@article{principato_romero_lee_campbell_choe_schal_devries_2023, title={Histamine excretion in common indoor and hematophagous arthropods}, volume={8}, ISSN={["1938-2928"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1093/jme/tjad103}, DOI={10.1093/jme/tjad103}, abstractNote={Abstract}, journal={JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY}, author={Principato, Simona and Romero, Alvaro and Lee, Chow-Yang and Campbell, Kathleen and Choe, Dong-Hwan and Schal, Coby and DeVries, Zachary}, editor={Booth, WarrenEditor}, year={2023}, month={Aug} }
 @article{gordon_santangelo_gonzalez-morales_menechella_schal_devries_2023, title={Spatial distribution of histamine in bed bug-infested homes}, volume={880}, ISSN={["1879-1026"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163180}, abstractNote={Histamine is a component of the bed bug aggregation pheromone. It was recently identified as an environmental contaminant in homes with active bed bug infestations, posing a potential health risk to humans via skin contact or inhalation. It remains unclear how histamine is distributed in homes and if histamine can become airborne. In the present study, histamine levels in household dust were quantified from multiple locations within bed bug infested and uninfested apartments. Bed bug population levels were quantified using both traps and visual counts. The amount of histamine detected varied significantly with respect to sampling location, with the highest concentration of histamine quantified from bedding material. Infestation severity did not have a significant effect on histamine quantified at any location. Our results indicate that the bedroom should be the primary focus of histamine mitigation efforts, although histamine can be found throughout the home. Histamine quantified from homes without active bed bug infestations suggests that histamine from previous infestations can persist following pest eradication. These findings highlight the importance of histamine as a potential insect allergen and will be important for the development of targeted mitigation strategies of bed bug histamine.}, journal={SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT}, author={Gordon, Johnalyn M. and Santangelo, Richard G. and Gonzalez-Morales, Maria A. and Menechella, Mark and Schal, Coby and DeVries, Zachary C.}, year={2023}, month={Jul} }
 @article{gaire_devries_mick_santangelo_bottillo_camera_schal_2021, title={Human skin triglycerides prevent bed bug (Cimex lectularius L.) arrestment}, volume={11}, ISSN={["2045-2322"]}, DOI={10.1038/s41598-021-01981-1}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={1}, journal={SCIENTIFIC REPORTS}, author={Gaire, Sudip and DeVries, Zachary C. and Mick, Russell and Santangelo, Richard G. and Bottillo, Grazia and Camera, Emanuela and Schal, Coby}, year={2021}, month={Dec} }
 @article{saveer_devries_santangelo_schal_2021, title={Mating and starvation modulate feeding and host-seeking responses in female bed bugs, Cimex lectularius}, volume={11}, ISSN={["2045-2322"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-81271-y}, DOI={10.1038/s41598-021-81271-y}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={1}, journal={SCIENTIFIC REPORTS}, author={Saveer, Ahmed M. and DeVries, Zachary C. and Santangelo, Richard G. and Schal, Coby}, year={2021}, month={Jan} }
 @article{gonzalez-morales_devries_sierras_santangelo_kakumanu_schal_2021, title={Resistance to Fipronil in the Common Bed Bug (Hemiptera: Cimicidae)}, volume={58}, ISSN={["1938-2928"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1093/jme/tjab040}, DOI={10.1093/jme/tjab040}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Gonzalez-Morales, Maria A. and DeVries, Zachary and Sierras, Angela and Santangelo, Richard G. and Kakumanu, Madhavi L. and Schal, Coby}, editor={Hribar, LawrenceEditor}, year={2021}, month={Jul}, pages={1798–1807} }
 @article{gaire_schal_mick_devries_2020, title={The Role of Antennae in Heat Detection and Feeding Behavior in the Bed Bug (Hemiptera: Cimicidae)}, volume={113}, ISSN={["1938-291X"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/toaa250}, DOI={10.1093/jee/toaa250}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={6}, journal={JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Gaire, Sudip and Schal, Coby and Mick, Russell and DeVries, Zachary}, editor={Appel, ArthurEditor}, year={2020}, month={Dec}, pages={2858–2863} }
