@article{lahiri_orr_sorenson_cardoza_2017, title={Behavior of Telenomus podisi (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae) Adults under Overwintering Conditions(1)}, volume={52}, ISSN={["0749-8004"]}, DOI={10.18474/jes16-06.1}, abstractNote={Abstract  To assess overwintering refuge preferences by Telenomus podisi Ashmead, artificial refuges of varying geometries and composition were provided to wasps when exposed to overwintering conditions in an environmental chamber. Field sampling of leaf-litter and tree bark was also used in an effort to determine site preference of overwintering wasps. Under artificial overwintering conditions, wasps preferred to hang inverted while quiescent, regardless of the refuge design, indicating behavior that avoids precipitation or extreme temperature fluctuations during overwintering in field conditions. Wasps preferred refuges with wider gaps between upper and lower surfaces, avoiding spaces that were narrower than their standing height. Parasitoids also preferred settling at least 60 mm from refuge edges. Results suggest that T. podisi has a preference for the type of overwintering refuge that leaf-litter may offer.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGICAL SCIENCE}, author={Lahiri, Sriyanka and Orr, David and Sorenson, Clyde and Cardoza, Yasmin J.}, year={2017}, month={Jan}, pages={15–28} }
 @article{chu_klobasa_wu_pinzi_grubbs_gorski_cardoza_lorenzen_2017, title={Germline transformation of the western corn rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera}, volume={26}, ISSN={0962-1075}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/imb.12305}, DOI={10.1111/imb.12305}, abstractNote={The western corn rootworm (WCR), a major pest of maize, is notorious for rapidly adapting biochemically, behaviourally and developmentally to a variety of control methods. Despite much effort, the genetic basis of WCR adaptation remains a mystery. Since transformation‐based applications such as transposon tagging and enhancer trapping have facilitated genetic dissection of model species such as Drosophila melanogaster, we developed a germline‐transformation system for WCR in an effort to gain a greater understanding of the basic biology of this economically important insect. Here we report the use of a fluorescent‐marked Minos element to create transgenic WCR. We demonstrate that the transgenic strains express both an eye‐specific fluorescent marker and piggyBac transposase. We identified insertion‐site junction sequences via inverse PCR and assessed insertion copy number using digital droplet PCR (ddPCR). Interestingly, most WCR identified as transgenic via visual screening for DsRed fluorescence proved to carry multiple Minos insertions when tested via ddPCR. A total of eight unique insertion strains were created by outcrossing the initial transgenic strains to nontransgenic WCR mates. Establishing transgenic technologies for this beetle is the first step towards bringing a wide range of transformation‐based tools to bear on understanding WCR biology.}, number={4}, journal={Insect Molecular Biology}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Chu, F. and Klobasa, W. and Wu, P. and Pinzi, S. and Grubbs, N. and Gorski, S. and Cardoza, Y. and Lorenzen, M. D.}, year={2017}, month={Apr}, pages={440–452} }
 @article{lahiri_orr_cardoza_sorenson_2017, title={Longevity and fecundity of the egg parasitoid Telenomus podisi provided with different carbohydrate diets}, volume={162}, DOI={10.1111/eea.12531}, abstractNote={In order for successful biological pest control using parasitoids, the most suitable naturally available food resources, as well as the fitness of parasitoids feeding on these resources, need to be ascertained. The goal of this study was to improve the understanding of the ecological requirements and consequent fitness of one such parasitoid, Telenomus podisi Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae), a predominant stink bug (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) egg parasitoid native to southeastern USA. We assessed the effects of carbohydrate resources readily available in the wasp's natural habitat on longevity and fecundity of female T. podisi under laboratory conditions. Carbohydrate diets included in the study were buckwheat, Fagopyrum esculentum Moench (Polygonaceae) nectar and honeydew from cowpea aphid, Aphis craccivora Koch (Hemiptera: Aphididae), compared with honey or water controls, which are normally used for laboratory rearing of this species. Eggs of Podisus maculiventris Say (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) were provided as hosts for oviposition. Honeydew of cowpea aphid proved to be as good a nutrition source as buckwheat nectar, in enhancing wasp longevity and fecundity. We also assessed the importance of honeydew freshness on the biological attributes of T. podisi, as honeydew becomes crystallized or highly viscous on drying up and therefore may pose an issue for uptake by parasitoids. We found that fresh honeydew of the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum Harris (Hemiptera: Aphididae) significantly enhanced wasp longevity when compared to a diet of 1‐day‐old honeydew and the fava bean leaf (control). However, fresh honeydew of green peach aphid, Myzus persicae Sulzer (Hemiptera: Aphididae) had the same effect on wasp longevity, fecundity, and proportion of male progeny as radish leaf (control). The potential of certain ubiquitously available food resources, in enhancing biological control of economically damaging pests by parasitoids, is being highlighted in this study; information which could be valuable in similar parasitoid‐host systems as well.}, number={2}, journal={Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata}, author={Lahiri, S. and Orr, D. and Cardoza, Y. J. and Sorenson, C.}, year={2017}, pages={178–187} }
