@article{d'costa_borst_kim_2013, title={Bone marrow-derived cells participate in the formation of normal and neoplastic lung stroma}, volume={33}, number={3}, journal={Anticancer Research}, author={D'Costa, S. and Borst, L. and Kim, Y.}, year={2013}, pages={831–836} }
 @article{jennings_wise_nickeleit_maes_cianciolo_piero_law_kim_mccalla_breuhaus_et al._2013, title={Polyomavirus-Associated Nephritis in 2 Horses}, volume={50}, ISSN={0300-9858 1544-2217}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0300985813476063}, DOI={10.1177/0300985813476063}, abstractNote={ Polyomaviruses produce latent and asymptomatic infections in many species, but productive and lytic infections are rare. In immunocompromised humans, polyomaviruses can cause tubulointerstitial nephritis, demyelination, or meningoencephalitis in the central nervous system and interstitial pneumonia. This report describes 2 Standardbred horses with tubular necrosis and tubulointerstitial nephritis associated with productive equine polyomavirus infection that resembles BK polyomavirus nephropathy in immunocompromised humans. }, number={5}, journal={Veterinary Pathology}, publisher={SAGE Publications}, author={Jennings, S. H. and Wise, A. G. and Nickeleit, V. and Maes, R. K. and Cianciolo, R. E. and Piero, F. Del and Law, J. M. and Kim, Y. and McCalla, A. C. and Breuhaus, B. A. and et al.}, year={2013}, month={Feb}, pages={769–774} }
 @article{wang_sistrunk_marval_kim_rodriguez-puebla_2012, title={Combined effect of cyclin D3 expression and abrogation of cyclin D1 prevent mouse skin tumor development}, volume={11}, ISSN={["1551-4005"]}, DOI={10.4161/cc.11.2.18774}, abstractNote={We have previously demonstrated that ras-mediated skin tumorigenesis depends on signaling pathways that act preferentially through cyclin D1 and D2. Interestingly, the expression of cyclin D3 inhibits skin tumor development, an observation that conflicts with the oncogenic role of D-type cyclins in the mouse epidermis. Here, we show that simultaneous up and downregulation of particular members of the D-type cyclin family is a valuable approach to reduce skin tumorigenesis. We developed the K5D3/cyclin D1-/- compound mouse, which overexpresses cyclin D3 but lacks expression of cyclin D1 in the skin. Similar to K5D3 transgenic mice, keratinocytes from K5D3/cyclin D1-/- compound mice show a significant reduction of cyclin D2 levels. Therefore, this model allows us to determine the effect of cyclin D3 expression when combined with reduced or absent expression of the remaining two members of the D-type cyclin family in mouse epidermis. Our data show that induced expression of cyclin D3 compensates for the reduced level of cyclin D1 and D2, resulting in normal keratinocyte proliferation. However, simultaneous ablation of cyclin D1 and downregulation of cyclin D2 via cyclin D3 expression resulted in a robust reduction in ras-mediated skin tumorigenesis. We conclude that modulation of the levels of particular members of the D-type cyclin family could be useful to inhibit tumor development and, in particular, ras-mediated tumorigenesis.}, number={2}, journal={CELL CYCLE}, author={Wang, Xian and Sistrunk, Christopher and Marval, Paula L. Miliani and Kim, Yongbaek and Rodriguez-Puebla, Marcelo L.}, year={2012}, month={Jan}, pages={335–342} }
 @article{s. d'costa_yoon_kim_motsinger-reif_williams_kim_2012, title={Morphologic and Molecular Analysis of 39 Spontaneous Feline Pulmonary Carcinomas}, volume={49}, ISSN={["1544-2217"]}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0300985811419529}, DOI={10.1177/0300985811419529}, abstractNote={The present study was performed to determine the morphologic change and selected molecular features of spontaneous lung tumors in cats examined at the North Carolina State University Veterinary Teaching Hospital. Thirty-nine primary lung carcinomas represented 0.69% of all feline cases admitted to the hospital. Most lung tumors were observed in aged cats ( P < .0001), and no sex predilection was found ( P < .4241). Persian cats with pulmonary carcinoma were overrepresented in the data set, at least 4 times more frequently than other breeds. The histologic tumor types included adenocarcinoma (64.1%), bronchioloalveolar carcinoma (20.5%), and adenosquamous carcinoma (15.4%). Metastasis