Lidong Song

College of Engineering

Works (8)

Updated: November 14th, 2025 13:37

2025 article

Design and Implementation of Scalable Communication Interfaces for Reliable and Stable Real-time Co-Simulation of Power Systems

Xiao, Q., Woo, J., Song, L., Lu, N., & Paduani, V. (2025, July 27).

By: Q. Xiao  n, J. Woo n, L. Song n, N. Lu n  & V. Paduani *

topics (OpenAlex):
Sources: NC State University Libraries, NC State University Libraries
Added: November 13, 2025

2025 article

Invisible Manipulation: Deep Reinforcement Learning-Enhanced Stealthy Attacks on Battery Energy Management Systems

Xiao, Q., Song, L., Woo, J. H., Hu, R., Xu, B., Ye, K., & Lu, N. (2025, January 1). IEEE Access, Vol. 13, pp. 131509–131524.

By: Q. Xiao  n, L. Song n, J. Woo n, R. Hu n, B. Xu n , K. Ye n, N. Lu n 

author keywords: Real-time systems; Estimation; Batteries; Voltage measurement; Training; Current measurement; Microgrids; Battery charge measurement; Cyberattack; Accuracy; Cyber-physical attacks; deep reinforcement learning; timed stealthy false data injection (SFDIA); invisible manipulation attacks; state-of-charge (SoC) estimation
topics (OpenAlex): Wheat and Barley Genetics and Pathology; Genetic diversity and population structure; Chromosomal and Genetic Variations
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UN Sustainable Development Goal Categories
7. Affordable and Clean Energy (OpenAlex)
Sources: Web Of Science, ORCID, NC State University Libraries
Added: July 18, 2025

2024 journal article

Under-Frequency Load Shedding for Power Reserve Management in Islanded Microgrids

IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, 15(5), 4662–4673.

By: B. Xu n , V. Daldegan Paduani  n, Q. Xiao  n, L. Song n, D. Lubkeman n  & N. Lu n 

author keywords: Frequency control; Voltage control; Water heating; Load shedding; Smart meters; Reliability; Frequency modulation; Battery energy storage system (BESS); demand response (DR); frequency control; grid-forming; microgrid; phase balancing; power reserve; under-frequency load shedding (UFLS)
topics (OpenAlex): Microgrid Control and Optimization; Islanding Detection in Power Systems; Smart Grid Energy Management
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Sources: Web Of Science, NC State University Libraries, ORCID, Crossref
Added: September 16, 2024

2023 article

A Secure and Adaptive Hierarchical Multi-Timescale Framework for Resilient Load Restoration Using a Community Microgrid

Shirsat, A., Muthukaruppan, V., Hu, R., Paduani, V. D., Xu, B., Song, L., … Tang, W. (2023, March 1). IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy, Vol. 14, pp. 1057–1075.

By: A. Shirsat *, V. Muthukaruppan *, R. Hu n, V. Paduani *, B. Xu n , L. Song n, Y. Li n, N. Lu n  ...

author keywords: Active distribution networks; community microgrids; hybrid PV systems; load restoration; high-impact low-frequency events; secure operation; uncertainty; resiliency
topics (OpenAlex): Optimal Power Flow Distribution; Smart Grid Energy Management; Microgrid Control and Optimization
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Sources: Web Of Science, NC State University Libraries
Added: May 1, 2023

2023 journal article

Load Profile Inpainting for Missing Load Data Restoration and Baseline Estimation

IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, 15(2), 2251–2260.

By: Y. Li  n, L. Song n, Y. Hu n , H. Lee n, D. Wu *, P. Rehm, N. Lu n 

author keywords: Conservation voltage reduction; deep learning; generative adversarial nets (GAN); gated convolution; generative adversarial network; missing data restoration; self-attention mechanism
topics (OpenAlex): Energy Load and Power Forecasting; Smart Grid Energy Management; Optimal Power Flow Distribution; Vibration and Dynamic Analysis; Power Systems and Technologies
TL;DR: This paper introduces a Generative Adversarial Nets (GAN) based, Load Profile Inpainting Network (Load-PIN) for restoring missing load data segments and estimating the baseline for a demand response event and benchmark the performance of Load-PIN with five existing deep-learning methods. (via Semantic Scholar)
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Sources: Web Of Science, ORCID, NC State University Libraries, Crossref
Added: February 2, 2024

2023 journal article

MultiLoad-GAN: A GAN-Based Synthetic Load Group Generation Method Considering Spatial-Temporal Correlations

IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, 15(2), 2309–2320.

By: Y. Hu n , Y. Li  n, L. Song n, H. Lee n, P. Rehm, M. Makdad, E. Miller, N. Lu n 

author keywords: Load modeling; Training; Transformers; Correlation; Data models; Generative adversarial networks; Predictive models; Data augmentation; generative adversarial networks; load profile group generation; machine learning; negative sample generation; synthetic data
topics (OpenAlex): Energy Load and Power Forecasting; Smart Grid Energy Management; Optimal Power Flow Distribution
TL;DR: Simulation results show that MultiLoad-GAN can generate more realistic load profiles than existing approaches, especially in group level characteristics. (via Semantic Scholar)
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Sources: Web Of Science, ORCID, NC State University Libraries, Crossref
Added: February 2, 2024

2022 article

ProfileSR-GAN: A GAN Based Super-Resolution Method for Generating High-Resolution Load Profiles

Song, L., Li, Y., & Lu, N. (2022, March 9). IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, Vol. 7.

By: L. Song n, Y. Li n & N. Lu n 

author keywords: Generative adversarial networks; Superresolution; Load modeling; Generators; Meteorology; Fluctuations; Data models; Generative adversarial networks; load profile generation; machine learning; non-intrusive load monitoring; super-resolution; synthetic data
topics (OpenAlex): Advanced Image Processing Techniques; Advanced Vision and Imaging; Image and Signal Denoising Methods
TL;DR: Results show that ProfileSR-GAN outperforms the state-of-the-art methods in all shape-based metrics and can achieve comparable performance with those methods in point-to-point matching accuracy, and the performance of a downstream task, non-intrusive load monitoring, can be significantly improved. (via Semantic Scholar)
Sources: Web Of Science, NC State University Libraries
Added: July 11, 2022

2021 article

Maximum Power Reference Tracking Algorithm for Power Curtailment of Photovoltaic Systems

Paduani, V., Song, L., Xu, B., & Lu, N. (2021, July 26). 2021 IEEE Power &Amp; Energy Society General Meeting (PESGM).

By: V. Paduani  n, L. Song n, B. Xu n  & N. Lu n 

author keywords: Maximum power point tracking; PV Power curtailment; PV system control; PV system modeling; Real-time simulation
topics (OpenAlex): Photovoltaic System Optimization Techniques; Microgrid Control and Optimization; Real-time simulation and control systems
TL;DR: An algorithm for power curtailment of photovoltaic systems under fast solar irradiance intermittency based on the Perturb and Observe technique is presented, which indicates an operation with smaller overshoot, less dc-link voltage oscillations, and improved power reference tracking capability. (via Semantic Scholar)
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7. Affordable and Clean Energy (Web of Science; OpenAlex)
Sources: Web Of Science, NC State University Libraries
Added: July 26, 2022

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