 @article{adams_orr_arellano_cardoza_2017, title={Soil and Foliar Arthropod Abundance and Diversity in Five Cropping Systems in the Coastal Plains of North Carolina}, volume={46}, ISSN={["1938-2936"]}, DOI={10.1093/ee/nvx081}, abstractNote={Abstract Soil and foliar arthropod populations in agricultural settings respond to environmental disturbance and degradation, impacting functional biodiversity in agroecosystems. The objective of this study was to evaluate system level management effects on soil and foliar arthropod abundance and diversity in corn and soybean. Our field experiment was a completely randomized block design with three replicates for five farming systems which included: Conventional clean till, conventional long rotation, conventional no-till, organic clean till, and organic reduced till. Soil arthropod sampling was accomplished by pitfall trapping. Foliar arthropod sampling was accomplished by scouting corn and sweep netting soybean. Overall soil arthropod abundance was significantly impacted by cropping in corn and for foliar arthropods in soybeans. Conventional long rotation and organic clean till systems were highest in overall soil arthropod abundance for corn while organic reduced till systems exceeded all other systems for overall foliar arthropod abundance in soybeans. Foliar arthropod abundance over sampling weeks was significantly impacted by cropping system and is suspected to be the result of in-field weed and cover crop cultivation practices. This suggests that the sum of management practices within production systems impact soil and foliar arthropod abundance and diversity and that the effects of these systems are dynamic over the cropping season. Changes in diversity may be explained by weed management practices as sources of disturbance and reduced arthropod refuges via weed reduction. Furthermore, our results suggest agricultural systems lower in management intensity, whether due to organic practices or reduced levels of disturbance, foster greater arthropod diversity.}, number={4}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY}, author={Adams, Paul R., III and Orr, David B. and Arellano, Consuelo and Cardoza, Yasmin J.}, year={2017}, month={Aug}, pages={771–783} }
 @article{milla-lewis_youngs_arrellano_cardoza_2017, title={Tolerance in St. Augustinegrass Germplasm against Blissus insularis Barber (Hemiptera: Blissidae)}, volume={57}, ISSN={["1435-0653"]}, DOI={10.2135/cropsci2016.05.0361}, abstractNote={St. Augustinegrass [Stenotaphrum secundatum (Walt.) Kuntze] is a widely used lawn grass in the southern United States due to its stoloniferous growth habit and shade tolerance. However, St. Augustinegrass is prone to thatch accumulation, which is conducive to pest problems, with the southern chinch bug (Blissus insularis Barber, SCB) being the most economically important one. Previous work to identify additional sources of SCB resistance reported genotypes with comparatively high numbers of recovered insects but low damage ratings. This study was conducted (i) to evaluate the performance of these materials in response to varying SCB feeding densities, and (ii) to determine feeding and oviposition under no-choice scenarios. Genotypes exposed to 0, 10, or 30 adult SCBs were evaluated after 4 wk for damage and insect survival. Significant differences were observed among genotypes. Across infestation levels, while recovered insect numbers for susceptible check ‘Seville’ and plant introductions 509038 and 509039 were not significantly different, damage ratings were significantly lower for the latter, indicating that these materials were tolerant to SCB feeding. In the no-choice experiments, survival levels of both males and females on week 4 were significantly lower for resistant check ‘FX10’, PI 365031, and PI 289729. These genotypes, along with PIs 291594, 300129, and 647924, showed significantly lower SCB oviposition and feeding compared with Seville. Our study was able to confirm that two PIs display tolerance to SCB feeding, and five additional PIs have antibiosis activity against adult SCB (likely antibiosis), representing sources of SCB resistance for future St. Augustinegrass breeding efforts. S.R. Milla-Lewis, Dep. of Crop and Soil Sciences, North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC 27695-7620; K.M. Youngs and Y.J. Cardoza, Dep. of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC 27695-7613; C. Arrellano, Dep. of Statistics, North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC 27695-8203. Received 20 May 2016. Accepted 1 Dec. 2016. *Corresponding author (susana_millalewis@ncsu.edu). Assigned to Associate Editor Ambika Chandra. Abbreviations: FPLI, functional plant loss index; PI, plant introduction; SCB, southern chinch bug. Published in Crop Sci. 57:S-26–S-36 (2017). doi: 10.2135/cropsci2016.05.0361 © Crop Science Society of America | 5585 Guilford Rd., Madison, WI 53711 USA This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Published August 16, 2017}, journal={CROP SCIENCE}, author={Milla-Lewis, Susana R. and Youngs, Katharine M. and Arrellano, Consuelo and Cardoza, Yasmin J.}, year={2017}, pages={S26–S36} }