was observed in about 80% of 39 cases, with decreasing order of intrapulmonary metastasis, intrathoracic carcinomatosis, regional lymph nodes, and distant organs, including digits. The size of the largest tumor mass was significantly associated with metastatic potential ( P < .001). Based on immunohistochemistry, more than 80% (20 of 24) of feline lung tumors were positively labeled with either surfactant protein A or thyroid transcription factor 1. Epidermal growth factor receptor mutant and p53 proteins were detected in approximately 20% (5 of 24) and 25% (6 of 24) of the feline lung tumor cases, respectively. Limited sequencing analysis of K-ras and p53 genes in 3 selected normal and neoplastic lung tissues did not reveal any alteration. Results indicate that primary lung carcinomas are rare but aggressive tumors in cats, thereby warranting further studies on molecular carcinogenesis.}, number={6}, journal={VETERINARY PATHOLOGY}, author={S. D'Costa and Yoon, B. -I. and Kim, D. -Y. and Motsinger-Reif, A. A. and Williams, M. and Kim, Y.}, year={2012}, month={Nov}, pages={971–978} }
 @article{you_kim_woo_kim_yoon_youn_kim_2011, title={Nasopharyngeal oncocytoma in a cat}, volume={23}, ISSN={["1943-4936"]}, DOI={10.1177/104063871102300237}, abstractNote={ A 5-year-old male neutered Siamese cat was referred because of nasal swelling, nasal discharge, and oral respiration. Computed tomography and necropsy following euthanasia revealed a firm tan mass in the nasopharynx, occluding the nasal passage. Histologically, the nasopharyngeal mass was composed of solid nests, anastomosing cords, and closely packed glands separated by a delicate fibrovascular stroma. Individual neoplastic cells were cylindrical to polyhedral in shape, had distinct cell borders, and contained moderate amounts of finely granular eosinophilic cytoplasm and round to oval nuclei. The cytoplasmic granules were positive on phosphotungstic acid–hematoxylin staining. Immunohistochemically, the neoplastic cells were positive for cytokeratin and negative for chromogranin A, neuron-specific enolase, and vimentin. Ultrastructurally, the neoplastic cells contained numerous mitochondria. }, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY DIAGNOSTIC INVESTIGATION}, author={You, Mi-Hyeon and Kim, Yong-Baek and Woo, Gye-Hyeong and Kim, Jun-Young and Yoon, Jung Hee and Youn, Hwa-Young and Kim, Dae-Yong}, year={2011}, month={Mar}, pages={391–394} }
 @article{sistrunk_macias_nakayama_kim_rodriguez-puebla_2011, title={Skp2 Is Necessary for Myc-Induced Keratinocyte Proliferation but Dispensable for Myc Oncogenic Activity in the Oral Epithelium}, volume={178}, ISSN={["0002-9440"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.ajpath.2011.02.034}, abstractNote={The proto-oncogene c-Myc encodes a transcription factor that is implicated in the regulation of cellular proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis.Myc accelerates the rate of cell proliferation, at least in part, through its ability to down-regulate the expression of the cell cycle inhibitor p27 Kip1 .Moreover, p27 Kip1 protein levels are regulated by ubiquitin-mediated turnover, leading to destruction by the E3 ubiquitin ligase SCF Skp2 .Therefore, we hypothesize that a lack of Skp2 expression should lead to increased p27 Kip1 levels and further inhibition of Myc-mediated proliferation and tumorigenesis.Myc expression in epithelial tissues of transgenic mice (K5-Myc) led to increased keratinocyte proliferation and the development of spontaneous tumors within the oral cavity.We generated K5-Myctransgenic mice in an Skp2-null background.Consistent with our hypothesis, we found that Myc-mediated keratinocyte hyperproliferation was abolished by the loss of Skp2.However, Skp2 ablation did not affect Myc-driven tumorigenesis because the incidence, latency, and degree of differentiation of oral tumors were identical between K5-Myc/Skp2 ؉/؉ and K5-Myc/Skp2 ؊/؊ mice.Altogether, these findings suggest that Skp2 and p27 Kip1 are critical for Myc-driven keratinocyte proliferation; however, Myc-mediated tumorigenesis in the oral epithelium is independent of the Skp2-p27 Kip1 axis.}, number={6}, journal={AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY}, author={Sistrunk, Christopher and Macias, Everardo and Nakayama, Keiichi and Kim, Yongbaek and Rodriguez-Puebla, Marcelo L.}, year={2011}, month={Jun}, pages={2470–2477} }
