@article{shen_weaver_kim_2021, title={Physiological Effects of Deoxynivalenol from Naturally Contaminated Corn on Cerebral Tryptophan Metabolism, Behavioral Response, Gastrointestinal Immune Status and Health in Pigs Following a Pair-Feeding Model}, volume={13}, ISSN={2072-6651}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins13060393}, DOI={10.3390/toxins13060393}, abstractNote={This study investigated the impact of deoxynivalenol (DON) from naturally contaminated feed on pig growth, immune status, organ health, brain serotonin (5-Hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) and behavior. Sixteen individually housed pigs (25.57 ± 0.98 kg, age 9 weeks) were randomly allotted to two dietary treatments: without DON (CON) or with 3.8 mg/kg of DON (MT). Pigs were pair-fed to eliminate differences in feed intake (equal tryptophan (Trp) intake). Pigs fed CON received a daily ration based on the ad libitum feed consumption of their MT pair-mate. Performance was determined over 21 days and blood collected for immunological and oxidative stress parameters. Behavior was recorded for 12 h on days 0, 7, 14 and 21. After 21 days, pigs were euthanized to collect tissues for immune parameters, gut morphology and brain serotonin levels. Overall, pigs fed MT had greater weight gain compared with CON. Immunological and oxidative stress parameters were unaffected, but pigs fed MT had reduced villus height, crypt depth and villus-to-crypt ratio in the jejunum. Pigs consuming MT had reduced concentration of 5-HT and increased 5-HT turnover in the hypothalamus. Mycotoxin-fed pigs spent more time lying and sitting, and less time standing and drinking. In conclusion, consumption of DON impacted gastrointestinal tract structure, altered behavior and changed Trp metabolism through increasing 5-HT turnover in hypothalamus.}, number={6}, journal={Toxins}, publisher={MDPI AG}, author={Shen, Yan-Bin and Weaver, Alexandra C. and Kim, Sung Woo}, year={2021}, month={May}, pages={393} }
 @article{shen_kim_2019, title={45 Opportunity with functional role of supplemental amino acids}, volume={97}, ISSN={0021-8812 1525-3163}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skz122.045}, DOI={10.1093/jas/skz122.045}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={Supplement_2}, journal={Journal of Animal Science}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Shen, Yanbin and Kim, Sung Woo}, year={2019}, month={Jul}, pages={24–24} }
 @article{shen_ferket_park_malheiros_kim_2015, title={Effects of feed grade L-methionine on intestinal redox status, intestinal development, and growth performance of young chickens compared with conventional DL-methionine}, volume={93}, ISSN={0021-8812 1525-3163}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.2527/jas.2015-8898}, DOI={10.2527/jas.2015-8898}, abstractNote={This study was conducted to test the effects of supplemental L-Met on redox status, gut development, and growth performance of young broiler chickens compared with DL-Met. A total of 888 (half male and half female) 1-d-old Ross 308 chickens were weighed and randomly allotted to 7 treatments in a randomized complete block design for 21 d, including a basal diet (BD), the BD + 0.095% L-Met or DL-Met, the BD + 0.190% L-Met or DL-Met, and the BD + 0.285% L-Met or DL-Met (representing 60, 70, 80, and 90% of the Met + Cys requirement). Feed disappearance and BW were recorded every 7 d. Liver and duodenum samples were collected on d 0, 7, and 21 to measure redox status and intestine morphology. On d 7, chicks fed a diet supplemented with either 0.285% L-Met or 0.285% DL-Met had increased (P < 0.05) concentrations of glutathione (GSH) and reduced (P < 0.05) protein carbonyl (PC) and malonedialdehyde contents in duodenum mucosa compared with chicks fed the BD. Chicks fed a diet supplemented with 0.285% L-Met had greater (P < 0.05) villus width compared with chicks fed a diet supplemented with 0.285% DL-Met. Chicks fed a diet supplemented with 0.285% L-Met had lower (P < 0.05) crypt depth and greater (P < 0.05) villus height:crypt depth ratio compared with chicks fed a diet supplemented with 0.285% DL-Met or