 @article{ye_yu_kanzaki_adams_cardoza_2015, title={Characterisation of, and entomopathogenic studies on, Pristionchus aerivorus (Cobb in Merrill & Ford, 1916) Chitwood, 1937 (Rhabditida: Diplogastridae) from North Carolina, USA}, volume={17}, ISSN={["1388-5545"]}, DOI={10.1163/15685411-00002891}, abstractNote={During a survey of entomopathogenic nematodes in North Carolina, USA, a Pristionchusspecies was recovered using the Galleriabait method. Morphological studies with light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy, mating tests with reference strains, as well as molecular analyses of the near-full-length small subunit rRNA gene (18S) and D2-D3 expansion segments of the large subunit rRNA gene (28S) identified this isolate as Pristionchus aerivorus. Exposed Gallerialarvae were killed within 48 h and high numbers of nematodes were recovered from the cadavers about 5 days later. Preliminary tests revealed that this nematode is capable of infecting at least two other insect species ( Helicoverpa zeaand Tenebrio molitor) under laboratory conditions. The status of the genus Chroniodiplogasteris discussed and confirmed as a junior synonym of Pristionchusbased on morphological observation and molecular phylogenetic analysis.}, journal={NEMATOLOGY}, author={Ye, Weimin and Yu, Qing and Kanzaki, Natsumi and Adams, Paul R. and Cardoza, Yasmin J.}, year={2015}, pages={567–580} }
 @article{cardoza_drake_jordan_schroeder-moreno_arellano_brandenburg_2015, title={Impact of Location, Cropping History, Tillage, and Chlorpyrifos on Soil Arthropods in Peanut}, volume={44}, ISSN={["1938-2936"]}, DOI={10.1093/ee/nvv074}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT Demand for agricultural production systems that are both economically viable and environmentally conscious continues to increase. In recent years, reduced tillage systems, and grass and pasture rotations have been investigated to help maintain or improve soil quality, increase crop yield, and decrease labor requirements for production. However, documentation of the effects of reduced tillage, fescue rotation systems as well as other management practices, including pesticides, on pest damage and soil arthropod activity in peanut production for the Mid-Atlantic US region is still limited. Therefore, this project was implemented to assess impacts of fescue-based rotation systems on pests and other soil organisms when compared with cash crop rotation systems over four locations in eastern North Carolina. In addition, the effects of tillage (strip vs. conventional) and soil chlorpyrifos application on pod damage and soil-dwelling organisms were also evaluated. Soil arthropod populations were assessed by deploying pitfall traps containing 50% ethanol in each of the sampled plots. Results from the present study provide evidence that location significantly impacts pest damage and soil arthropod diversity in peanut fields. Cropping history also influenced arthropod diversity, with higher diversity in fescue compared with cash crop fields. Corn rootworm damage to pods was higher at one of our locations (Rocky Mount) compared with all others. Cropping history (fescue vs. cash crop) did not have an effect on rootworm damage, but increased numbers of hymenopterans, acarina, heteropterans, and collembolans in fescue compared with cash crop fields. Interestingly, there was an overall tendency for higher number of soil arthropods in traps placed in chlorpyrifos-treated plots compared with nontreated controls.}, number={4}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY}, author={Cardoza, Yasmin J. and Drake, Wendy L. and Jordan, David L. and Schroeder-Moreno, Michelle S. and Arellano, Consuelo and Brandenburg, Rick L.}, year={2015}, month={Aug}, pages={951–959} }
 @article{lahiri_orr_sorenson_cardoza_2015, title={Overwintering refuge sites for Megacopta cribraria (Hemiptera: Plataspidae)}, volume={50}, DOI={10.18474/0749-8004-50.1.69}, abstractNote={Megacopta cribraria F. (Hemiptera: Plataspidae) was first reported in the United States near Atlanta, Georgia, in fall 2009 (Suiter et al. 2010, J. Integr. Pest Manag. 1: 1–4) and has since spread throughout the southeastern United States (http:// www.kudzubug.org/distribution_map.cfm). In Asia and the United States, it is commonly associated with its preferred host plant, kudzu, Pueraria montana Lour (Merr.) var. lobata (Willd.) (Fabales: Fabaceae) (Medal et al. 2013, Fla. Entomol. 96: 631–633). Nonetheless, M. cribraria has emerged as a significant pest of soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merrill and may damage a few other legumes in the United States (Eger et al. 2010, Insecta Mundi 0121: 1–11; Hu and Carroll 2012, htpp://agfax.com/2012/05/18/Alabama-soybean-kudzubugs-making-their-move/). In Georgia and South Carolina, yield losses in untreated soybean fields averaged 18% and ranged up to 59.6% (Greene et al. 2012, United Soybean Board, Chesterfield, MO; Seiter et al. 2012, J. Econ. Entomol. 106: 1676–1683). Apart from being odoriferous, crushed nymphs have reportedly caused skin rashes, thereby raising health concerns for workers in soybean fields (Ruberson et al. 2013, Appl Entomol Zool. 48: 3–13). Megacopta cribraria is also viewed as a nuisance pest in fall through spring when adults aggregate on or around homes to overwinter, apparently close to kudzu patches (Eger et al. 2010, Insecta Mundi 0121: 1–11; Ruberson et al. 2013). Little is known about the biology and ecology of M. cribraria in North America. Prominently, we do not understand their behavior and population dynamics when host plants are not available, as in the winter. Knowledge of the overwintering behavior and biology of this species could inform surveillance and management. This study was undertaken to identify overwintering refuge areas preferred by M.}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Entomological Science}, author={Lahiri, S. and Orr, D. and Sorenson, C. and Cardoza, Y.}, year={2015}, pages={69–73} }