 @article{kai_d'costa_yoon_brody_sills_kim_2010, title={Characterization of side population cells in human malignant mesothelioma cell lines}, volume={70}, ISSN={["1872-8332"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.lungcan.2010.04.020}, abstractNote={Side population (SP) assay composed of Hoechst 33342 staining and subsequent flow cytometric analysis has been widely utilized for characterizing putative cancer stem cells (CSCs) in various human malignancies. The present study was designed to evaluate the SP assay as a research tool for mesothelial CSCs. A distinct fraction of SP cells was identified in various human malignant mesothelioma (HMM) cell lines, ranging from 0.05 to 1.32%. The sorted mesothelial SP cells exhibited enhanced proliferation potentials and higher expression of stem-cell genes, compared to non-SP (NSP) cells. Cisplatin treatment increased percentage of SP cells in the HMM cell lines. However, tumorigenic potential of SP cells in immunodeficient mice was similar to that of the NSP cells. These data indicated that SP assay may not be appropriate for enriching putative CSCs in HMM cell lines, and thus warrants the development of a novel tool for mesothelial CSC study.}, number={2}, journal={LUNG CANCER}, author={Kai, Kiyonori and D'Costa, Susan and Yoon, Byung-Il and Brody, Arnold R. and Sills, Robert C. and Kim, Yongbaek}, year={2010}, month={Nov}, pages={146–151} }
 @article{yoon_kim_yi_kang_jang_joo_kim_law_kim_2010, title={Expression of thioredoxin during progression of hamster and human cholangiocarcinoma}, volume={101}, ISSN={["1349-7006"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1349-7006.2009.01353.x}, abstractNote={Thioredoxin (Trx) is a multifunctional redox protein that has growth‐promoting and anti‐apoptotic effects on cells and protects cells from endogenous and exogenous free radicals. Recently, altered expression of Trx has been reported in various cancers. In the present study, we investigated altered expression of Trx at the precancerous and carcinogenic phases during cholangiocarcinogenesis in a hamster cholangiocarcinoma (ChC) model, using semiquantitative immunohistochemical and Western blot analyses. Moreover, to determine if the results correlated well with those in human ChCs, we carried out a comparative immunohistochemical study for Trx in tissue‐arrayed human ChCs with different grades of tumor cell differentiation. Trx was found highly expressed in the cytoplasm of dysplastic bile ducts with highly abnormal growth patterns and ChCs irrespective of tumor type or tumor cell differentiation. Overexpression of Trx at the precancerous and carcinogenic phases was further supported by significant elevation of Trx protein in Western blotting. The results from the hamster ChCs were in good agreement with those from human ChCs. Our results strongly suggested that the redox regulatory function of Trx plays an important role in bile duct cell transformation and tumor progression during cholangiocarcinogenesis. (Cancer Sci 2009)}, number={1}, journal={CANCER SCIENCE}, author={Yoon, Byung-Il and Kim, Yeong-Hun and Yi, Jung-Yeon and Kang, Min-Soo and Jang, Ja-June and Joo, Kyoung-Hwan and Kim, Yongbaek and Law, J. McHugh and Kim, Dae-Yong}, year={2010}, month={Jan}, pages={281–288} }
 @article{yi_kim_kim_hahn_jeong_choi_woo_kim_han_yoon_2010, title={Prevalence of Hepatic Parasites in Korean Wild Rats (Rattus norvegicus) and Their Association With Pulmonary Arteriolar Medial Hypertrophy}, volume={47}, ISSN={["1544-2217"]}, DOI={10.1177/0300985809359306}, abstractNote={ C hepatica, an important zoonotic parasite, and C fasciolaris are common parasites in rodents. In rodent livers, C hepatica causes sequential morphologic changes that are designated as early, intermediate, or late phase, and C fasciolaris forms cysts surrounded by fibroplasia and granulomatous inflammation. The present study describes the prevalence of these parasites and associated liver and lung lesions in wild rats ( Rattus norvegicus) living around pig farms in South Korea. Selected parenchymal organs, including liver and lung, of 89 wild rats were examined. Of 89 rats, 28 (31.5%) were infected with either C