymerization. The conditions were optimized to induce the grafting of part of the pre-synthesized WPU chains on the surface of cellulose nanocrystals (CNs) and the corresponding nanocomposites were processed by casting and evaporation. The morphology, structural, thermal, and mechanical properties of the resulting nanocomposite films were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy, wide-angle X-ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry, dynamic mechanical analysis, and tensile tests. The success of the grafting was substantiated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry. Thus, it was demonstrated that the grafted WPU chains formed crystalline domains on the surface of CNs which expedited the crystallization of the polycaprolactone (PCL) soft segment domains in the WPU/CN nanocomposites. This co-crystallization phenomenon induced the formation of a co-continuous phase between the matrix and filler which significantly enhanced the interfacial adhesion and consequently contributed to an improvement in the thermal stability and mechanical strength of the nanocomposites. Although the ductility of the final nanocomposites was slightly reduced, in the CN content range from 0 to 10 wt-%, the Young's modulus and strength were significantly improved as shown by the change from 1.7 to 107.4 MPa and 4.4 to 9.7 MPa, respectively.}, number={38}, journal={JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY}, author={Cao, Xiaodong and Habibi, Youssef and Lucia, Lucian A.}, year={2009}, pages={7137–7145} }
 @article{zoppe_peresin_habibi_venditti_rojas_2009, title={Reinforcing Poly(ε-caprolactone) Nanofibers with Cellulose Nanocrystals}, volume={1}, ISSN={1944-8244 1944-8252}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/am9003705}, DOI={10.1021/am9003705}, abstractNote={We studied the use of cellulose nanocrystals (CNXs) obtained after acid hydrolysis of ramie cellulose fibers to reinforce poly(epsilon-caprolactone) (PCL) nanofibers. Chemical grafting with low-molecular-weight PCL diol onto the CNXs was carried out in an attempt to improve the interfacial adhesion with the fiber matrix. Grafting was confirmed via infrared spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analyses. The polymer matrix consisted of electrospun nanofibers that were collected as nonwoven webs. The morphology as well as thermal and mechanical properties of filled and unfilled nanofibers were elucidated by scanning electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and dynamic mechanical analysis, respectively. The addition of CNXs into PCL produced minimal changes in the thermal behavior of the electrospun fibers. However, a significant improvement in the mechanical properties of the nanofibers after reinforcement with unmodified CNXs was confirmed. Fiber webs from PCL reinforced with 2.5% unmodified CNXs showed ca. 1.5-fold increase in Young's modulus and the ultimate strength compared to PCL webs. Compared to the case of grafted nanocrystals, the unmodified ones imparted better morphological homogeneity to the nanofibrillar structure. The grafted nanocrystals had a negative effect on the morphology of nonwoven webs in which individual nanofibers became annealed during the electrospinning process and, therefore, could not be compared to neat PCL nonwoven webs. A rationalization for the different effects of grafted and unmodified CNXs in reinforcing PCL nanofibers is provided.}, number={9}, journal={ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces}, publisher={American Chemical Society (ACS)}, author={Zoppe, Justin O. and Peresin, Maria S. and Habibi, Youssef and Venditti, Richard A. and Rojas, Orlando J.}, year={2009}, month={Aug}, pages={1996–2004} }