 @article{fox_orr_cardoza_2015, title={The Influence of Habitat Manipulations on Beneficial Ground-Dwelling Arthropods in a Southeast US Organic Cropping System}, volume={44}, ISSN={["1938-2936"]}, DOI={10.1093/ee/nvu002}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT Habitat manipulations, intentional provisioning of natural vegetation along crop edges, have been shown to enhance beneficial epigaeic invertebrate activity in many agricultural settings, but little research has been conducted on this practice in the southeast United States. We conducted a field-scale study to determine if habitat manipulations along the field edges of an organic crop rotation increase the activity—density of beneficial ground-dwelling invertebrates. Pitfall traps were used to collect micro and macro ground-dwelling organisms in nine organic crop fields (three each of maize, soybeans, and hay; 2.5–4.0 ha each) surrounded by four experimental habitat manipulations (planted native grass and prairie flowers, planted prairie flowers only, fallow vegetation, or mowed vegetation) during 2009 and 2010 in eastern North Carolina. Beneficial macro and micro invertebrates collected in these pitfall traps consisted primarily of Carabidae, Araneae, Collembola, and mite species. Results show that habitat manipulations had little effect on the activity—density of the dominant epigaeic invertebrates in our study system. Our results suggest that the activity—density of these organisms were instead determined by a combination of in-field characteristics, such as crop type, weed management practices, and within-field resources, along with the diversity of crop type in neighboring fields and the availability of other resources in the area.}, number={1}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY}, author={Fox, Aaron F. and Orr, David B. and Cardoza, Yasmin J.}, year={2015}, month={Feb}, pages={114–121} }
 @article{youngs_milla-lewis_brandenburg_cardoza_2014, title={St. Augustinegrass Germplasm Resistant to Blissus insularis (Hemiptera: Blissidae)}, volume={107}, ISSN={["1938-291X"]}, DOI={10.1603/ec14044}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT 
 St. Augustinegrass (Stenotaphrum secundatum (Walter) Kuntze) is an economically important turfgrass in the southeastern United States. However, this turf species is prone to southern chinch bug, Blissus insularis Barber (Heteroptera: Blissidae) outbreaks. This insect is the most destructive pest of St. Augustinegrass wherever this turfgrass is grown. Host plant resistance has historically been an effective management tool for southern chinch bug. Since 1973, the ‘Floratam’ St. Augustinegrass cultivar effectively controlled southern chinch bug in the southeast. However, southern chinch bug populations from Florida and Texas have now circumvented this resistance, through mechanisms still unknown. Therefore, identifying and deployingnewcultivars with resistance to the southern chinch bug is imperative to combat this pest in an economically and environmentally sustainable manner. Currently, the number of cultivars with resistance against southern chinch bug is limited, and their efficacy, climatic adaptability, and aesthetic characters are variable. Hence, the main focus of this study is the identification of alternative sources of resistance to southern chinch bugs in previously uncharacterized St. Augustinegrass plant introductions (PIs) and its closely related, crossbreeding species, Pembagrass (Stenotaphrum dimidiatum (L.) Brongniart). The PIs exhibited a wide range of responses to southern chinch bug feeding, as indicated by damage ratings. Damage ratings for seven PIs grouped with our resistant reference cultivars. Moreover, nine PIs exhibited antibiosis, based on poor development of southern chinch bug neonates, when compared with our susceptible reference cultivars. Altogether our study has produced strong support to indicate these materials are good candidates for future southern chinch bug resistance breeding in St. Augustinegrass.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Youngs, Katharine M. and Milla-Lewis, Susana R. and Brandenburg, Rick L. and Cardoza, Yasmin J.}, year={2014}, month={Aug}, pages={1688–1694} }