hepatica or C fasciolaris or with both parasites. Severe medial hypertrophy of small arterioles was observed in the lungs of 11 of the 28 parasite-infected rats ( P < .01). The pulmonary arteriolar hypertrophy in the rats infected with C hepatica was strongly associated with early and/or intermediate phases (88.8%) of morphologic change in the livers ( P < .01). As such, this report is the first to suggest a significant association between parasite-induced hepatitis and pulmonary arteriolar hypertrophy in rodents. Further studies are warranted for the use of C hepatica–infected rats as an animal model to explore the underlying mechanisms of portopulmonary hypertension in humans. }, number={2}, journal={VETERINARY PATHOLOGY}, author={Yi, J. -Y. and Kim, Y. -H. and Kim, H. -C. and Hahn, T. -W. and Jeong, H. and Choi, C. -U. and Woo, G. -H. and Kim, Y. -B. and Han, J. -H. and Yoon, B. -I.}, year={2010}, month={Mar}, pages={292–297} }
 @article{kim_kim_park_oh_kim_lim_kim_2010, title={Recurrent Sebaceous Carcinoma in an African Hedgehog (Atelerix albiventris)}, volume={72}, ISSN={["1347-7439"]}, DOI={10.1292/jvms.09-0521}, abstractNote={A 1.5-year-old intact male African hedgehog (Atelerix albiventris) was presented with a firm, non-movable subcutaneous mass on ventral chest area. Microscopically, the tumor was un-encapsulated, invasive up to the muscle layer, and composed of highly pleomorphic polygonal cells arranged in variably-sized lobules. The neoplastic cells had abundant cytoplasm with vacuolation and a large pleomorphic nucleus with prominent nucleoli. Mitotic figures were frequently observed with atypical mitoses. Immunohistochemically, the neoplastic cells were strongly positive for cytokeratin, but negative for vimentin. Based on these findings, a diagnosis of sebaceous carcinoma was made. Three months after the surgery, a recurrent mass was found at the surgical site. On necropsy, the mass has penetrated the underlying intercostal musculature, without metastasis to distant organs. This is the first report of a sebaceous carcinoma in an African hedgehog.}, number={7}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICAL SCIENCE}, author={Kim, Hyung-Jin and Kim, Yong-Baek and Park, Jun-Won and Oh, Won-Seok and Kim, Eun-Ok and Lim, Byoung-Yong and Kim, Dae-Yong}, year={2010}, month={Jul}, pages={947–949} }
 @article{kai_d'costa_sills_kim_2009, title={Inhibition of the insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor pathway enhances the antitumor effect of cisplatin in human malignant mesothelioma cell lines}, volume={278}, ISSN={["1872-7980"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.canlet.2008.12.023}, abstractNote={Human malignant mesothelioma (HMM) is a fatal tumor and is poorly responsive to current therapeutic regimens. The insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF-1R) pathway is activated in HMM cell lines and tissues. Treatment with AG1024, an inhibitor of the IGF-1R pathway, significantly decreased cell proliferation and attenuated the phosphorylation of Akt and p44/42. In addition, it significantly enhanced the cytotoxic effects of cisplatin in HMM cell lines. This study supports the conjecture that inhibition of the IGF-1R pathway may be a useful target for reducing toxicity and alleviating chemoresistance to traditional anticancer drugs in HMM patients.}, number={1}, journal={CANCER LETTERS}, author={Kai, Kiyonori and D'Costa, Susan and Sills, Robert C. and Kim, Yongbaek}, year={2009}, month={Jun}, pages={49–55} }
 @article{kim_kim_cho_kang_you_kim_2009, title={Pleomorphic leiomyosarcoma in the hind leg of a Taiwanese macaque (Macaca cyclopis)}, volume={21}, ISSN={["1943-4936"]}, DOI={10.1177/104063870902100426}, abstractNote={ An adult, captive Taiwanese monkey ( Macaca cyclopis) presented clinically with a large, rapidly growing mass located in the crus of the left hind leg. The overlying skin was severely ulcerated and necrotic. Radiographs suggested an invasive neoplasm in soft tissue with no bone involvement. The animal's clinical condition progressively worsened over the next 3 months until it died. Necropsy revealed that the mass infiltrated the surrounding skeletal muscle with no evidence of distant metastasis. Microscopically, the mass was highly cellular and composed of