the BD. On d 21, chicks fed a diet supplemented with 0.285% L-Met had increased (P < 0.01) concentrations of GSH and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) but reduced (P < 0.05) PC content in duodenum mucosa compared with chicks fed a diet supplemented with 0.285% DL-Met and the BD. Chicks fed a diet supplemented with 0.285% L-Met had greater (P < 0.05) villus height compared with chicks fed the BD. During the entire 21-d supplementation of either L-Met or DL-Met, ADG and G:F were enhanced (P < 0.01) compared with chicks fed the BD. Chicks fed diets supplemented with L-Met had greater (P < 0.05) ADG and G:F than chicks fed diets supplemented with DL-Met. The relative bioavailability of L-Met to DL-Met for ADG and G:F was 138.2 and 140.7%, respectively. Overall, supplementation of either L-Met or DL-Met has beneficial effects on villus development in association with increased GSH production and levels of TAC and reduced protein oxidation in duodenum. Supplementation of L-Met served a better function on redox status and development of the gut of chicks compared with DL-Met. Chicks fed diets with L-Met had better growth response than chicks fed diets with DL-Met.}, number={6}, journal={Journal of Animal Science}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Shen, Y. B. and Ferket, P. and Park, I. and Malheiros, R. D. and Kim, S. W.}, year={2015}, month={Jun}, pages={2977–2986} }
 @article{shen_coffey_kim_2015, title={Effects of short term supplementation of L-tryptophan and reducing large neutral amino acid along with L-tryptophan supplementation on growth and stress response in pigs}, volume={207}, ISSN={["1873-2216"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84938202207&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2015.06.020}, abstractNote={Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of short term dietary supplementation of l-Trp and reducing large neutral amino acid (LNAA; valine, leucine, isoleucine, tyrosine, and phenylalanine) on growth and stress response in nursery and growing pigs. In Exp. 1, 674 crossbred pigs in 40 pens at 9-week of age were randomly allotted to 2 dietary treatments with supplementation of 0.0% and 0.8% l-Trp to a corn and soybean meal basal diet. Experimental period was composed of 5 days in a nursery and 7 days in a finisher. After 12 days feeding of experimental diets, pigs were provided a common diet for an additional 7 days. In Exp. 2, 108 crossbred barrows at 6-week of age were randomly allotted to 3 dietary treatments: (1) a corn soybean meal basal diet (4.5% LNAA) supplemented with 0.0% l-Trp; (2) a corn soybean meal basal diet (4.5% LNAA) supplemented with 0.8% l-Trp; (3) a reduced LNAA (3.8%) diet supplemented with 0.7% l-Trp, which had the same Trp:LNAA ratio as treatment 2. The experimental period lasted 16 days. In Exp. 1, during the entire period, pigs fed the diet supplemented with 0.8% l-Trp had increased ADG and gain:feed (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01, respectively) compared with pigs fed the diet without l-Trp supplementation. On day 6, one day after mixing, pigs fed the diet supplemented with 0.8% l-Trp had a lower (P < 0.05) concentration of salivary cortisol compared with pigs fed the diet without l-Trp supplementation. In Exp. 2, during the entire period, pigs fed the diet supplemented with 0.8% l-Trp or a reduced LNAA diet supplemented with 0.7% l-Trp had increased gain:feed (P < 0.01) compared with pigs fed the diet without l-Trp supplementation. Weight gain and gain:feed were similar (P > 0.05) between pigs fed the diet supplemented with 0.8% l-Trp and pigs fed a reduced LNAA diet supplemented with 0.7% l-Trp. In conclusion, short term supplementation of 0.8% l-Trp improved growth performance of pigs during period of social-mixing and was associated with reduced stress hormone concentrations. Dietary supplementation of 0.8% l-Trp had similar effects on feed efficiency as a reduced LNAA diet supplemented with 0.7% l-Trp, suggesting lowering LNAA is a valid method of reducing levels of l-Trp supplementation required for mitigating stress response.}, journal={ANIMAL FEED SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY}, publisher={Elsevier}, author={Shen, Y. B. and Coffey, M. T. and Kim, S. W.}, year={2015}, month={Sep}, pages={245–252} }