 @article{weldon_cardoza_vander meer_hoffmann_daly_spande_2013, title={Contact toxicities of anuran skin alkaloids against the fire ant (Solenopsis invicta)}, volume={100}, ISSN={["1432-1904"]}, DOI={10.1007/s00114-013-1010-0}, abstractNote={Nearly 500 alkaloids, representing over 20 structural classes, have been identified from the skin of neotropical poison frogs (Dendrobatidae). These cutaneous compounds, which are derived from arthropod prey of the frogs, generally are believed to deter predators. We tested the red imported fire ant (Solenopsis invicta) for toxicosis following contact with 20 alkaloids (12 structural classes) identified from dendrobatids or other anurans. Individual ants forced to contact the dried residues of 13 compounds exhibited convulsions and/or reduced ambulation. We estimated the cutaneous concentrations of several compounds based on their reported recoveries from skin extracts of free-ranging frogs and our measurements of the skin surface areas of museum specimens. Pumiliotoxin 251D exhibited contact toxicity below its estimated cutaneous concentration in the Ecuadorian frog, Epipedobates anthonyi, an observation consistent with the hypothesized role of this compound in anuran chemical defense. Our results and those of a previous study of mosquitoes indicate that some anuran skin compounds function defensively as contact toxins against arthropods, permeating their exoskeleton.}, number={2}, journal={NATURWISSENSCHAFTEN}, author={Weldon, Paul J. and Cardoza, Yasmin J. and Vander Meer, Robert K. and Hoffmann, W. Clint and Daly, John W. and Spande, Thomas F.}, year={2013}, month={Feb}, pages={185–192} }
 @article{silva-leal_torres-lozada_cardoza_2013, title={Thermal Drying and Alkaline Treatment of Biosolids: Effects on Nitrogen Mineralization}, volume={41}, ISSN={["1863-0669"]}, DOI={10.1002/clen.201100681}, abstractNote={Biosolids from the Caneveralejo WWTP were dehydrated by filter press and then applied two processes to reduce pathogens (PRP): thermally dried biosolid (TDB) and alkalinized biosolid (AB). Untreated, dehydrated biosolid (DB) was used as a control. We evaluated the impact of thermal drying and alkaline treatments on nitrogen mineralization in these substrates. Moreover, agronomic rates for biosolid applications to sugarcane were estimated for each of the treatments leading to application rates of 35.8, 36.4, and 54.5 t/ha for DB, TDB, and AB, respectively, to meet the nitrogen requirement (200 kg N/ha) for sugarcane cultivation (Saccharum officinarum). The results showed that the biosolid rates used increased the mineral nitrogen content of soils by an average of 93.8 and 439.8 mg/kg for all biosolids and the PRP (thermal drying and alkaline treatment) in biosolids had significant effects on mineralization rate, showing better results for the TDBs.}, number={3}, journal={CLEAN-SOIL AIR WATER}, author={Silva-Leal, Jorge and Torres-Lozada, Patricia and Cardoza, Yasmin J.}, year={2013}, month={Mar}, pages={298–303} }
 @article{cardoza_buhler_2012, title={Soil organic amendment impacts on corn resistance to Helicoverpa zea: Constitutive or induced?}, volume={55}, ISSN={["0031-4056"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.pedobi.2012.08.002}, abstractNote={Earthworm produced compost or vermicompost has been shown to improve plant growth and productivity. Vermicompost amendment to the soil also results in plant resistance to arthropod pests. In the present study we used corn, Zea mays L., and the corn earworm, Helicoverpa zea Boddie (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) to investigate the effects of two vermicompost sources Oregon (OSC) and Raleigh (Ral) and previous feeding by H. zea larvae on the response and preference of immature and adult stages of the insect to corn plants. Results from our study show that Ral and OSC vermicompost were both effective in inducing corn antixenosis (non preference) and antibiosis (lower performance) resistance to H. zea that is effective against adult (decreased oviposition) and immature insect stages (lower immature weight gain and survival), respectively. We also found that previous conspecific induction appears to have a phagostimulatory effect on larval vermicompost leaf tissue consumption, especially for the Ral treatment. Conspecific induction also buffered the resistance effects of the vermicompost resulting in a stimulatory effect on oviposition by adults. The potential factors leading to the insect responses observed are discussed within the context of previous studies evaluating vermicompost-mediated resistance to pests.}, number={6}, journal={PEDOBIOLOGIA}, author={Cardoza, Yasmin J. and Buhler, Wayne G.}, year={2012}, pages={343–347} }
 @article{cardoza_2011, title={Arabidopsis thaliana resistance to insects, mediated by an earthworm-produced organic soil amendment}, volume={67}, ISSN={["1526-4998"]}, DOI={10.1002/ps.2059}, abstractNote={BACKGROUND
Vermicompost is an organic soil amendment produced by earthworm digestion of organic waste. Studies show that plants grown in soil amended with vermicompost grow faster, are more productive and are less susceptible to a number of arthropod pests. In light of these studies, the present study was designed to determine the type of insect resistance (antixenosis or antibiosis) present in plants grown in vermicompost-amended potting soil. Additionally, the potential role of microarthropods, entomopathogenic organisms and non-pathogenic microbial flora found in vermicompost on insect resistance induction was investigated.


RESULTS
Findings show that vermicompost from two different sources (Raleigh, North Carolina, and Portland, Oregon) were both effective in causing Arabidopsis plants to be resistant to the generalist herbivore Helicoverpa zea (Boddie). However, while the Raleigh (Ral) vermicompost plant resistance was expressed as both non-preference (antixenosis) and milder (lower weight and slower development) toxic effect (antibiosis) resistance, Oregon (OSC) vermicompost plant resistance was expressed as acute antibiosis, resulting in lower weights and higher mortality rates.