round to spindle cells with frequent rhabdoid cells characterized by abundant eosinophilic glassy cytoplasmic inclusions and large, bizarre nuclei. Phosphotungstic acid hematoxylin staining failed to reveal distinct cross-striations within the neoplastic cells. Neoplastic cells were strongly positive for smooth muscle actin and vimentin but were negative for sarcomeric actin, myoglobin, desmin, cytokeratin, S100, and lysozyme. The gross, microscopic, and immunohistochemical findings supported the diagnosis of pleomorphic leiomyosarcoma. }, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY DIAGNOSTIC INVESTIGATION}, author={Kim, Yongbaek and Kim, Hyung-Jin and Cho, Doo-Youn and Kang, Min-Soo and You, Mi-Jin and Kim, Dae-Yong}, year={2009}, month={Jul}, pages={564–567} }
 @article{kim_kang_kang_sohn_jean_park_kim_kim_2009, title={Porcine abortion outbreak associated with Toxoplasma gondii in Jeju Island, Korea}, volume={10}, ISSN={["1976-555X"]}, DOI={10.4142/jvs.2009.10.2.147}, abstractNote={This report deals with the acute onset of an abortion outbreak and high sow mortality in one pig herd consisted of 1,200 pigs and 120 sows on Jeju Island, Korea. Affected pregnant sows showed clinical signs, including high fever, gradual anorexia, vomiting, depression, recumbency, prostration, abortion, and a few deaths. Four dead sows, five aborted fetuses from the same litter, and 17 sera collected from sows infected or normal were submitted to the Pathology Division of the National Veterinary Research and Quarantine Service for diagnostic investigation. Grossly, hepatomegaly and splenomegaly were observed in sows. Multiple necrotic foci were scattered in the lungs, liver, spleen, and lymph nodes. Microscopically, multifocal necrotizing lesions and protozoan tachyzoites were present in the lesions. Tachyzoites of Toxoplasma (T.) gondii were detected immunohistochemically. Latex agglutination showed that the sera of 7 of 17 (41.2%) sows were positive for antibody to T. gondii. The disease outbreak in this herd was diagnosed as epizootic toxoplasmosis. To our knowledge, this is the first report of porcine toxoplasmosis with a high abortion rate and sow mortality in Korea.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY SCIENCE}, author={Kim, Jae-Hoon and Kang, Kyung-Il and Kang, Wan-Cheul and Sohn, Hyun-Joo and Jean, Young-Hwa and Park, Bong Kyun and Kim, Yongbaek and Kim, Dae-Yong}, year={2009}, month={Jun}, pages={147–151} }
 @article{youn_kim_ahn_kim_park_ryu_2009, title={Regulation of iron metabolism-related genes in diethylnitrosamine-induced mouse liver tumors}, volume={184}, ISSN={["1879-3169"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.toxlet.2008.11.002}, abstractNote={It has been suggested that the altered iron metabolism in liver tumors, characterized by the iron-deficient phenotype, is of importance for tumor growth. This study was performed to elucidate the mechanisms underlying iron deficiency in liver tumors by examining how the liver tumor development affects the expression of iron metabolism-related genes. Iron metabolism reference values were analyzed in the sera of diethylnitrosamine-induced hepatocellular adenoma-bearing mice. Expression of iron metabolism-related genes was analyzed in adenomas and surrounding non-tumor tissues, and a subgroup of adenoma-bearing mice loaded with iron 72 h before sacrifice. Iron content of the adenoma tissues was 2.0–2.5-fold lower compared to surrounding and age-matched control tissues. There was no significant difference in serum iron levels between the adenoma-bearing and control mice, while the adenoma-bearing mice exhibited a 2.4-fold lower level of serum transferrin saturation. Expression of iron metabolism-related genes was dysregulated in the adenomas. Iron loading affected protein expression similarly in the adenomas and surrounding tissues suggesting that iron-responsive regulation of the proteins was not impaired. However, the mRNA expression for ceruloplasmin and divalent metal transporter 1 (DMT1) IRE(+) in the adenomas was altered independently of iron status, and the dysregulation may contribute to diminished iron content. These findings suggest that diethylnitrosamine-induced liver adenoma-bearing mice have abnormal iron metabolism and that dysregulation of iron metabolism-related genes contributes to iron deficiency in the adenomas.}, number={3}, journal={TOXICOLOGY LETTERS}, author={Youn, Pilju and Kim, Soohee and Ahn, Jin Hee and Kim, Yongbaek and Park, Jung-Duck and Ryu, Doug-Young}, year={2009}, month={Feb}, pages={151–158} }
