@article{tan_havell_orndorff_shirwaiker_2017, title={Antibacterial efficacy and cytotoxicity of low intensity direct current activated silver-titanium implant system prototype}, volume={30}, ISSN={["1572-8773"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85009513848&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1007/s10534-017-9993-1}, abstractNote={Silver-based devices activated by electric current are of interest in biomedicine because of their broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity. This study investigates the in vitro antibacterial efficacy and cytotoxicity of a low intensity direct current (LIDC)-activated silver-titanium implant system prototype designed for localized generation and delivery of silver ions at the implantation site. First, the antibacterial efficacy of the system was assessed against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) over 48 h at current levels of 3 and 6 µA in Mueller-Hinton broth. The cytotoxicity of the system was then evaluated over 48 h in two phases using an in vitro model with in which the activated electrodes were suspended in growth medium in a cell-seeded tissue culture plate. In phase-1, the system was tested on human osteosarcoma (MG-63) cell line and compared to titanium controls. In phase-2, the cytotoxicity characteristics were validated with normal human diploid osteoblast cells. The LIDC-activated system demonstrated high antimicrobial efficacy against MRSA, but was also toxic to human cells immediately surrounding the electrodes. The statistical analysis showed that the cytotoxicity was a result of the presence of silver, and the electric activation did not make it worse.}, number={1}, journal={BIOMETALS}, author={Tan, Zhuo and Havell, Edward A. and Orndorff, Paul E. and Shirwaiker, Rohan A.}, year={2017}, month={Feb}, pages={113–125} }
 @article{tan_xu_orndorff_shirwaiker_2016, title={Effects of Electrically Activated Silver-Titanium Implant System Design Parameters on Time-Kill Curves Against Staphylococcus aureus}, volume={36}, ISSN={["2199-4757"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84978971017&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1007/s40846-016-0136-x}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF MEDICAL AND BIOLOGICAL ENGINEERING}, author={Tan, Zhuo and Xu, Guangning and Orndorff, Paul E. and Shirwaiker, Rohan A.}, year={2016}, month={Jun}, pages={325–333} }
 @article{cavanaugh_tan_norris_hardee_weinhold_dahners_orndorff_shirwaiker_2016, title={Evaluation of silver-titanium implants activated by low intensity direct current for orthopedic infection control: An in vitro and in vivo study}, volume={104}, ISSN={["1552-4981"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84976501648&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1002/jbm.b.33451}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={5}, journal={JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL MATERIALS RESEARCH PART B-APPLIED BIOMATERIALS}, author={Cavanaugh, Daniel L. and Tan, Zhuo and Norris, James P. and Hardee, Amelia and Weinhold, Paul S. and Dahners, Laurence E. and Orndorff, Paul E. and Shirwaiker, Rohan A.}, year={2016}, month={Jul}, pages={1023–1031} }
 @article{samberg_tan_monteiro-riviere_orndorff_shirwaiker_2013, title={Biocompatibility analysis of an electrically-activated silver-based antibacterial surface system for medical device applications}, volume={24}, ISSN={["1573-4838"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84876410058&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1007/s10856-012-4838-5}, abstractNote={The costs associated with the treatment of medical device and surgical site infections are a major cause of concern in the global healthcare system. To prevent transmission of such infections, a prophylactic surface system that provides protracted release of antibacterial silver ions using low intensity direct electric current (LIDC; 28 μA system current at 6 V) activation has been recently developed. To ensure the safety for future in vivo studies and potential clinical applications, this study assessed the biocompatibility of the LIDC-activated interdigitated silver electrodes-based surface system; in vitro toxicity to human epidermal keratinocytes, human dermal fibroblasts, and normal human osteoblasts, and antibacterial efficacy against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli was evaluated. The study concluded that the technological applications of the surface system for medical devices and surgical tools, which contact human tissues for less than 1.5 h, are expected to be self-sterilizing without causing toxicity in vivo.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE-MATERIALS IN MEDICINE}, author={Samberg, Meghan E. and Tan, Zhuo and Monteiro-Riviere, Nancy A. and Orndorff, Paul E. and Shirwaiker, Rohan A.}, year={2013}, month={Mar}, pages={755–760} }
 @inproceedings{tan_shirwaiker_orndoff_2013, title={Determining optimal current intensity and duration for electrically activated silver-based prophylactic hip implant prototype design}, volume={1 B}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84894644307&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1115/sbc2013-14141}, abstractNote={Infections associated with medical prostheses result in notable morbidity, and traditional osteomyelitis treatments are often accompanied by high risk and cost. The probability of prosthetic joint infections is 1–2.5 % for primary hip or knee replacements and 2.1–5.8 % for revision surgeries, and the cost of treating such an infection is estimated to be over $50,000 per episode. [1] While the potential benefits of silver surfaces stimulated by low intensity direct current (LIDC) have been discussed in literature, we have recently utilized that concept in the actual design of prophylactic indwelling residual hardware prostheses for the very first time. [2–4] A modular titanium hip stem coated with silver at the anode (and titanium as the cathode) and activated by a watch battery encapsulated within the two electrode modules (Figure 1) will result in oligodynamic iontophoresis (OI) in the soft tissue surrounding the implant which is prone to infections. Preliminary in vitro and in vivo results have demonstrated the potency of silver-based OI as an effective local antibacterial therapy in osteomyelitis treatment with advantages over various antibiotics. However, the main challenge here is achieving the antibacterial potency while minimizing any potential toxic effects on local tissues. [4]}, booktitle={ASME 2013 Summer Bioengineering Conference, SBC 2013}, author={Tan, Z. and Shirwaiker, Rohan and Orndoff, P.E.}, year={2013} }