CONCLUSION
Vermicompost causes plants to have non-preference (antixenosis) and toxic (antibiosis) effects on insects. This resistance affects insect development and survival on plants grown in vermicompost-amended soil. Microarthropods and entomopathogens do not appear to have a role in the resistance, but it is likely that resistance is due to interactions between the microbial communities in vermicompost with plant roots, as is evident from vermicompost sterilization assays conducted in this study.}, number={2}, journal={PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE}, author={Cardoza, Yasmin J.}, year={2011}, month={Feb}, pages={233–238} }
 @article{little_arellano_kennedy_cardoza_2011, title={Bottom-up effects mediated by an organic soil amendment on the cabbage aphid pests Myzus persicae and Brevicoryne brassicae}, volume={139}, ISSN={["1570-7458"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1570-7458.2011.01112.x}, abstractNote={Earthworm‐produced compost or vermicompost has been shown to increase resistance of plants to a variety of insect pests, but it is still unclear whether this resistance is dose dependent and whether the mechanisms responsible are the same for insect species with differing feeding habits and preferences. Therefore, we tested the effects of plants grown in various vermicompost concentrations (0, 20, 40, and 60%) on the preference and performance of generalist, Myzus persicae L., and specialist, Brevicoryne brassicae L. (both Hemiptera: Aphididae), aphid pests. Preference was evaluated with leaf disk (apterous) and whole plant (alate) choice assays. After 24 h of feeding, there was no significant negative effect on the feeding preference noted for apterae of either species of any of the treatments tested. To the contrary, apterae B. brassicae showed a significant preference for vermicompost treatments over control leaf disks. Alate M. persicae preferred alighting on control plants over vermicompost‐grown plants, but B. brassicae showed no preference toward any of the treatments tested. Both aphid species deposited significantly more nymphs on control plants than on those grown in 20% vermicompost. Furthermore, plants grown in soil amended with 20% vermicompost significantly suppressed mass accumulation, as well as numbers of adults and nymphs of both aphid species compared to controls. These data clearly show that vermicompost soil amendments can significantly influence pest aphid preference and performance on plants and that these effects are not dose dependent, but rather species and morph dependent.}, number={2}, journal={ENTOMOLOGIA EXPERIMENTALIS ET APPLICATA}, author={Little, Amos G. and Arellano, Consuelo and Kennedy, George G. and Cardoza, Yasmin J.}, year={2011}, month={May}, pages={111–119} }
 @article{torres-barragan_suazo_buhler_cardoza_2011, title={Studies on the entomopathogenicity and bacterial associates of the nematode Oscheius carolinensis}, volume={59}, ISSN={["1090-2112"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.biocontrol.2011.05.020}, abstractNote={The entomopathogenic potential of Oscheius carolinensis (Nematoda: Rhabditidae), a recently described nematode species, was tested on various developmental stages of five insect species. The nematode penetrated, killed, and reproduced in all of the insect species tested; however, some insect developmental stages proved more susceptible to infection than others. O. carolinensis was consistently associated with four bacterial species, one of which, Serratia marcescens, appears to be carried on the cuticle of the nematodes and through its association provides the worms with entomopathogenic potential. In manual inoculation assays, S. marcescens killed fourth-instar Helicoverpa zea larvae within 24 h at concentrations as low as 330 μg/mL (3.96 × 103 CFU). Another species, Enterococcus mundtii, inflicted levels of mortality of 33.3% only after mechanical wounding (pin-pricking) of H. zea and at much higher concentrations. A third species, Achromobacter xylosoxidans, did not cause mortality even at the highest dose tested (500 mg/mL or 6 × 106 CFU), with or without wounding. The fourth species, Providencia rettgeri, predominant in ground-up surface sterilized nematodes, caused low levels of mortality (25%) when manually applied to pin-picked larvae larvae. Nematodes did not performed well on insect hosts after surface sterilization; nonetheless, it is possible that P. rettgeri in combination with S. marcescens is responsible for the facultative insect colonization ability of O. carolinensis. Based on results from this study it would appear that O. carolinensis association with its bacteria allows the nematode a dual life: style as an entomopathogen when associated with S. macescens, and to an extent with P. rettgeri, and as a free-living entity when associated with all others. Further studies of are needed to fully characterize the association between O. carolinensis and S. marcescens, to determine the exact role of the bacterial associates in the nematode’s ecology and to assess this nematode’s applicability for agricultural insect pest management.}, number={2}, journal={BIOLOGICAL CONTROL}, author={Torres-Barragan, Andrea and Suazo, Alonso and Buhler, Wayne G. and Cardoza, Yasmin J.}, year={2011}, month={Nov}, pages={123–129} }