 @article{shen_weaver_kim_2014, title={Effect of feed grade L-methionine on growth performance and gut health in nursery pigs compared with conventional DL-methionine}, volume={92}, ISSN={["1525-3163"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84946190315&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.2527/jas.2014-7830}, abstractNote={Two experiments were conducted to test if supplementation of LMET has beneficial effects on growth performance and gut health in nursery pigs compared with DL-Met. In Exp. 1, 168 pigs in 56 pens were randomly allotted to 7 dietary treatments for 20 d, including a basal diet (BD; 55% of the NRC requirement for Met), the BD+0.048% L-Met or DL-Met (70% of the NRC requirement), the BD+0.096% L-Met or DL-Met (85% of the NRC requirement), and the BD+0.144% L-Met or DL-Met (100% of the NRC requirement). Body weight and feed disappearance were recorded every 5 d for computation of growth performance. In Exp. 2, 20 individually housed nursery pigs were randomly allotted to 2 dietary treatments for 20 d: DML (0.16% Met from the BD+0.145% supplemental DL-Met) or LMET (0.16% Met from the BD+0.145% supplemental L-Met). Both diets had Met meeting 95% of the NRC requirement. Duodenum samples from all pigs were collected at the end of the trial to evaluate morphology and redox status. In Exp. 1, during the entire 20 d, pigs fed diets supplemented with L-Met tended to have greater (P=0.087) ADG and reduced (P<0.01) plasma urea nitrogen (PUN) than pigs fed diets supplemented with DL-Met. The relative bioavailability (RBA) of L-Met to DL-Met for ADG and G:F was 143.8 and 122.7%, respectively. In Exp. 2, pigs fed a diet supplemented with L-Met had duodenum tissue with greater (P<0.05) concentrations of glutathione (GSH) and greater villus height and width as well as lower (P<0.05) concentrations of protein carbonyl compared with pigs fed DL-Met. Overall, compared with DL-Met, the use of L-Met as a source of supplemental Met in nursery pig diets enhanced duodenum villus development in association with reduced oxidative stress and improved GSH. The beneficial effects of supplementing L-Met compared to DL-Met in gut of nursery pigs resulted in a potential enhancement of ADG and reduction of PUN.}, number={12}, journal={JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE}, publisher={Oxford University Press}, author={Shen, Y. B. and Weaver, A. C. and Kim, S. W.}, year={2014}, month={Dec}, pages={5530–5539} }
 @misc{kim_weaver_shen_zhao_2013, title={Improving efficiency of sow productivity: nutrition and health}, volume={4}, ISSN={["2049-1891"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84888161905&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1186/2049-1891-4-26}, abstractNote={This reviews research focused to understand the nutrient requirement and balance to meet the needs of fetal growth, mammary growth, and milk production. This summary will handle how feeding strategies can be adjusted according to the nutrient needs for a sow to enhance productivity and health. Most research data used in this summary are based on the studies conducted by the authors between 1996 and 2013. Nutrient requirements of sows are affected by stage of gestation and parity of sows. Dietary antioxidant concentrations need to be re-evaluated for its sufficiency in sow diets especially to prevent excessive oxidative stress during late gestation and lactation. When feeding sows, consideration of phase feeding of gestating sows and parity feeding of lactating sows could enhances production longevity and health of sows. Use of selected nutrients and additives seems to help productivity and health of sows.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY}, author={Kim, Sung Woo and Weaver, Alexandra C. and Shen, Yan Bin and Zhao, Yan}, year={2013}, month={Jul} }