 @article{hong_ton_kim_wakamatsu_clayton_chan_sills_lahousse_2008, title={Genetic Alterations in K-ras and p53 Cancer Genes in Lung Neoplasms from B6C3F1 Mice Exposed to Cumene}, volume={36}, ISSN={["1533-1601"]}, DOI={10.1177/0192623308320280}, abstractNote={ The incidences of alveolar/bronchiolar adenomas and carcinomas in cumene-treated B6C3F1 mice were significantly greater than those of the control animals. We evaluated these lung neoplasms for point mutations in the K -ras and p53 genes that are often mutated in humans. K -ras and p53 mutations were detected by cycle sequencing of PCR-amplified DNA isolated from paraffin-embedded neoplasms. K -ras mutations were detected in 87% of cumene-induced lung neoplasms, and the predominant mutations were exon 1 codon 12 G to T transversions and exon 2 codon 61 A to G transitions. P53 protein expression was detected by immunohistochemistry in 56% of cumene-induced neoplasms, and mutations were detected in 52% of neoplasms. The predominant mutations were exon 5, codon 155 G to A transitions, and codon 133 C to T transitions. No p53 mutations and one of seven (14%) K -ras mutations were detected in spontaneous neoplasms. Cumene-induced lung carcinomas showed loss of heterozygosity (LOH) on chromosome 4 near the p16 gene (13%) and on chromosome 6 near the K -ras gene (12%). No LOH was observed in spontaneous carcinomas or normal lung tissues examined. The pattern of mutations identified in the lung tumors suggests that DNA damage and genomic instability may be contributing factors to the mutation profile and development of lung cancer in mice exposed to cumene. }, number={5}, journal={TOXICOLOGIC PATHOLOGY}, author={Hong, Hue-Hua L. and Ton, Thai-Vu T. and Kim, Yongbaek and Wakamatsu, Nobuko and Clayton, Natasha P. and Chan, Po-Chuen and Sills, Robert C. and Lahousse, Stephanie A.}, year={2008}, month={Jul}, pages={720–726} }
 @article{macias_kim_marval_klein-szanto_rodriguez-puebla_2007, title={Cdk2 deficiency decreases ras/CDK4-dependent malignant progression, but not myc-induced tumorigenesis}, volume={67}, ISSN={["1538-7445"]}, DOI={10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-07-2119}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={20}, journal={CANCER RESEARCH}, author={Macias, Everardo and Kim, Yongbaek and Marval, Paula L. Miliani and Klein-Szanto, Andres and Rodriguez-Puebla, Marcelo L.}, year={2007}, month={Oct}, pages={9713–9720} }
 @article{bae_kim_pakhrin_you_hwang_kim_kim_2007, title={Genitourinary rhabdomyosarcoma with systemic metastasis in a young dog}, volume={44}, ISSN={["1544-2217"]}, DOI={10.1354/vp.44-4-518}, abstractNote={A 2-year-old intact female Golden Retriever presented due to rapidly progressing depression, ascites, dysuria, abdominal pain, and severe vaginal bleeding. At necropsy, the retroperitoneal space was expanded by multiple coalescing neoplastic nodules and the uterine wall was thickened with poorly defined neoplastic infiltrates. The urinary bladder was markedly thickened due to botryoid nodules exhibiting exophytic growth into the lumen. Metastases to lung, liver, kidney, and abdominal and thoracic lymph nodes were also noted. Microscopically, the genital tract and retroperitoneal masses were consistent with the alveolar subtype of rhabdomysarcoma, while the urinary bladder mass had characteristics of the embryonal subtype. Immunohistochemically, the neoplastic cells in all these tissue sites were intensely positive for desmin, sacromeric actin, and vimentin, while they were uniformly negative for cytokeratin and smooth muscle actin. Phosphotungstic acid hematoxylin stain revealed cross-striations in the cytoplasm of scattered neoplastic cells. Based on the gross findings, histopathology, and immunohistochemistry, genitourinary rhabdomyosarcoma with multisystemic metastases was made.}, number={4}, journal={VETERINARY PATHOLOGY}, author={Bae, I.-H. and Kim, Y. and Pakhrin, B. and You, M.-H. and Hwang, C.-Y. and Kim, J.-H. and Kim, D.-Y.}, year={2007}, month={Jul}, pages={518–520} }