 @article{ye_torres-barragan_cardoza_2010, title={Oscheius carolinensis n. sp (Nematoda: Rhabditidae), a potential entomopathogenic nematode from vermicompost}, volume={12}, ISSN={["1388-5545"]}, DOI={10.1163/156854109x458464}, abstractNote={Summary – Oscheius carolinensis n. sp. (Rhabditidae) was recovered through the Galleria bait method from vermicompost produced in Raleigh, NC, USA. Morphological studies with light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy, as well as molecular analyses of the near-full-length small subunit rDNA gene (SSU), D2/D3 expansion segments of the large subunit rDNA gene (LSU) and internal transcribed spacer (ITS), revealed this as a new species, described herein as Oscheius carolinensis n. sp. The new species is characterised by a combination of characters including its unique DNA sequences, amphimictic reproduction, six separate lips with bristle-like sensilla, lateral field with four lines, leptoderan and open male bursa, arrangement of bursal papillae 1 + 1 + 1/3 + 3 + ph, evenly spaced first, second and third papillae, and separate spicules that are distally shaped like a crochet needle. Oscheius carolinensis n. sp. belongs to the Insectivorus-group and is closest to O. colombianus, O. chongmingensis n. comb., O. insectivorus and O. lucianii. A Bacillus-like bacterium appears to be associated with this nematode, based on our microscopic and SEM observations. Exposed Galleria larvae were killed within 5 days and numerous nematodes were recovered from the cadavers within 48 h. Preliminary tests revealed that this nematode is capable of infecting at least two other insect species (Pieris rapae and Tenebrio molitor) under laboratory conditions and therefore has potential as a biological control agent. The status of Heterorhabditidoides chongmingensis is discussed, the genus is proposed as a junior synonym of Oscheius ,a ndO. chongmingensis n. comb. is proposed.}, journal={NEMATOLOGY}, author={Ye, Weimin and Torres-Barragan, Andrea and Cardoza, Yasmin J.}, year={2010}, pages={121–135} }
 @article{adams_currie_cardoza_klepzig_raffa_2009, title={Effects of symbiotic bacteria and tree chemistry on the growth and reproduction of bark beetle fungal symbionts}, volume={39}, ISSN={["1208-6037"]}, DOI={10.1139/X09-034}, abstractNote={Bark beetles are associated with diverse assemblages of microorganisms, many of which affect their interac- tions with host plants and natural enemies. We tested how bacterial associates of three bark beetles with various types of host relationships affect growth and reproduction of their symbiotic fungi. Fungi were exposed to volatiles from bacteria in an arena that imposed physical separation but shared airspace. We also exposed fungi to vapors of the host compound, a-pinene, and to combinations of bacterial volatiles and a-pinene. Bacterial volatiles commonly stimulated growth of Leptographium procerum (W.B. Kendr.) M.J. Wingf. and Grosmannia clavigera (Rob.-Jeffr. & R.W. Davidson) Zipfel, Z.W. de Beer & Wingf., which are symbiotic fungi of Dendroctonus valens LeConte and Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins, respectively. They less commonly stimulated growth of Ophiostoma ips (Rumbold) Nannf., which is associated with Ips grandicollis Eichhoff. Some bacteria inhibited L. procerum, Ophiostoma montium (Rumbold) von Arx (another associate of D. ponderosae), and O. ips. Bacteria greatly stimulated spore production of symbionts of D. valens and D. ponderosae. a-Pinene strongly affected some of these relationships, causing amplification, reduction, or reversal of the interactions among the bacteria and fungi. Our results show that some bacteria associated with bark beetles directly affect fungal sym- bionts and interact with tree chemistry to affect fungal growth and sporulation. The strongest effects were induced by bacte- ria associated with beetles adapted to attacking living trees with vigorous defenses, and on fungal reproductive structures. Resume´ : Les scolytes sont associesadivers assemblages de microorganismes dont plusieurs influencent leurs interactions avec les plantes hotes et les ennemis naturels. Nous avons testede quelle facon les bacteries associees atrois scolytes qui ont differents types de relation avec leur hote influencent la croissance et la reproduction de leurs champignons symbio- tiques. Les champignons ont eteexposes aux substances volatiles produites par les bacteries dans un espace ouils etaient physiquement separes mais partageaient le meme espace aerien. Nous avons aussi exposeles champignons ades vapeurs d'a-pinene produit par l'hote et ades combinaisons de substances volatiles produites par les bacteries et d'a-pinene. Les substances volatiles produites par les bacteries ont couramment stimulela croissance de Leptographium procerum (W.B. Kendr.) M.J. Wingf. et de Grosmannia clavigera (Rob.-Jeffr. & R.W. Davidson) Zipfel, Z.W. de Beer & M.J. Wingf., les champignons symbiotiques associes respectivement aDendroctonus valens LeConte et D. ponderosae Hopkins. Ils ont moins frequemment stimulela croissance d'Ophiostoma ips (Rumbold) Nannf. associea Ips grandicollis Eichhoff. Cer- taines bacteries ont inhibeL. procerum, Ophiostoma montium (Rumbold) von Arx, un autre associede D. ponderosae ,e t O. ips. Les bacteries ont fortement stimulela production de spores des symbiotes de D. valens et D. ponderosae .L 'a- pinene a grandement influenceces relations, incluant l'augmentation, la diminution et l'inversion. Nos resultats montrent que certaines bacteries associees a des scolytes influencent directement les symbiotes fongiques et interagissent aussi chi- miquement avec les arbres pour influencer la croissance et la sporulation des champignons. Les effets les plus prononces ont eteprovoques par les bacteries associees aux scolytes capables d'attaquer les arbres vivants dotesd e mecanismes de defense vigoureux et observes sur les structures reproductrices des champignons. (Traduit par la Redaction)}, number={6}, journal={CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH}, author={Adams, A. S. and Currie, C. R. and Cardoza, Y. and Klepzig, K. D. and Raffa, K. F.}, year={2009}, month={Jun}, pages={1133–1147} }