 @article{shen_voilque_odle_kim_2012, title={Dietary L-Tryptophan Supplementation with Reduced Large Neutral Amino Acids Enhances Feed Efficiency and Decreases Stress Hormone Secretion in Nursery Pigs under Social-Mixing Stress}, volume={142}, ISSN={["1541-6100"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84866281627&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.3945/jn.112.163824}, abstractNote={Tryptophan (Trp), the rate-limiting substrate of serotonin [5-hydroxytryptoamine (5-HT)] synthesis in the brain, competes with large neutral amino acids (LNAA) to cross the blood-brain barrier. This study was designed to evaluate the effect of L-Trp supplementation on nursery pigs experiencing social-mixing stress and fed diets varying in LNAA concentrations. Forty-eight individually housed barrows at 6 wk of age were randomly allotted to 4 dietary treatments based on a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement, with L-Trp supplementation (0 or 0.6%) and LNAA concentrations (4.5 or 3.8%) as the 2 main factors. Pigs were fed the diets for 7 d. On d 4, pigs within a treatment were paired in a new pen to create social-mixing stress and behavior was recorded for 24 h. Body weight was measured on d 0, 4, 5, and 7. Saliva and blood were collected on d 4 and 7. On d 7, pigs were killed to obtain hypothalami. During the entire period excluding the mixing day (d 5), L-Trp supplementation improved (P < 0.01) feed efficiency of pigs and lowering the LNAA further enhanced (P < 0.05) the effects of L-Trp. Supplementation of 0.6% L-Trp increased (P < 0.001) hypothalamic 5-HT and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid. The salivary cortisol concentration was reduced (P < 0.05) by lowering the LNAA. Collectively, lowering the LNAA further enhanced the improvement of feed efficiency by L-Trp supplementation of nursery pigs under social-mixing stress in association with reduced stress hormones, indicating that reducing LNAA in the diet can facilitate the effect of L-Trp on the stress response of pigs.}, number={8}, journal={JOURNAL OF NUTRITION}, publisher={Oxford University Press}, author={Shen, Yan Bin and Voilque, Gwendoline and Odle, Jack and Kim, Sung Woo}, year={2012}, month={Aug}, pages={1540–1546} }
 @article{shen_voilqué_kim_odle_kim_2012, title={Effects of increasing tryptophan intake on growth and physiological changes in nursery pigs}, volume={90}, ISSN={0021-8812 1525-3163}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.2527/jas.2011-4203}, DOI={10.2527/jas.2011-4203}, abstractNote={Tryptophan (Trp) as a precursor of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) has long been used to extenuate aggressive behavior and control stress of humans as well as several farm animals. This study was conducted to determine the effect of supplemental L-Tryptophan (L-Trp) on growth, cerebral 5-HT concentration, stress hormone concentration, oxidative stress status, and behavior response of pigs under social stress, and also to determine an optimal daily total Trp intake that would benefit nursery pigs under social stress. Seventy two individually housed barrows at 6 wk of age were randomly allotted to 6 treatments with supplementation of 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, or 10 g L-Trp/kg to corn and soybean meal-based feedstuffs. Pigs were fed assigned feedstuffs for 15 d. Body weight was measured on d 0, 5, 10, and 15. Saliva and blood were collected on d 5, 10, and 15. On d 5 and 10, all 12 pigs in each treatment were paired in 6 new pens to record behavior for a 2-d period and returned to original individual pens. On d 15, pigs were euthanized to obtain hypothalamus. During the first 5 d, ADG and G:F increased (linear, P < 0.01) with increasing supplemental L-Trp. During the entire 15 d, ADG and G:F increased (linear, P = 0.01 and P < 0.01, respectively) with increasing supplemental L-Trp. Estimates of the daily total Trp intake based on ADG on d 15 were 10.8 g/d (P < 0.01; R(2) = 0.16) using a 1-slope broken-line analysis. Hypothalamic 5-HT and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid increased (linear, P < 0.01 and P = 0.03, respectively) with increasing supplemental L-Trp. Malonedialdehyde in plasma and hypothalamus, as well as salivary cortisol, on d 15 decreased (linear, P = 0.01, P < 0.01, and P < 0.01, respectively) with increasing supplemental L-Trp. Plasma urea nitrogen decreased (linear, P < 0.01) with increasing supplemental L-Trp. Increasing supplemental L-Trp affected pig behaviors during the first 2-d observation period by decreasing (quadratic, P = 0.04) lying, decreasing (linear, P = 0.04) sitting, and increasing (linear, P = 0.02) drinking. Overall, supplementation of L-Trp improved growth performance of 6 wk-old nursery pigs under social stress in association with increasing hypothalamic 5-HT production, reducing stress hormone concentrations, decreasing lipid peroxidation, increasing drinking, and reducing sitting and lying. Increase in BW gain of nursery pigs under social stress was maximal when daily total Trp intake was 10.8 g.}, number={7}, journal={Journal of Animal Science}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Shen, Y. B. and Voilqué, G. and Kim, J. D. and Odle, J. and Kim, S. W.}, year={2012}, month={Jul}, pages={2264–2275} }
 @article{shen_carroll_yoon_mateo_kim_2011, title={Effects of supplementing Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation product in sow diets on performance of sows and nursing piglets}, volume={89}, ISSN={["1525-3163"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-80052564129&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.2527/jas.2010-3642}, abstractNote={Forty-two sows were used to determine the effects of adding a Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation product (SCFP) to the gestation and lactation diets on the performance of sows and their progeny. At 5 d before breeding, sows were allotted to 2 dietary treatments representing 1) sows fed a diet with 12.0 g of fermentation product/d through gestation and 15.0 g of fermentation product/d through lactation (SCFP treatment, n=22), and 2) sows fed a diet with equal amounts of a mixture of corn and soybean meal instead of the SCFP (CON treatment, n=20). Sow BW and backfat thickness were recorded. Blood was collected from sows, as well as piglets, for the measurement of cell numbers, plasma urea nitrogen (PUN), and IgG. Fecal samples from d 7 to 9 of lactation were collected to determine apparent total tract nutrient digestibility. The composition of colostrum and milk was also measured. No difference (P > 0.10) in reproductive performance was observed between treatments. However, sows in the SCFP treatment tended to have increased total litter weaning weight (P=0.068) and litter BW gain (P=0.084) compared with sows in the CON treatment. Neutrophil count was decreased (P < 0.05) by adding the fermentation product on d 110 of gestation and d 17 of lactation, whereas a decreased (P < 0.05) white blood cell count was observed only on d 110 of gestation. Concentration of PUN tended to be greater (P=0.069) for sows in the CON treatment compared with sows in the SCFP treatment on d 110 of gestation. Apparent total tract nutrient digestibility values of ash, CP, DM, and ether extract were not affected (P > 0.10) by adding the fermentation product. Protein and fat contents in colostrum and milk did not differ (P > 0.10) between treatments. Colostrum from sows in the SCFP treatment contained a greater (P < 0.05) amount of ash than colostrum from sows in the CON treatment. Immunoglobulin G measured in the colostrum, milk, and plasma of piglets did not differ (P > 0.10) between sows in the CON and SCFP treatments. This study indicates that adding the SCFP in the gestation and lactation diets has the potential to 1) improve litter BW gain during lactation, possibly by improving maternal protein utilization, as shown in a tendency to reduce PUN; 2) improve the maternal health status, as shown by the reduced neutrophil cell count; and 3) increase milk production, as shown in a tendency to improve litter BW gain without affecting nutrient composition of the colostrum and milk.}, number={8}, journal={JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE}, publisher={Oxford University Press}, author={Shen, Y. B. and Carroll, J. A. and Yoon, I. and Mateo, R. D. and Kim, S. W.}, year={2011}, month={Aug}, pages={2462–2471} }