 @article{devries_santangelo_crissman_mick_schal_2019, title={Exposure risks and ineffectiveness of total release foggers (TRFs) used for cockroach control in residential settings}, volume={19}, ISSN={1471-2458}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12889-018-6371-z}, DOI={10.1186/s12889-018-6371-z}, abstractNote={The German cockroach, Blattella germanica, is one of the most challenging pests to eradicate from indoor environments. Professional pest control is often prohibitively expensive, prompting low-income residents to turn to over-the-counter consumer products, including total release foggers (TRFs, "bug bombs"). Despite their widespread use, little is known regarding either the associated pesticide exposure risks or the efficacy of TRFs.Cockroach-infested homes were recruited into the study. Wipe samples were collected from various surfaces before TRFs were discharged, immediately after, and one month later to determine pesticide exposure risks in 20 homes (divided equally among four different TRF products). Simultaneously, cockroach populations were monitored in all homes to assess the efficacy of TRFs. In parallel, 10 homes were treated with gel baits (divided equally between two bait products), to compare TRFs to a more targeted, low-risk, do-it-yourself intervention strategy.TRFs failed to reduce cockroach populations, whereas similarly priced gel baits caused significant declines in the cockroach populations. Use of TRFs resulted in significant pesticide deposits throughout the kitchen. Across all products, pesticides, and horizontal kitchen surfaces, pesticide residues following TRF discharge were 603-times (SEM ±184) higher than baseline, with a median increase of 85 times.The high risks of pesticide exposure associated with TRFs combined with their ineffectiveness in controlling German cockroach infestations call into question their utility in the marketplace, especially because similarly priced and much safer bait products are highly effective in the indoor environment.}, number={1}, journal={BMC Public Health}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={DeVries, Zachary C. and Santangelo, Richard G. and Crissman, Jonathan and Mick, Russell and Schal, Coby}, year={2019}, month={Jan} }
 @article{devries_santangelo_crissman_suazo_kakumanu_schal_2019, title={Pervasive Resistance to Pyrethroids in German Cockroaches (Blattodea: Ectobiidae) Related to Lack of Efficacy of Total Release Foggers}, volume={112}, ISSN={0022-0493 1938-291X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jee/toz120}, DOI={10.1093/jee/toz120}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={5}, journal={Journal of Economic Entomology}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={DeVries, Zachary C and Santangelo, Richard G and Crissman, Jonathan and Suazo, Alonso and Kakumanu, Madhavi L and Schal, Coby}, editor={Rust, MichaelEditor}, year={2019}, month={May}, pages={2295–2301} }
 @article{devries_saveer_mick_schal_2018, title={Bed Bug (Hemiptera: Cimicidae) Attraction to Human Odors: Validation of a Two-Choice Olfactometer}, volume={56}, ISSN={0022-2585 1938-2928}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jme/tjy202}, DOI={10.1093/jme/tjy202}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Medical Entomology}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={DeVries, Zachary C and Saveer, Ahmed M and Mick, Russell and Schal, Coby}, year={2018}, month={Nov}, pages={362–367} }
 @article{devries_santangelo_barbarin_schal_2018, title={Histamine as an emergent indoor contaminant: Accumulation and persistence in bed bug infested homes}, volume={13}, ISSN={1932-6203}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0192462}, DOI={10.1371/journal.pone.0192462}, abstractNote={Histamine is used in bronchial and dermal provocation, but it is rarely considered an environmental risk factor in allergic disease. Because bed bugs defecate large amounts of histamine as a component of their aggregation pheromone, we sought to determine if histamine accumulates in household dust in bed bug infested homes, and the effects of bed bug eradication with spatial heat on histamine levels in dust. We collected dust in homes and analyzed for histamine before, and up to three months after bed bug eradication. Histamine levels in bed bug infested homes were remarkably high (mean = 54.6±18.9 μg/100 mg of sieved household dust) and significantly higher than in control homes not infested with bed bugs (mean < 2.5±1.9 μg/100 mg of sieved household dust). Heat treatments that eradicated the bed bug infestations failed to reduce histamine levels, even three months after treatment. We report a clear association between histamine levels in household dust and bed bug infestations. The high concentrations, persistence, and proximity to humans during sleep suggest that bed bug-produced histamine may represent an emergent contaminant and pose a serious health risk in the indoor environment.}, number={2}, journal={PLOS ONE}, publisher={Public Library of Science (PLoS)}, author={DeVries, Zachary C. and Santangelo, Richard G. and Barbarin, Alexis M. and Schal, Coby}, editor={Benoit, Joshua B.Editor}, year={2018}, month={Feb}, pages={e0192462} }