 @article{cardoza_vasanthakumar_suazo_raffa_2009, title={Survey and phylogenetic analysis of culturable microbes in the oral secretions of three bark beetle species}, volume={131}, ISSN={["1570-7458"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1570-7458.2009.00844.x}, abstractNote={In a recent study, we reported a previously undescribed behavior in which a bark beetle exuded oral secretions containing bacteria that have antifungal properties, and hence defend their galleries against pervasive antagonistic Hyphomycete fungi. Actinobacteria, a group known for their antibiotic properties, were the most effective against fungi that invade the spruce beetle galleries. In the present study, we describe the isolation and identification of microorganisms from oral secretions of three bark beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae): the spruce beetle, Dendroctonus rufipennis Kirby, the mountain pine beetle, Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins, and the pine engraver, Ips pini Say. Bacteria isolated from these three species span the major bacterial classes α‐, β‐, and γ‐Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, and Actinobacteria, except for D. ponderosae, which yielded no α‐proteobacteria or Bacteroidetes isolates. Spruce beetles and pine engraver beetles had similar numbers of α‐proteobacteria isolates, but pine engravers yielded twice as many Bacteroidetes isolates as spruce beetles. In contrast, mountain pine beetles yielded more isolates in the β‐ and γ‐proteobacteria than spruce beetles and pine engravers. The highest percentage of Actinobacteria was obtained from spruce beetles, followed by pine engravers and mountain pine beetles. All of the fungal isolates obtained from the three beetle species were Ascomycetes. The greatest fungal diversity was obtained in spruce beetles, which had nine species, followed by pine engravers with five, and mountain pine beetles with one.}, number={2}, journal={ENTOMOLOGIA EXPERIMENTALIS ET APPLICATA}, author={Cardoza, Yasmin J. and Vasanthakumar, Archana and Suazo, Alonso and Raffa, Kenneth F.}, year={2009}, month={May}, pages={138–147} }
 @article{kanzaki_giblin-davis_cardoza_ye_raffa_center_2008, title={Bursaphelenchus rufipennis n. sp (Nematoda: Parasitaphelenchinae) and redescription of Ektaphelenchus obtusus (Nematoda: Ektaphelenchinae), associates from nematangia on the hind wings of Dendroctonus rufipennis (Coleoptera: Scolytidae)}, volume={10}, ISSN={["1388-5545"]}, DOI={10.1163/156854108786161517}, abstractNote={Two species of aphelench, Bursaphelenchus rufipennis n. sp. and Ektaphelenchus obtusus, were isolated from the 'nematangia', cocoon-like structures found at the base of the hind wings of Dendroctonus rufipennis. The nematangia contained adult females of E. obtusus and the dauer juveniles of B. rufipennis n. sp. Only B. rufipennis n. sp. could be cultured on Monilinia fructicola on LGPDA (lactic acid-treated, glycerol-supplemented, potato dextrose agar). The new species of Bursaphelenchus is described and figured and some additional morphological characters are ascribed to E. obtusus, E. josephi, E. sandiaensis, E. smaelus (= E. prolobos) and E. terebranus after examination of type and/or voucher specimens. Bursaphelenchus rufipennis n. sp. has an adult body length of ca 500-1000 μm, medium a ratios (ca 25-38 for females and ca 30-40 for males), b ratios of ca 8-13 (female) and 7-11 (male), c ratios of ca 15-22 (female and male), c′ ratios of ca 3-4 (female) and ca 2-3 (male), and is characterised by three incisures in the lateral field, mitten-shaped spicules and a conical female tail that curves ventrally and possesses a variable tail tip. The new species is morphologically closest to B. corneolus, B. curvicaudatus, B. gerberae, B. paracorneolus and B. talonus. Morphological examination of type and/or voucher specimens of five Ektaphelenchus species revealed coarse transverse body annulation and three pairs of male caudal papillae (except for the two species where males are not described). Clear typological differences were observed among these five Ektaphelenchus species in the structure of the lip region, presence/absence of stylet knobs and male spicule morphology. Although these characters have not been consistently documented in the past, they may be diagnostic for species in the genus. Molecular phylogenetic analysis based on SSU and D2/D3 LSU sequences revealed that B. rufipennis n. sp. was closest to B. paracorneolus and that E. obtusus was closest to species of Ektaphelenchoides and a Cryptaphelenchus sp.}, journal={NEMATOLOGY}, author={Kanzaki, Natsumi and Giblin-Davis, Robin M. and Cardoza, Yasmin J. and Ye, Weimin and Raffa, Kenneth F. and Center, Barbara J.}, year={2008}, pages={925–955} }
 @article{cardoza_moser_klepzig_raffa_2008, title={Multipartite symbioses among fungi, mites, nematodes, and the spruce beetle, Dendroctonus rufipennis}, volume={37}, ISSN={["1938-2936"]}, DOI={10.1603/0046-225X(2008)37[956:MSAFMN]2.0.CO;2}, abstractNote={Abstract The spruce beetle, Dendroctonus rufipennis, is an eruptive forest pest of significant economic and ecological importance. D. rufipennis has symbiotic associations with a number of microorganisms, especially the ophiostomatoid fungus Leptographium abietinum. The nature of this interaction is only partially understood. Additionally, mite and nematode associates can mediate bark beetle-fungal interactions, but this has not yet been studied for spruce beetles. In this study, we found eight mite species associated with spruce beetles: Tarsonemus ips, T. endophloeus, Histiogaster arborsignis, Dendrolaelaps quadrisetus, Proctolaelaps hytricoides, Trichouropoda alascae, T. n. sp. nr dalarenaensis, and Urobovella n. sp 767. The most prevalent species was H. arborsignis. In addition, 75% of beetles examined carried nematodes, with six species represented. These included a new species of Parasitorhabditis, Ektaphelenchus obtusus, Bursaphelenchus n. sp. 727, Aphelenchoides n. sp., Panagrolaimus sp., and Mykoletzkya ruminis. H. arborsignis showed strong feeding and oviposition preferences for L. abietinum among four fungal species tested in laboratory assays. Information on our attempts to culture the various nematode species collected from D. rufipennis is also provided. Bursaphelenchus were cultured from D. rufipennis nematangia plated on agar containing L. abietinum but not sterile agar. Thus, L. abietinum plays an important role in these gallery communities, affecting the tree-killing bark beetle, its phoretic mites, and nematodes. These data add to our understanding of bark beetle-microorganism interactions.}, number={4}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY}, author={Cardoza, Yasmin J. and Moser, John C. and Klepzig, Kier D. and Raffa, Kenneth F.}, year={2008}, month={Aug}, pages={956–963} }