 @article{devries_mick_balvín_schal_2017, title={Aggregation behavior and reproductive compatibility in the family Cimicidae}, volume={7}, ISSN={2045-2322}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-12735-3}, DOI={10.1038/s41598-017-12735-3}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={1}, journal={Scientific Reports}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={DeVries, Zachary and Mick, Russell and Balvín, Ondřej and Schal, Coby}, year={2017}, month={Oct} }
 @article{campbell_miller_devries_appel_2017, title={Water loss and metabolic activity in bed bug eggs (Cimex lectularius)}, volume={42}, ISSN={["1365-3032"]}, DOI={10.1111/phen.12204}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={4}, journal={PHYSIOLOGICAL ENTOMOLOGY}, author={Campbell, Brittany E. and Miller, Dini M. and Devries, Zachary C. and Appel, Arthur G.}, year={2017}, month={Dec}, pages={355–361} }
 @article{balvín_bartonička_pilařová_devries_schal_2016, title={Discrimination between lineage-specific shelters by bat- and human-associated bed bugs does not constitute a stable reproductive barrier}, volume={116}, ISSN={0932-0113 1432-1955}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00436-016-5284-y}, DOI={10.1007/s00436-016-5284-y}, abstractNote={The common bed bug Cimex lectularius, has been recently shown to constitute two host races, which are likely in the course of incipient speciation. The human-associated lineage splits from the ancestral bat-associated species deep in the history of modern humans, likely even prior to the Neolithic Period and establishment of the first permanent human settlements. Hybridization experiments between these two lineages show that post-mating reproductive barriers are incomplete due to local variation. As mating takes place in off-host refugia marked by aggregation semiochemicals, the present investigation tested the hypothesis that bed bugs use these semiochemicals to differentiate between refugia marked by bat- and human-associated bed bugs; this would constitute a pre-copulation isolation mechanism. The preference for lineage-specific odors was tested using artificial shelters conditioned by a group of either male or female bed bugs. Adult males were assayed individually in four-choice assays that included two clean unconditioned control shelters. In most assays, bed bugs preferred to rest in conditioned shelters, with no apparent fidelity to shelters conditioned by their specific lineage. However, 51 % of the bat-associated males preferred unconditioned shelters over female-conditioned shelters of either lineage. Thus, bed bugs show no preferences for lineage-specific shelters, strongly suggesting that semiochemicals associated with shelters alone do not function in reproductive isolation.}, number={1}, journal={Parasitology Research}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Balvín, Ondřej and Bartonička, Tomáš and Pilařová, Kateřina and DeVries, Zachary and Schal, Coby}, year={2016}, month={Nov}, pages={237–242} }
 @article{devries_kells_appel_2016, title={Estimating the critical thermal maximum (CTmax) of bed bugs, Cimex lectularius: Comparing thermolimit respirometry with traditional visual methods}, volume={197}, ISSN={["1531-4332"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.cbpa.2016.03.003}, abstractNote={Evaluating the critical thermal maximum (CTmax) in insects has provided a number of challenges. Visual observations of endpoints (onset of spasms, loss of righting response, etc.) can be difficult to measure consistently, especially with smaller insects. To resolve this problem, Lighton and Turner (2004) developed a new technique: thermolimit respirometry (TLR). TLR combines real time measurements of both metabolism (V·CO2) and activity to provide two independent, objective measures of CTmax. However, several questions still remain regarding the precision of TLR and how accurate it is in relation to traditional methods. Therefore, we evaluated CTmax of bed bugs using both traditional (visual) methods and TLR at three important metabolic periods following feeding (1 d, 9 d, and 21 d). Both methods provided similar estimates of CTmax, although traditional methods produced consistently lower values (0.7–1 °C lower than TLR). Despite similar levels of precision, TLR provided a more complete profile of thermal tolerance, describing changes in metabolism and activity leading up to the CTmax, not available through traditional methods. In addition, feeding status had a significant effect on bed bug CTmax, with bed bugs starved 9 d (45.19[± 0.20] °C) having the greatest thermal tolerance, followed by bed bugs starved 1 d (44.64[± 0.28] °C), and finally bed bugs starved 21 d (44.12[± 0.28] °C). Accuracy of traditional visual methods in relation to TLR is highly dependent on the selected endpoint; however, when performed correctly, both methods provide precise, accurate, and reliable estimations of CTmax.}, journal={COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY A-MOLECULAR & INTEGRATIVE PHYSIOLOGY}, author={DeVries, Zachary C. and Kells, Stephen A. and Appel, Arthur G.}, year={2016}, month={Jul}, pages={52–57} }
 @article{devries_mick_schal_2016, title={Feel the heat: activation, orientation and feeding responses of bed bugs to targets at different temperatures}, volume={219}, ISSN={0022-0949 1477-9145}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.143487}, DOI={10.1242/jeb.143487}, abstractNote={Host location in bed bugs is poorly understood. Of the primary host-associated cues known to attract bed bugs – CO2, odors, heat – heat has received little attention as an independent stimulus. We evaluated the effects of target temperatures ranging from 23-48°C on bed bug activation, orientation, and feeding. Activation and orientation responses were assessed using a heated target in a circular arena. All targets heated above ambient temperature activated bed bugs (initiated movement) and elicited oriented movement toward the target, with higher temperatures generally resulting in faster activation and orientation. The distance over which bed bugs could orient toward a heat source was measured using a 2-choice T-maze assay. Positive thermotaxis was limited to distances<3 cm. Bed bug feeding responses on an artificial feeding system increased with feeder temperature up to 38°C and 43°C, and declined precipitously at 48°C. In addition, bed bugs responded to the relative difference between ambient and feeder temperatures. These results highlight the wide range of temperatures which elicit activation, orientation, and feeding responses in bed bugs. In contrast, the ability of bed bugs to correctly orient towards a heated target, independently of other cues, is limited to very short distances (< 3 cm). Finally, bed bug feeding is shown to be relative to ambient temperature, not an absolute response to feeder-blood temperature.}, number={23}, journal={The Journal of Experimental Biology}, publisher={The Company of Biologists}, author={DeVries, Zachary C. and Mick, Russell and Schal, Coby}, year={2016}, month={Sep}, pages={3773–3780} }
 @article{devries_appel_2014, title={Effects of temperature on nutrient self-selection in the silverfish Lepisma saccharina}, volume={39}, ISSN={["1365-3032"]}, DOI={10.1111/phen.12064}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={3}, journal={PHYSIOLOGICAL ENTOMOLOGY}, author={DeVries, Zachary C. and Appel, Arthur G.}, year={2014}, month={Sep}, pages={217–221} }
 @article{devries_kells_appel_2013, title={Standard metabolic rate of the bed bug, Cimex lectularius: Effects of temperature, mass, and life stage}, volume={59}, ISSN={["1879-1611"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.jinsphys.2013.08.012}, abstractNote={Metabolic rates provide important information about the biology of organisms. For ectothermic species such as insects, factors such as temperature and mass heavily influence metabolism, but these effects differ considerably between species. In this study we examined the standard metabolic rate of the bed bug, Cimex lectularius L. We used closed system respirometry and measured both O2 consumption and CO2 production across a range of temperatures (10, 20, 25, 30, 35 °C) and life stages, while also accounting for activity. Temperature had a stronger effect on the mass specific V̇O2 (ml g−1 h−1) of mated males (Q10 = 3.29), mated females (Q10 = 3.19), unmated males (Q10 = 3.09), and nymphs that hatched (first instars, Q10 = 3.05) than on unmated females (Q10 = 2.77) and nymphs that molted (second through fifth instars, Q10 = 2.78). First instars had significantly lower respiratory quotients (RQ) than all other life stages. RQ of all stages was not affected by temperature. V̇O2 (ml h−1) scaled more with mass than values previously reported for other arthropods or that would be predicted by the 3/4-power law. The results are used to understand the biology and ecology of the bed bug.}, number={11}, journal={JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY}, author={DeVries, Zachary C. and Kells, Stephen A. and Appel, Arthur G.}, year={2013}, month={Nov}, pages={1133–1139} }